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1.1 Latar Belakang
Kepuasan pengguna merupakan isu yang kerap dibincangkan dalam organisasi sama ada sektor awam mahupun swasta (Rohaizat Baharun, 2003). Namun begitu, organisasi awam menghadapi lebih banyak masalah berbanding sektor swasta dalam meningkatkan kualiti perkhidmatan kerana perkhidmatan pelanggan merupakan salah satu tuntutan sosial terhadap rakyat (Ilhaamie Ghani, 2008). Hal ini perlu diberi perhatian kerana sebahagian pelanggan sektor awam adalah kelompok yang membayar cukai, justeru mereka mengharapkan layanan terbaik daripada setiap urusan yang dilakukan (Zulnaidi Yaacob, 2009). Demi mencapai kualiti tersebut, organisasi perlulah memberikan penekanan yang serius dalam melahirkan tenaga pekerja yang cekap, berilmu, kompetitif dan berkomitmen tinggi terhadap tugas (Abu Bakar Marzuki, 1998).
Terdapat banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman (Neeru, M., & Avinandan, M., 2004) antaranya seperti budaya pembelajaran organisasi, motivasi untuk belajar, komitmen dan kepuasan kerja (Di Xie, M. S., 2005). Budaya dan persekitaran organisasi mempengaruhi perhubungan pembelajaran dan kepuasan serta motivasi pekerja untuk mengaplikasikan pengetahuan yang baru dalam konteks pekerjaan (Egan, T., M., Baiyin Y., & Kenneth, R., B., 2004). Faktor-faktor tersebut menjadi fokus utama kajian ini selepas meneliti beberapa kajian lepas yang dilakukan dalam konteks kualiti perkhidmatan awam. Secara amnnya, kebanyakan kajian mengenai kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman adalah tertumpu dalam konteks luar negara seperti di China (Di Xie, M. S., 2005), Pakistan (Asif Khan et al., 2010) dan Mauritus (Prabha Ramseook et al, 2010).

Tambahan lagi, faktor kekurangan penyelidikan dalam sektor awam menunjukkan peningkatan prestasi organisasi awam tidak dilihat sebagai kepentingan strategik (Gould, W., 2003). Oleh yang demikian, kajian hendak mengenalpasti sekiranya kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman di sektor awam dipengaruhi oleh ketiga-tiga faktor tersebut iaitu budaya pembelajaran, motivasi untuk belajar dan kepuasan pekerja.

1.2 Penyataan Masalah 1.3.1 Kualiti perkhidmatan
Usaha dalam memperbaiki kualiti perkhidmatan berupaya untuk meningkatkan kepuasan pelanggan yang secara tidak langsung menyumbang kepada prestasi organisasi (Barnes, J.G. & Cumby, J.A. (1995). Perkara ini jelas menunjukkan bahawa kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman organisasi bergantung kepada kualiti perkhidmatan luaran iaitu pelanggan. Hafiz Rashid (2008) menyatakan bahawa agensi kerajaan seringkali berhadapan dengan kritikan kualiti perkhidmatan pelanggan yang tidak memuaskan. Kualiti perkhidmatan merupakan salah satu dimensi yang penting terhadap prestasi sektor awam (Ilhaamie, 2010). Menurut Yoo, D. K. dan Park, J. H. (2007) amalan tumpuan pelanggan adalah penting kepada organisasi terutamanya di sektor awam. Oleh sebab itu, perkhidmatan awam Malaysia perlu mengambil beberapa tindakan dan penilaian untuk meningkatkan tahap kualiti perkhidmatan (Ilhaamie, 2008). Hal ini penting kerana organisasi perlu menawarkan perkhidmatan dan barangan sesuai dengan citarasa pelanggan yang sentiasa berubah-ubah (Zulnaidi Yaacob, 2009). Hal ini kerana pelanggan bukan sahaja melihat kepada kualiti sesuatu produk itu, malah pelanggan turut menilai kualiti perkhidmatan yang diperolehi daripada pekerja (Hafiz Rashid, 2008). Maka perkara tersebut jelas menunjukkan bahawa kualiti dalaman mencerminkan kualiti luaran sesebuah organisasi itu.

1.3.2 Kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman
Peranan pekerja dalam memberikan perkhidmatan yang berkualiti kepada pelanggan akan mencerminkan kualiti keseluruhan organisasi. Tambahan lagi, segala tindakan dan reaksi pelanggan juga secara tidak langsung akan mempengaruhi tindakan penyampaian perkhidmatan yang dilakukan oleh pekerja di dalam organisasi (Matzler et al., 2004). Hal ini kerana, pekerja dan unit-unit operasi yang berada di dalam organisasi yang sama akan saling berhubungan antara satu sama lain (Mills, P.K. & Ungson, G.R.,2001). Proses perhubungan tersebut akan menjadi kayu pengukur kepada kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman yang merujuk kepada tanggapan pekerja terhadap kualiti perkhidmatan yang mereka berikan atau perolehi daripada rakan sekerja dalam organisasi yang sama (Di Xie, M. S., 2005).
Penghasilan kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman yang terbaik adalah penting dalam membantu meningkatkan prestasi organisasi secara menyeluruh (Di Xie, M. S., 2005). Namun begitu kejayaan dalam pelaksanaan pengurusan kualiti tetap tertakluk kepada komponen dalaman sesebuah organisasi itu (Zulnaidi Yaacob, 2009). Hal ini kerana keberkesanan pengurusan pekerja (Victoria, B. & Andreas, A., 2008). dan kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman memberikan impak yang besar terhadap kualiti perkhidmatan luaran dan prestasi organisasi (Di Xie, M. S., 2005). Oleh yang demikian pihak pengurusan harus menentukan tindakan yang terbaik dalam memastikan kualiti perkhidmatan dapat dicapai dalam kalangan pekerja (C. H. Kuei, 1999). Setelah meneliti kesemua perkara tersebut, pengkaji hendak memberi fokus kepada kualiti dalaman yang diperolehi daripada pekerja.

1.3.3 Budaya pembelajaran.

Faktor kurangnya penerapan amalan budaya pembelajaran secara berterusan di dalam sesebuah organisasi menyumbang kepada tahap kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman yang rendah. Penerapan amalan dan budaya pembelajaran dalam organisasi adalah penting dan hendaklah dilaksanakan selaras dengan perubahan kehendak pelanggan (Abu Bakar Marzuki, 1998). Kajian menyatakan bahawa pelaksanaan pembelajaran organisasi di sektor awam lebih bermasalah jika dibandingkan dengan sektor swasta (Raduan et al, 2009). Menurut Watkins, K. E., dan Marsick, V. J. (2003) organisasi yang memberikan prioriti terhadap pembelajaran dan pembangunan organisasi berupaya meningkatkan kepuasan kerja, produktiviti dan profitabiliti pekerja. Budaya kerja yang mementingkan kualiti dan perkhidmatan menjadi salah satu faktor konsep pengurusan ilmu yang berkesan terhadap sesebuah organisasi (Zakaria, A, 2001). Hal ini kerana budaya pembelajaran merupakan salah satu syarat inovasi dan perubahan organisasi (Sta Maria, 2003). Oleh yang demikian, organisasi perlu membantu meningkatkan kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman menerusi pembentukan budaya pembelajaran untuk keperluan pekerja (Di Xie, M. S.,2005). Hal ini jelas menunjukkan pentingnya budaya pembelajaran yang baik untuk mewujudkan suasana persekitaran kerja yang lebih berkualiti.

1.3.4 Motivasi untuk belajar.
Selain itu, faktor kurangnya motivasi untuk belajar dalam kalangan pekerja juga berpotensi untuk menggugat kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman organisasi. Menurut Hafiz Rashid (2008) faktor tersebut juga menyumbang kepada tahap yang rendah terhadap kualiti perkhidmatan pelanggan di sektor awam. Motivasi yang menurun akan menghasilkan produktiviti yang rendah dan komitmen yang tidak stabil dalam kalangan pekerja yang seterusnya akan memberi kesan kepada organisasi (Rusli Ahmad et al, 2007). Sekiranya pekerja berpuas hati terhadap kerja yang dilakukan, mereka akan lebih cenderung untuk mempunyai tanggapan yang positif terhadap produk dan penyampaian perkhidmatan yang lebih baik (Nick, B., et al, 2011). Hal ini memerlukan organisasi sektor awam untuk memberi penekanan terhadap aspek peningkatan kualiti pengurusan dan motivasi pekerja (Lentell, R, 2000). Hal ini kerana faktor motivasi belajar dan budaya pembelajaran adalah penting dalam menghasilkan kualiti perkhidmatan yang tinggi terhadap pelanggan mahupun dalaman atau luaran (Ehsan Malik et al, 2010). Hays, J., M. dan Hill, A., V. (2001) menyatakan bahawa motivasi pekerja dan pembelajaran organisasi adalah berkaitrapat dengan kualiti perkhidmatan organisasi. menerusi perkara tersebut, ia jelas menunjukkan bahawa pekerja yang mempunyai motivasi untuk belajar akan lebih cenderung dalam memberikan perkhidmatan yang berkualiti.

1.3.5 Kepuasan kerja
Tambahan lagi, tahap kepuasan pekerja yang rendah juga akan mempengaruhi kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman organisasi. Kepuasan pekerja merupakan salah satu komponen yang penting dalam kualiti perkhidmatan (Beth, H, 2011). Selain itu Hoffman, K.D. dan Ingram, T.N. (1992) menyatakan bahawa kepuasan kerja menjadi salah satu indikator kepada tingkahlaku pelanggan. Malah kepuasan kerja juga turut bergantung kepada tahap kualiti perkhidmatan yang diterima daripada rakan sekerja unit dalaman organisasi (Victoria, B. & Andreas, A.2008). Hal ini kerana, pekerja yang berpuas hati terhadap hasil kerja yang mereka lakukan akan mewujudkan persekitaran kerja yang baik serta berupaya menggalakkan pekerja untuk saling bekerjasama seterusnya menghasilkan kualiti kerja yang baik. Hal ini secara tidak langsung memberi impak terhadap kualiti produk dan perkhidmatan (Beatson, A et al, 2008). Namun begitu perhubungan kepuasan kerja dan kualiti perkhidmatan yang disampaikan atau diterima daripada pekerja dalaman tidak dikaji secara empirikal (Di Xie, M. S, 2005). Rentetan itu kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman begitu kurang diberi perhatian yang secara tidak langsung menyukarkan organisasi mengukur keberkesanan prestasi. 1.3.6 Perkhidmatan awam
Sektor awam merupakan fokus utama dalam kajian kes ini kerana amalan tumpuan pelanggan menjadi begitu penting kepada organisasi sektor awam (Yoo, D. K. & Park, J. H 2007). Namun begitu, berdasarkan penelitian daripada kajian lepas, organisasi sektor awam dikatakan seringkali berhadapan dengan isu kualiti perkhidmatan yang kurang memuaskan. Hal ini demikian kerana, segala tindakan dan keputusan yang dilakukan oleh pihak kerajaan sering mendapat perhatian pihak rakyat (Zalinah Ahmad et al, 2008) yang juga bertindak sebagai pelanggan utama perkhidmatan awam (P. Ramseook-Munhurrun, S.D. et al, 2010). Menurut sumber yang diperolehi daripada Biro aduan awam (1999-2006), bilangan aduan yang difailkan orang awam adalah tinggi berikutan kelewatan mengambil tindakan penyampaian perkhidmatan pelanggan di organisasi awam (Ilhaamie Ghani, 2008). Sekiranya tahap amalan kualiti perkhidmatan awam berada di paras yang rendah, ia akan menyukarkan pihak organisasi untuk menilai tahap keberkesanan sesuatu proses itu (Teicher, J. et al., 2002). W. Gould (2003) menyatakan bahawa faktor kekurangan penyelidikan awam menunjukkan peningkatan prestasi organisasi awam tidak dilihat sebagai kepentingan strategik. Perkara tersebut tidak seharusnya diabaikan kerana kualiti perkhidmatan yang rendah akan mencerminkan keberkesanan kualiti perkhidmatan dan mempengaruhi prestasi sektor awam.

1.3 Objektif

1.4.7 Umum: * Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti sama ada faktor dalaman organisasi yakni budaya pembelajaran, motivasi belajar dan kepuasan kerja akan mempengaruhi kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman.

1.4.8 Khusus:

* Mengkaji perhubungan antara budaya pembelajaran dengan kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman. * Mengkaji perhubungan antara motivasi untuk belajar dengan kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman. * Mengkaji perhubungan antara kepuasan kerja terhadap kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman.

1.4 Hipotesis:

* Ho1: Tiada perkaitan yang signifikan antara budaya pembelajaran organisasi terhadap kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman. * Ho2: Tiada perkaitan yang signifikan antara motivasi untuk belajar terhadap kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman. * Ho3: Tiada perkaitan yang signifikan antara kepuasan kerja terhadap kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman.

1.5 Definisi Istilah

a) Budaya pembelajaran organisasi i) Konseptual * Proses pemindahan pembelajaran secara berterusan dengan mengembangkan kapasiti pembelajaran di organisasi (Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J., 2003). ii) Operasional * Cara memperolehi pengetahuan baru dan mengaplikasikan pembelajaran dalam organisasi.

b) Kepuasan kerja: i) Konseptual * Emosi keseronokan hasil daripada penilaian pencapaian sesuatu kerja (Locke, 1969). ii) Operasional * Perasaan positif pekerja terhadap hasil kerja yang dilakukan.

c) Motivasi untuk belajar: i) Konseptual * Kehendak pekerja mempelajari pengetahuan dan kemahiran memberikan perkhidmatan yang terbaik kepada rakan sekerja (Noe & Schmitt, 1986). ii) Operasional * Keinginan pekerja untuk menyertai dan terlibat dalam mempelajari pengetahuan baru, kemahiran dan mengaplikasikannya dalam tugas seharian.

d) Kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman: i) Konseptual * Perasaan pekerja tentang kualiti perkhidmatan diberikan dan diterima daripada rakan sekerja organisasi yang sama (Hallowell et al., 1996). ii) Operasional * Tahap keberkesanan perkhidmatan yang diberikan dan diterima oleh pelanggan dalaman (pekerja) daripada rakan sekerja di dalam organisasi sama.

1.6 Kerangka konseptual

Budaya Belajar
Motivasi Belajar
Kepuasan Kerja
Kualiti perkhidmatan dalaman

Rajah 1: Perhubungan di antara Budaya Belajar, Motivasi Belajar dan Kepuasan Kerja terhadap Kualiti Perkhidmatan Dalaman Organisasi.

1.7 Kepentingan kajian
Kajian ini boleh digunakan oleh organisasi khususnya sektor awam sebagai panduan untuk menilai dan menstruktur semula sistem pengurusan sedia ada. Selain daripada itu, dapatan kajian juga berguna untuk membantu pengamal sumber manusia dalam mengambil perhatian terhadap faktor-faktor yang perlu diteliti semula. Selain itu menentukan faktor yang paling penting yang perlu diberi perhatian. Di samping itu juga hasil dapatan kajian menjadi rujukan untuk melengkapkan dan menyokong teori-teori pembelajaran yang digunakan.

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