...NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE GRAVITY EQUATION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE: AN EXPLANATION Thomas Chaney Working Paper 19285 http://www.nber.org/papers/w19285 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 August 2013 I want to thank Fernando Alvarez, Michal Fabinger, Xavier Gabaix, Sam Kortum, Bob Lucas, Jim Tybout, Jon Vogel and seminar participants in Berkeley, Bilkent, Bocconi, Boston University, Chicago, Erasmus, Hitotsubashi, LBS, Louvain-CORE, LSE, the NY Fed, Oxford, Princeton, Rochester, Sciences Po, Toulouse, UBC Vancouver, Yale and Zurich for helpful discussions, and NSF grant SES-1061622 for financial support. I am indebted to Jong Hyun Chung, Stefano Mosso and Adriaan Ten Kate for their research assistance. During the last year, I have received compensation for teaching activities from the Toulouse School of Economics, as well a research grant from the National Science Foundation (SES-1061622), in excess of $10,000. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2013 by Thomas Chaney. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit...
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...Tax Accounting Career Path Intermediate Accounting II- Spring 2014 Submitted to Dr. Jeffery Hillard Dante Pennix Sr. April 21, 2014 My goal is to become a Certified Public Accountant while achieving the goal of owning a lucrative CPA firm. One of the great benefits of choosing tax accounting as a career is that you will always have a job when you graduate. Tax accountants and CPAs will always be in high demand as long as the globalizations of marketplaces continue to develop. Tax accountants also create tax strategies to reduce the amount of taxes a client owes while remaining compliant with GAAP and tax laws. The qualities of a tax accountant consist of begin able to be organized, competent, have an attention to detail, ethical, and most in important effective communications, both written and verbal. For example, common responsibilities for tax accountants include preparing and filing taxes, financial planning, completing continuing education credits, and researching and reviewing past tax filings. In summary, the career path of a tax accountant and CPA is very tedious and technical but overall, the journey is worthwhile. The reason why I elected tax accounting as a career path was because of the stability and longevity that it holds. Another reason I choose this career choice was for the challenging and gratifying work that it brings. Tax accounting is a specialized field because of the ever changing rules in the accounting arena as with new regulations and laws of the tax...
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...Chapter 22 Quiz 1. A company changes from straight-line to an accelerated method of calculating depreciation, which will be similar to the method used for tax purposes. The entry to record this change should include a a. credit to Accumulated Depreciation. b. debit to Retained Earnings in the amount of the difference on prior years. c. debit to Deferred Tax Asset. d. credit to Deferred Tax Liability. 2. Which type of accounting change should always be accounted for in current and future periods? a. Change in accounting principle b. Change in reporting entity c. Change in accounting estimate d. Correction of an error 3. Presenting consolidated financial statements this year when statements of individual companies were presented last year is a. a correction of an error. b. an accounting change that should be reported prospectively. c. an accounting change that should be reported by restating the financial statements of all prior periods presented. d. not an accounting change. 4. On January 1, 2008, Neal Corporation acquired equipment at a cost of $540,000. Neal adopted the sum-of-the-years’-digits method of depreciation for this equipment and had been recording depreciation over an estimated life of eight years, with no residual value. At the beginning of 2011, a decision was made to change to the straight-line method of depreciation for this equipment. The depreciation expense for 2011 would be a. $28,125. b. $45,000. c. $67,500. d. $108...
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...8394d_c08.qxd 6/11/02 12:30 PM Page 345 mac62 mac62:1253_GE: Accounting for Inventories Inventories in the Crystal Ball Policy makers, economists, and investors all want to know where the economy is headed. For example, if the economy is headed for a slow-down, it might be prudent on the part of the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates or for Congress to consider a tax cut to head off an economic downturn. Information on inventories is a key input into various decision makers’ economic prediction models. For example, every month the U.S. Commerce Department reports data on inventory levels and sales. As shown in the table below, in a recent month these data indicated an increasing level of inventories. November Inventory and Sales (billions of dollars, seasonally adjusted) Total business inventories Total business sales Inventory/Sales ratio 1999 $1,145 $ 862 1.33 2000 $1,221 $ 896 1.36 Percent Change ϩ6.64% ϩ3.94% More importantly, not only were inventories rising, but they were rising at a faster rate than sales. These data raised some warnings about future economic growth, because rising inventory levels relative to sales indicate that consumers are trimming spending faster than companies can slow production.1 These data also raised warning flags for investors in individual companies. As one analyst remarked, “When inventory grows faster than sales, profits drop.” That is, when companies face slowing sales and growing inventory...
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...Operational Barriers to Success Operations Management: Solutions to Business Challenges Abstract There are many obstacles in any given business operations that can impact a company’s efficiencies, morale, supply chain, and it’s customer base. Identifying these obstacles and creating processes to mitigate them is paramount to a company’s success. In this paper, we will explore a few of them in order to better understand the cause and effect of these barriers. We will also look at various possible solutions to the barriers by investigating a case study for an architectural firm in which I used to work for. Week 1 - Assignment 3: Operational Barriers to Success What are some tools that an organization could use to move the company forward? This is a question that is not easily answerable, but is at its core, a very valuable and necessary function to understand. Tools such as Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (S.W.O.T) analysis (Russell, 2010) is a very theoretical way of identifying the companies overall mission as well as understanding the needs to stay competitive in its given market place. However, there are more pragmatic ways of looking at a firm’s efficiency and areas of opportunity to better the operating processes within an organization. Some of these other tools that todays leading firms can utilize to further the market share are things like workflow analysis (Russell, 2010), data flow charts and diagrams, and value engineering (Jergeas...
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... 12, 13, 15, 21 2. Self-constructed assets, capitalization of overhead. 5, 8, 20, 21 4, 6, 12, 16 3. Capitalization of interest. 8, 9, 10, 11, 2, 3, 4 13, 21 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16 1, 5, 6, 7 3 4. Exchanges of assets. 12, 16, 17 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 3, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 4, 8, 9, 10, 11 4 5. Lump-sum purchases, issuance of stock, deferredpayment contracts. 12, 14 5, 6, 7 3, 6, 11, 12, 2, 11 13, 14, 15, 16 6. Costs subsequent to acquisition. 18, 19 13 21, 22, 23 7. Alternative valuations. 22 8. Disposition of assets. 23 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 Exercises 1, 2, 3, 5 1, 5, 6 2 1 3 14, 15 24, 25 Kieso, Intermediate Accounting, 15/e, Solutions Manual 4 1 (For Instructor Use Only) 10-1 ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY LEARNING OBJECTIVE) Learning Objectives Questions Brief Exercises Concepts for Analysis Exercises Problems 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11 CA10-1 4, 5, 6, 11, 12 3 CA10-2 1. Describe property, plant, and equipment. 1 2. Identify the costs to include in initial valuation of property, plant, and equipment. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 21 3. Describe the accounting problems associated with self-constructed assets. 8 4. Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization. 8, 9, 10, 11 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ...
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...INTERMEDIATE (FINANCIAL) ACCOUNTING I SUBCLASS KLM CASE ANALYSIS QUESTIONS CASE 1 – REVENUE RECOGNITION AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT INTERMEDIATE (FINANCIAL) ACCOUNTING I SUBCLASS KLM CASE ANALYSIS QUESTIONS CASE 2 – REVENUE RECOGNITION FOR A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT HKU Technology Inc. (Hereafter, HKU Tech) is a large construction contracting firm that serves a variety of industrial customers that purchase machinery and equipment from HKU Tech. HKU Tech’s business primarily involves the design and manufacture of large, industrial machinery and tooling that is used by its customers in manufacturing parts and components for fighter jets, transport planes, and other aerospace-related machinery and equipment. All of HKU Tech’s construction contracts involve the design, development, and manufacture of machines that are unique and customized to the specifications of its customers. HKU Tech negotiates all its contracts with its customers on either a fixed-price or cost-plus basis. HKU Tech has developed an accounting policy to recognize revenue related to its customized construction contracts, which is outlined as follows: The Company performs under a variety of contracts, some of which provide for reimbursement of cost plus fees, and others that are fixed-price-type contracts. Revenues and fees on these contracts are primarily recognized on a contract-by-contract basis using the percentage-ofcompletion method of accounting, which is most often based on contract costs incurred to date compared...
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...uncertainty as to possible gain (gain contingency) or loss (loss contingency) to an enterprise that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur.” Liabilities are contingent on one or more future events to confirm the potential loss, payee, date payable or even existence of the loss. FASB identifies three categories to define the likelihood of losses that include probable, reasonably possible and remote. Liabilities that are probable and can be reasonably estimated should be accrued including pending litigation. The company should disclose the information that it has about the case including the probability of a favorable outcome and similarities to other cases. Kieso, Weygandt, & Warfield. (2012). Intermediate Accounting. 14th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John, Wiley & Sons. (a) Warranty costs are expensed as incurred under the cash-basis method. The costs are charged in the period in which the seller or manufacturer complies with the warranty. No liability is recorded for the future warranty costs and charges are not recorded at the time of sale. This method is normally used when the costs are immaterial or the warranty covers a short period. The cash-basis must be used when a liability is not probable or cannot be reasonably estimated. However, if it is probable that a warranty will occur and the costs can be reasonably estimated, the accrual method must be used. The costs are charged as an expense in the year of the sale. The accrual...
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...CHAPTER 14 WORKSHEET: INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS Take the following intermediate sanctions and list them in order of the sanctions that you believe are most effective (1 for most effective and 8 for least effective). For each one, describe its strengths and weaknesses with respect to the goals that should be accomplished: 1. Intensive Probation Supervision - Intensive probation supervision is used when offenders need more strict supervision that what regular community programs are able to provide. Intensive probation programs impose on the offender strict conditions when it comes to reporting to the probations officer. This probation officer in turn has a limited caseload. There are two types of intensive probation supervision. Probation diversion is intensive surveillance and is used on high-risk offenders. Institutional diversion is used for low-risk offenders and is supervision in the community. Weaknesses: This program may have a limited benefit on offenders who have many problems, such as unemployment, lack of support, and drug and alcohol problems. Some argue this program actually increases the number of probationers sent back to prison. This is because probation officers have closer contact with the offender and will discover more rule violations than regular probation. Strengths: Intensive probation programs have been shown to decrease the chances of reoffending if non-criminal behavior is rewarded (Cole et al., 2013). 2. Day Reporting Centers...
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...March 23, 2016 Intermediate Macroeconomics Homework 3 Professor: Edouard Schaal TA: Gilberto Noronha Part A: ABC Exercise 1. Chapter 3. Analytical problem 7 a) Sally earns $150,000 per year, which means she earns far above the cap. Therefore, the Social Security tax doesn’t affect her after-tax wage, which means there is no substitution effect. The higher tax only affects her income and due to this there is only an income effect. Since both proposals reduce Sally’s income by the same amount, she’ll increase her labor supply by the same amount under both proposals. b) Fred, however, is below the cap. Therefore, under proposal A, Fred’s labor supply doesn’t change because his tax rate stays the same and he remains below the cap. So there’s neither an income effect nor a substitution effect. Under proposal B, the Social Security tax rate Fred faces would rise to 13% from 10.4%, so Fred’s after-tax wage rate declines and there’s both an income effect and a substitution effect. The income effect leads Fred to work more, since the higher tax leads to a reduction in Fred’s income. The substitution effect leads Fred to reduce his supply of labor, since the after-tax wage is lower, so there’s less reward to working. Whether Fred will supply more labor or less labor under proposal B will depend on whether the substitution effect is stronger or weaker than the income effect. Part B: Unemployment Insurance 1. State the maximization problem of the household with...
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...The company chosen for this assignment is Walmart. Walmart's history is one of innovation, leadership and success. Walmart was founded by Sam Walton in 1962, it was incorporated on October 31, 1969, and listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1972. It started with a single store in Rogers, Arkansas in 1962 and has grown to what is now the world's largest and arguably, the most emulated retailer. Some researchers refer to Walmart as the industry trendsetter. Today, this retailing pioneer has annual revenues of over $100 billion, 3,000 stores and more than 750,000 employees worldwide. (source: walmart.blogspot.com) Adding value The enhancement a company gives its product or service before offering the product to customers. Value added is used to describe instances where a firm takes a product that may be considered a homogeneous product, with few differences (if any) from that of a competitor, and provides potential customers with a feature or add-on that gives it a greater sense of value. A value add can either increase the product's price or value. For example, offering one year of free support on a new computer would be a value-added feature. Additionally, individuals can bring value add to services that they perform, such as bringing advanced financial modeling skills to a position in which the hiring manager may not have foreseen the need for such skills. (source:www.investopedia.com) Based on my research, it can be concluded that the human resource management of...
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...Financial Accounting Standards Board The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has been the assigned organization in a private sector for establishing standards. These standards are important to be useful because it allows investors to make informed decisions. Financial information must be reliable, consistent and transparent. Since 1973, FASB has been part of a structure that’s independent of all other business and professional organizations. The rest of the parts are Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF), Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC), Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) and Governmental Accounting Standards Advisory Council (GASAC). The role of monitoring and controlling business reporting and accounting practices in a modern organization is to establish and improve standards of financial accounting. FASB has a board full of members that participate in accomplishing the mission. There are 7 board members as well as several staff members that help assist. The board members are: * Russell Golden is a chairman. He began in July of 2013. He served six years as a staff member (technical Director) for the FASB before he got appointed to the chairmen. His term will end in 2017, but then he can get an appointment to an additional 3 more years. He is also chaired in FASB’S emerging issues task force. * James Kroeker is the vice chairman. He was appointed in September 2013. He served as the deputy managing partner for professional...
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...LP3.2 Assignment: Case Study Directions Access the financial statements of Proctor & Gamble in Appendix 5B in the textbook to answer the questions found in Chapter 4’s Using Your Judgment-Financial Reporting Problem. Follow the instructions indicated in the case study. Provide answers for parts a-e. Submit this assignment to your instructor via the dropbox “LP3.2 Assignment: Case Study.” This assignment is worth 20 points and will be graded according to the following scoring guide. Rating Scale x Criteria = Total Points Scoring Guide (20 Points) | Rating Scale | 4 | Work meets or exceeds criterion at a high level of competence. | 3 | Work reflects an understanding of criterion with minor misunderstandings/misconceptions. | 2 | Criterion partially met, but one or more important concepts/skills are missing or flawed. | 1 | Work reflects an attempt to meet criterion, but significant misunderstandings/misconceptions are apparent. | 0 | Criterion not met or work is absent. | Criteria | 1. | Identified the type of use of income statement format used by P&G. | 2. | Stated P&G's primary revenue sources. | 3. | Computed P&G's gross profit for 2007-2009 and explained trends to gross profit and financial ratios. | 4. | Provided distinction between operating and non-operating revenue. | 5. | Utilized appropriate grammar, punctuation, and spelling. | Financial Reporting Problem Proctor & Gamble a) What type of income statement format...
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...CHAPTER 4 INCOME STATEMENT AND RELATED INFORMATION IFRS questions are available at the end of this chapter. TRUE-FALSe—Conceptual Answer No. Description T 1. Usefulness of the income statement. F 2. Limitations of the income statement. F 3. Earnings management. T 4. Transaction approach of income measurement. T 5. Single-step income statement. T 6. Revenues and gains. F 7. Multiple-step vs. single-step income statement. F 8. Multiple-step income statement. T 9. Multiple-step vs. single-step income statement. F 10. Current operating performance approach. T 11. Reporting discontinued operations. F 12. Reporting extraordinary items. F 13. Irregular items. T 14. Intraperiod tax allocation. F 15. Reporting earnings per share. F 16. Computation of earnings per share. T 17. Prior period adjustments. F 18. Retained earnings restrictions. F 19. Comprehensive income definition. T 20. Reporting other comprehensive income. Multiple Choice—Conceptual Answer No. Description c 21. Elements of the income statement. d 22. Usefulness of the income statement. b 23. Limitations of the income statement. d S24. Use of an income statement. d S25. Income statement reporting. c 26. Income statement information. b 27. Example of managing earnings down. c 28. Example of managing earnings up. b 29. Improving current net income. a 30. Decreasing current net income. d 31. Single-step income statement advantage. b 32. Single-step...
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...Check Figures to accompany INTERMEDIATE ACCOUNTING Seventh Edition Spiceland, Sepe and Nelson Chapter 1 BE 1-1 Net income, $208,000 BE 1-2 1. Liabilities BE 1-3 2. The economic entity assumption BE 1-4 1.The matching principle BE 1-5 3. Disagree, matching principle E1-1 Req. 1, Net operating cash flow, Yr. 2, $50,000 Req. 2, Net income, Year 1, $25,000 E1-2 Req. 1, Net income, Year 2, $190,000 E1-5 3. Auditors E1-6 5. Comprehensive income E1-7 8. f E1-8 4. Timeliness E1-9 7. b E1-10 6. The going concern assumption E1-11 2. The periodicity assumption E1-12 1. Disagree, Monetary unit assumption E1-13 4. Agree, Matching principle E1-14 3. g. Matching principle Chapter 2 BE 2-1 4. –180,000, accounts receivable BE 2-2 2. Dr. Salaries expense, $40,000 BE 2-3 Accounts payable balance, $42,000 BE 2-4 2. Dr. Note receivable, $10,000 BE 2-5 1. Dr. Insurance expense, $3,000 BE 2-7 2. Cr. Prepaid advertising, $1,000 BE 2-9 Total operating expenses, $107,000 BE 2-10 Total assets, $91,000 BE 2-11 Cr. Retained earnings, $35,000 BE 2-12 Net income, $143,000 E2-1 6. + $6,000, Prepaid insurance E2-2 3. Dr. Inventory, $90,000 E2-3 Total debits, $471,000 E2-4 2. Cr. Cash, $40,000 E2-5 6. b E2-6 9. I E2-8 4. Dr. Interest expense, $4,000 E2-9 6. Cr. Supplies, $5,250 E2-11 Net income, $101,000 E2-12 Cr. Retained earnings, $177,000 E2-13 Cr. Retained earnings, $66,000 E2-14 Req. 3, Accrued wages, $15,000 ...
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