...Define and describe the interactional framework for analyzing leadership including the different components of the framework and how it can be used to determine effective leadership. The interactional framework for analyzing leadership depicts leadership as a function of three elements (level of analysis): the leader, the followers, and the situation. It can be used to analyze leadership scenarios from each level of analysis separately, which can be useful. However, using the framework as an analysis tool for leadership situations is more effective when analyzing the interactions between the different levels of analysis. For instance, it may be useful to examine a leadership scenario by analyzing the situation and determining the level of stress, the environment, or the task at hand but more information can be gathered by analyzing the interaction between the leader and the situation. If the leader can perform actions to modify the situation, to lessen the stress of the situation for example, there may be a resulting positive effect on the followers. This example highlights one of the unique and useful aspects of the interactional framework for analyzing leadership: the importance placed on the interactions between the leader, the followers, and the situation. The interactional framework for analyzing leadership scenarios is best represented by a Venn diagram, as drawn below, where each level of analysis (leader, followers, and situation) are drawn as open circles that overlap...
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...Task-Relationship-Self: A Framework for Understanding Service Encounter Behaviors Graham L. Bradley and Beverley A. Sparks Griffith University Dieter Zapf Goethe University Janet R. McColl-Kennedy and Nerina L. Jimmieson The University of Queensland ABSTRACT Research conducted over past decades has investigated selected service encounter behaviors from either a customer or service provider perspective. However, a comprehensive, dual-perspective framework is lacking. Such a framework is needed to organize knowledge of these behaviors, and thereby provide structure, clarity, and parsimony to the field. This paper describes a three-tier framework of service encounter behavior that was developed by applying grounded theory principles to interviews with customers, service employees, and other stakeholders. These informants described many ways in which they behave when executing service exchanges, dealing with service difficulties, and managing themselves in the process. Using an iterative inductive approach, a conceptual framework was developed in which specific (Tier 1) behaviors were placed within broader (Tier 2) categories, and these lower classification levels were, in turn, interpreted within a conceptual space defined by the (Tier 3) dimensions of task, relationship, and self. This framework was then elaborated and refined by reference to the psychology and marketing literature, a set of 157 audio-recorded service interactions, and an expert panel study...
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...studies from journals, websites and books, online newspaper and online articles, similar studies such as thesis, and dissertations that have been previously conducted by other researchers, some studies that were analyzed by the researchers. These following literatures and studies will surely be very helpful for the researchers for the analysis of the study that will serve as foundation of overview that will be undertaken by reviewing articles from books, published materials and of course, the internet. Review of Related Literatures Local Literature Foreign Literature Review of Related Studies Local Studies Foreign Studies Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework shows the diagram about the input-process-output (IPO) of the existing or present and the proposing system. A theoretical framework guides the proponents to the research to the outline possible courses of action or to present a preferred approach to an idea or thought. The diagram will be use on showing and explaining the flow and outcome of both systems. Input Input Process Process Output Output The teacher manually uses chalks to writes on board and students still uses pencil and paper on every session. Same process used frequently. The teacher manually uses chalks to writes on board and students still uses pencil and paper on every session. Same process used frequently. Kids will get bored and they will learn a little or in worst case, nothing. They will choose to play or...
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...A Research on the Influence of Leadership Style and Job Characteristics on Job Performance among Accountants of County and City Government in Taiwan By Li-Chuan Chu, PhD, and Chun-Che Lai The objectives of this paper are to explore the effect of leadership style and job characteristics on job performance and examine the mediating effect of organization commitment on the leadership style, the job characteristics and the job performance as weii as to provide the management suggestions according the research findings. The questionnaires are appiied to the accountants of county/city government in Taiwan, and the convenience sampiing is adopted. The foiiowing research findings are described after conducting the statisticai anaiyses. Firstiy, this research finds that the more idealized infiuence for the county/city mayor is, the stronger abiilty of problem soiving for the associated accountants are. in addition, the better management by exception conducted by the mayor, the more abiiity of probiem soiving for accountants exists, and therefore the higher passion of innovation happens. Secondiy, this research also reveals that the more job autonomy, job importance, and job diversity happen, the stronger abiiity of probiem solving for the accountants are. Besides, the higher job autonomy for accountants exists, the higher passion of innovation happens. The mediating effect of organization commitment was found between transformationai ieadership and job performance, it indicates that...
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...Intercultural Conflict Management How should we define an intercultural conflict? Is there any difference between a conflict and an intercultural one? The following chapter, which is a summary of the chapter “Constructive Intercultural Conflict Management” (Stella Ting-Toomey, Communicating Across Cultures, 1999, pages 194-197), attempts to answer these two questions. At the end of the chapter, we also include an extract of the “Intercultural Conflict Style Inventory” (Mitchell Hammer, 2002) 1. Definition of intercultural conflicts “Intercultural conflict is defined as the perceived or actual incompatibility of values, norms, processes, or goals between a minimum of two cultural parties over content, identity, relational, and procedural issues. Intercultural conflict often starts off with different expectations concerning appropriate or inappropriate behavior in an interaction episode.” (Ting-Toomey, 1999, p.194). Another author holds a similar view: “Conflicts are always cultural, since we are all cultural beings. Yet the very definition of conflict is challenging because of our cultural ways of seeing”. (Michelle Le Baron and Venashri Pillay, Conflict across Cultures, 2006, page 13). According to Le Baron, conflict occurs at ← the material level, or the “what” of the conflict; ← the symbolic level, the meaning of issues to the people involved, especially those meanings that resonate with peoples' identities, values, and worldviews; ← and the...
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...Human Computer Interaction HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION PREPARED BY DHIREN PARMAR 04IT6005 M.Tech I.T. SIT IIT KGP -1- Human Computer Interaction Contents 1. Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...3 2. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….4 3. Cognition…………………………………………………………………………....9 4. User Interaction Design……………………………………………………….....12 5. Interaction Styles………………………………………………………………….15 6. Interaction Devices…………………………………………………………….....18 7. Future of Human Computer Interaction………………………………..……….19 8. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………....19 9. Reference……………………………………………………………………….....20 -2- Human Computer Interaction Abstract Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the study of how people design, implement, and use interactive computer systems and how computers affect individuals, organizations, and society. This encompasses not only ease of use but also new interaction techniques for supporting user tasks, providing better access to information, and creating more powerful forms of communication. It involves input and output devices and the interaction techniques that use them; how information is presented and requested; how the computer’s actions are controlled and monitored; all forms of help, documentation, and training; the tools used to design, build, test, and evaluate user interfaces; and the processes that developers follow when creating Interfaces. HCI in the large is an interdisciplinary area. It is emerging as a specialty concern...
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...functionalistic approach “culture is seen as determining communication” (Net>værk 2002: 129). In the process of communication, here culture has an external influence in determining people’s behavior. On the contrary, also on the scientific level, the interpretive approach sees culture as engaged symbol-systems, which exists in the interaction between people. The interpretive approach therefore sees these relations between people in interaction with culture as determining the communication. Finally, the critical approach which shares many of the interpretive approach’s assumptions also includes an historical context as well as power relations, which combined is an integral part of the communication (Martin 2007: 63). The functionalistic approach sees communication as a linear process of information going from sender to receiver. National culture, which is seen as a standardized size, is the foundation this process relies on. Differences in culture are considered as boundaries, which can be overcome with the right intercultural competencies (Net>værk 2002: 129). The functionalist Edward Hall categorized countries into high and low contexts and thereby made a framework for defining...
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...PAPER 362 Fashion change and fashion consumption: the chaotic perspective Ka Ming Law, Zhi-Ming Zhang and Chung-Sun Leung Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong Keywords Fashion, Consumers, Young adults, Social change Abstract Previous researches have considered that the impact of fashion change and fashion consumption is linear. Therefore, one reason was found as the ultimate source to explain why a fashion style/ trend was spread to the mass market. However, the existing market is complex and difficult to find out the holistic reason to explain fashion consumption. In this study, the chaotic perspective is taken into account to investigate the relationship between fashion change and fashion consumption. By using the grounded theory method, 33 in-depth interviews were conducted. A chaotic fashion consumption model is developed from the findings to explain how different fashions are consumed and rejected while fashion changes. It is found that the interaction of being fashionable, perceived fashionability and system participation affects the ultimate decision on fashion consumption. It is also found that a pattern can be traced to forecast the degree of fashion consumption even when the fashion change phenomenon is chaotic. Thus, it is similar to the principle of chaos theory that short-term prediction is possible in relation to the degree of fashion acceptance among consumers. Marketing implications are suggested with reference...
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...Bisbe a a,* , David Otley b ESADE Business School, Universitat Ramon Llull. Avda, Pedralbes 60-62, 08034 Barcelona Spain b Department of Accounting and Finance, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YX, UK Abstract SimonsÕ Ôlevers of controlÕ framework indicates that an interactive use of management control systems (MCS) contributes to fostering successful product innovation. However, his work is ambiguous in not specifying whether the relationship between interactive controls and innovation is a mediating or a moderating relationship. This paper examines the relationships among variables embedded in SimonsÕ framework of levers of control, explicitly distinguishing the different types of effects involved and testing their significance. The results of the survey-based research do not support the postulate that an interactive use of MCS favours innovation. They suggest this may be the case only in low-innovating firms, while the effect is in the opposite direction in high-innovating firms. No evidence is found either in favour of an indirect effect of the interactive use of MCS on performance acting through innovation. In contrast, the proposition that the impact of innovation on performance is moderated by the style of use of MCS is supported, with results indicating that the explanatory power of a model that regresses performance on innovation is significantly enhanced by the inclusion of this moderating effect. Ó 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction In...
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...Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Organisational Culture 3 3.0 Theoretical Framework Used 5 4.0 Reason for Using Schein’s Framework 6 5.0 Analysis of Apple’s Workplace Design 8 6.0 Conclusion 11 7.0 References 13 8.0 Appendix 16 1.0 Introduction Apple Inc was found by Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne in 1976. Apple is a successful and well-known company that designs, creates and produces consumer electronics, computer software and personal computers. Apple is also well recognised for the used of technology that is cutting edge and the innovation that take place on the products. Macintosh computers, iPhone, iPod and iPad are the best-known hardware products of Apple. As the slogan that used in the advertising in 1997, “Think Different” and Steve Job’s creativity and passion in making innovation and differentiate the products from competitors has been the culture of Apple. The leadership of Steven Jobs and the culture that embedded inside the company have drive the success of Apple and become the market leader. As culture informs success and leadership drives culture (Elliot, 2012). 2.0 Focus of Report on Culture on Organisation Practice Nowadays, it has been recognised that different organisations have distinctive culture that embedded in the organisation. Every organisation has the unique cultures that makes it different from the other organisation and give people a sense of direction in achieving the goal. Therefore, it is essential...
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...Conceptual Framework People take in and process information in different ways. A learning style is the method a person uses to learn. By knowing a student's learning style, a teacher can use teaching methods that maximize student learning. Students can use recognition of their individual learning styles to find what study methods, environment, and activities help them learn best. (Cathryn Whitehead, eHow Contributor) According to Cynthia Hockman-Chupp (2011) on her article "Let Me Learn My Own Way", students have their different approach in Mathematics depending on their Jungian learning style. Specifically mentioned are student preferences for gaining energy (extraversion or introversion) and preferences for processing information (sensing or intuition). Consider your own learning style and that of various students as you look at "Four Ways of Learning" as quoted; "Let me master it!" (Preferences: introversion and sensing). They like direct instruction and practice work, and they dislike experimenting unless they can receive immediate feedback. "Let me do something!" (Preferences: extraversion and sensing). These students learn through movement, interaction, and hands-on manipulative. They often use a purposeful trial-and-error method working with pictures or manipulative to solve problems until they "see" that their answer matches the mathematics of a problem. "Let me think!" (Preferences: introversion and intuition). These students process ideas internally and they are into...
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...| MANAGEMENT RESEARCH / PROJECT DRS3023 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION STYLE & ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT WITH GENDER AS THE MODERATING FACTOR PROPOSAL FOR: MDM. DINA ABDUL RAZAK PREPARED BY: NORSYAFINAZ BINTI SHAH RIZAL THOMAS 012011110183 NURHASSAN BIN AZIZ 012011030529 MOHD NASRIQ BIN YAZID 012011030196 Submission date: [ 5-Jul-13 ] | Content | Page | | ABSTRACT (executive summary) | 3 | 1.0 | INTRODUCTIONBackground of studyProblem statement ObjectivesResearch questionScope of studyJustification of study | 4445556 | 2.0 | LITERATURE REVIEWManagement Communication StyleOrganizational CommitmentGender | 7788 | 3.0 | THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK & HYPOTHESISVariable relationshipTheoretical FrameworkHypothesis | 9999 | 4.0 | RESEARCH METHODOLOGYResearch ToolsSampling ProcedureData Collection Method | 10101010 | 5.0 | CONTRIBUTION OF RESEARCHExpected significant contributions to a new knowledgeExpected benefits to the country/society/organization | 1111 | 6.0 | TIME FRAME | 12 | 7.0 | BUDGET | 13 | 8.0 | CONCLUSION | 14 | 9.0 | REFERENCE | 15 | ABSTRACT Our purpose of this study is to add to the research of relationship between management communication style & organizational commitment with gender as moderator effect. We design this study to find out the impact of organizational commitment on employee performance. This study shall review what factors increases or decreases the organizational commitment and...
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...The High Benefits Internet Marketing Framework through Customer Experienc Nai-Wen Kuo1 1 An-Yi Liu1 Graduate Institute of Information Management, Chinese Culture University (Eric and Ferry,2001 Riyad and Myfanwy, 2002 Roger, James and Ghada,2003 Kuo and Liu,2005 ) 1 Global reach The Internet helps business reach the whole world. 2 Real-time access The Web makes it possible for customers to interact immediately. 3 Information density The technology reduces information costs and raises quality. 4 Richness Multimedia and information can become vivid. Abstract This paper is intended to integrate Internet Marketing, Customer Experience, E-brand and Integrated Marketing Communications to develop a high benefits Internet Marketing Framework. This framework not only can combine marketing resources effectively, let enterprises obtain the greatest benefits; it also provides total consumer experience and increase customer satisfaction. On the other hand, this making a more successful customer relationship management and customer experience on internet marketing can be achieved. Furthermore, we make the application of internet marketing will be more extensive and convenient. Keywords: Internet Marketing, Customer Experience, E-brand, Integrated Marketing Communications. 3. Integrated Marketing Communications ntegrated Marketing Communications (IMC) is capable of enhancing the holistic consumer experience and creating a holistic brand value structure, which can unite the consumer’s...
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...8MGMT1001 MGMT1001 08 Fall 08 Fall Nicholas Woolbank Nicholas Woolbank Introduction Following the designated ‘Management 1001’ course requirements, and the assignment of members to groups, each group undertook the Everest Simulation – a teamwork and leadership challenge requiring groups to ascent a virtual Mount Everest. Drawing upon a range of fundamental organisational and managerial concepts and coupled with frequent challenges, the simulation effectively replicated a dynamic and teamwork based organisational environment. The simulation seeks to test interpersonal relationships and group dynamics by creating dissonance on both an individual and group level, as groups and group members strive to achieve both individual and group goals. This report will critically analyse the very processes used to undertake the Everest Simulation, along with results, focusing on the three concepts of ‘Communication’, ‘Groups and Teams’ and ‘Leadership’. These are of critical importance to forming an analysis of not only the simulation itself, but also a broader organisational and managerial situation and the correlation between managerial theory and practice and the Everest Simulation. The transition in dynamics within the group between the different simulations, and the solving of numerous challenges corresponds to the improvement in our results of the simulation. Moreover, this transition and triumph also elucidates the practicality...
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..."The goal of Universal Design of Instruction (UDI) is to maximize the learning of students with a wide range of characteristics by applying UD principles to all aspects of instruction (e.g., delivery methods, physical spaces, information resources, technology, personal interactions, assessments). (Burgstahler, 2015). One of the several approaches outlined by The Center for Universal Design in Education (CUDE) is interaction. Regular and effective interactions between students and the instructor makes all participants feel they are valued and have meaningful input to contribute. For example, group work allows learners to support each other and "places a high value on different skills and roles" (Burgstahler, 2015). This is especially beneficial to students with disabilities because it gives them a chance to be inclusive with regular education student. CUDE also states that the classroom environment needs to be equipped and arranged in such a way that it is accessible and safe for all students. This includes the addition of assistive technology which can be a vital asset for students who are blind or deaf due to features that provide text to speech output and closed captioning. This same technology can provide invaluable assistance to the teacher because it "...can help the teacher do his or her job more effectively by extending his or her reach to more students more of the time." (Hall, Cohen, Vue & Ganley, 2015). CUDE also suggests that feedback and assessment be provided...
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