...Validity Significantly different still closely related loyalty is known as validity. In game design validity is the correspondence between game world and real world. The approach I took was to review the article of threats to the validity of research by Parker, 1993. According to Parker, 1993, I define four type of validity. Which are internal validity, external validity, statistical conclusion validity and construct validity. To organize thoughts of paper, I would like to extend my point of view on validity I game design. By passing facts origins helps the community to find the truth in research. By collecting data and have the evaluate them and make it a valid structure. Validity can be use in adopting usability to group settings where validity represent the data from reality to meaning. For the design of games the distinction between internal and external validity have a slightly different meaning. Internal validity related to the content and how is it represented in the logic and structure of the game. Internal validity can be achieved by taking control some of the factors of a environment in a proper...
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...In human services research vast amounts of data are collected and analyzed to make decisions regarding the best interest in humans. Majority of data that is collected in human services research are based on tests. It is very important that these tests are reliable and valid. The following paragraphs will explore reliability, and validity. This paper will also explore data collection methods and data collection instruments that are used in human services research, and managerial research. Types of Reliability Reliability is defined as “the quality or state of being reliable; specifically: the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same result on repeated trials” ("Reliability," 2011). There are five types of reliability: alternate-form, internal-consistency, item-to-item, judge-to-judge, and test-retest reliability. Alternate-form reliability is the degree of relatedness of different forms of the same test (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Internal-consistency reliability is how reliable the test is as a whole or how judges score (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Item-to-item reliability and judge-to-judge reliability are almost the same. Item-to-item reliability is the reliability of any single item on average and judge-to-judge is the reliability of any singe judge on average (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Finally test-retest reliability is the degree of stability of a measuring instrument or test (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). All types of reliability...
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...Chapter 10: Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research Answers to Review Questions 10.1. What is a confounding variable, and why do confounding variables create problems in research studies? An extraneous variable is a variable that MAY compete with the independent variable in explaining the outcome of a study. A confounding variable (also called a third variable) is a variable that DOES cause a problem because it is empirically related to both the independent and dependent variable. A confounding variable is a type of extraneous variable (it’s the type that we know is a problem, rather than the type that might potentially be a problem). 10.2. Identify and define the four different types of validity that are used to evaluate the inferences made from the results of quantitative studies. 1. Statistical conclusion validity. • Definition: The degree to which one can infer that the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) are related and the strength of that relationship. 2. Internal validity. • Definition: The degree to which one can infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables. 3. Construct validity. • Definition: The extent to which a higher-order construct is well represented (i.e., well measured) in a particular research study. 4. External validity. • Definition: The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes...
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...at the key research concepts of reliability and validity as they relate to ethnography, and will discuss the importance of context to ethnographic inquiry. In the final part of the chapter, I shall highlight some of the 'central concerns of this topic by contrasting psychometry and ethnography, The chapter seeks to address the following questions: • - What do we mean by ethnography? • - What are the key principles guiding ethnographic research? • - How might one deal with threats to the reliability and validity of this type of research? • - Why is context important to ethnographic research? • - In what ways does ethnography contrast with psychometric research? • Definition: Ethnography involves the study of the culture/characteristics of a group to real-world rather than Laboratory settings. The researcher makes no act to isolate or manipulate the phenomena under investigation, and insight generalizations emerge from close contact with the data rather than from theory of language learning and use. it is a qualitative type of research. Ethnography is provided by LeCompte and Goetz (1982). They use ethnography shorthand term to encompass a range of qualitative methods including study research, field research, and anthropological research. LeCompte and Goetz argue that Ethnography is defined by the use of participant and non-participant observation, a focus on natural settings, use of the subjective views and belief systems of the participants in the research process to...
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...Types of Validity: External Validity: External validity should be thought up in a way of generalization. It is generalized in a form of population, setting, treatment variables, or measurement. External validity can usually be split into two separate types, which are population and ecological validity and they both help provide understanding to the experimental design and the strength of it (McBurney & White, 2009). Population Validity: The type of validity that helps put the population as a whole into perspective is population validity. The goal is for the sample to represent the population as a whole in order to collect data. In order to conduct this type of research it has to be done at random and different locations in order to receive an accurate picture of the population as a whole (McBurney & White, 2009). Ecological Validity: The second type of external validity is ecological validity, which focuses on testing the environment and determines how much behavior is influenced. The negative aspect to this type of test is receiving a clear picture on how the experiment compares to real world situations (McBurney & White, 2009). Internal Validity: Internal validity focuses in the researchers design in regards to an experiment and makes sure that they are following the principles of cause and effect. A better way of understanding internal validity is that it makes sure that there is not another possible cause that could have affected the outcome of the behavior...
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... Rather, the numbers (data) are generated out of research. Statistics are merely a tool to help us answer research questions. As such, an understanding of methodology will facilitate our understanding of basic statistics. Validity A key concept relevant to a discussion of research methodology is that of validity. When an individual asks, "Is this study valid?", they are questioning the validity of at least one aspect of the study. There are four types of validity that can be discussed in relation to research and statistics. Thus, when discussing the validity of a study, one must be specific as to which type of validity is under discussion. Therefore, the answer to the question asked above might be that the study is valid in relation to one type of validity but invalid in relation to another type of validity. Each of the four types of validity will be briefly defined and described below. Be aware that this represents a cursory discussion of the concept of validity. Each type of validity has many threats which can pose a problem in a research study. Examples, but not an exhaustive discussion, of threats to each validity will be provided. For a comprehensive discussion of the four types of validity, the threats associated with each type of validity, and additional validity issues see Cook and Campbell (1979). Statistical Conclusion Validity: Unfortunately, without a background in basic statistics, this type of validity is difficult to understand. According to Cook and...
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...CHAPTER 1: EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH: ITS NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS THE NATURE OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Educational Research: 1. is empirical 2. takes a variety of forms 3. should be valid 4. should be reliable 5. should be systematic Empirical - knowledge derived from research is based on data collected by the researcher The Systematic Process of Research 1. Identify the problem (and relevant related knowledge) 2. Review the information (via literature search) 3. Collect data (in an organized and controlled manner) 4. Analyze data (in a manner appropriate to the problem) 5. Draw conclusions (make generalizations based on results of analysis) The Validity of Educational Research Quantitative Research: Internal Validity - the extent to which research results can be accurately interpreted. External Validity - the extent to which research results can be generalized to populations and conditions. Internal validity is generally prerequisite to external validity. Qualitative Research: Truth Value/ Credibility - accurate representation of information from the researcher’s perspective and substantiating evidence) Comparability - the extent to which the characteristics of the research are described so that other researchers may use the results to extend knowledge. Translatability - the extent to which adequate theoretical constructs and research procedures are used so that other researchers can understand...
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...EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH: ITS NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS THE NATURE OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Educational Research: 1. is empirical 2. takes a variety of forms 3. should be valid 4. should be reliable 5. should be systematic Empirical - knowledge derived from research is based on data collected by the researcher The Systematic Process of Research 1. Identify the problem (and relevant related knowledge) 2. Review the information (via literature search) 3. Collect data (in an organized and controlled manner) 4. Analyze data (in a manner appropriate to the problem) 5. Draw conclusions (make generalizations based on results of analysis) The Validity of Educational Research Quantitative Research: Internal Validity - the extent to which research results can be accurately interpreted. External Validity - the extent to which research results can be generalized to populations and conditions. Internal validity is generally prerequisite to external validity. Qualitative Research: Truth Value/ Credibility - accurate representation of information from the researcher’s perspective and substantiating evidence) Comparability - the extent to which the characteristics of the research are described so that other researchers may use the results to extend knowledge. Translatability - the extent to which adequate theoretical constructs and research procedures are used so that other researchers can understand the results. ! Validity is always...
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...Reliability and Validity Walter Boothe BSHS/382 April 23, 2012 Staci Lowe Reliability and Validity In human services, research and testing is conducted in order to provide the most effective program possible. Testing methods should have both reliability and validity. They should be both consistent and specific. This paper will discuss two types of reliability and two types of validity and provide examples of how each can be applied to human services research. Additionally, this paper will discuss methods of gathering data in human services, and why it is vital that these methods have reliability and validity. Reliability Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. A test is considered reliable if we get the same result repeatedly (Cherry, 2010).Regardless of the reason for testing administering a test , in order for it to be reliable , the results should be approximately the same each time it is administered. Unfortunately, it is impossible to calculate reliability exactly, but it can be estimated in a number of different ways (Cherry, 2010). Two specific types of reliability are inter –rater reliability and internal consistency reliability. Inter –rater reliability is assessed by having two or more independent judges score the test (Cherry, 2010). The scores are compared to determine the consistency of the rater’s estimates. One way to test inter-rater reliability is to have each rater assign each test item a score (Cherry, 2010). Next, test administrators...
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...Out-of-Class Assignment #3 Chapter 9: 1. Distinguish between the following: a) Internal validity and external validity. b) Preexperimental design and quasi-experimental design. c) History and maturation. d) Random sampling, randomization, and matching. e) Environmental variables and extraneous variables. a) Validity is defined in experimentation as whether a measure accomplishes what we think previously or not. There are different types of validity, but the two main varieties are internal and external validity. Internal validity answers the question- do the obtained results have a relationship with what we demonstrated in the experiment? Does the experiment show the real cause of what we draw in the conclusion? It is judged by how well it meets the seven internal validity threats. External validity explain if the observed causal relationship can be generalize among persons, settings, and times. It concerns with the relationship between experimental treatment and other factors. It is used when we have larger population. b) Preexperimental designs are used to control contamination of the relationship that exists between independent and dependent variables. This design is very weak because it fails to control the threats to internal validity or to provide comparison groups that are truly equivalent. Quasi-experimental designs are field experiments that are more advanced than preexperimental. They have control over some of the variables. Using...
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...Question 1 Internal validity is about: | a. | establishing causality | | b. | establishing generalisability | | c. | establishing reliability | | d. | establishing concepts | 0.2 points Question 2 Which of the following is concerned with generalisability? | a. | internal validity | | b. | external validity | | c. | concept validity | | d. | reliability | 0.2 points Question 3 The relationship between exposure to violent images in the media and the violent behaviour appears to be explained by pre-exisiting predisposition to aggression. This is an example of: | a. | an internally valid relationship | | b. | a causal relationship | | c. | spurious relationship | | d. | a scientific relationship | 0.2 points Question 4 Qualitative research uses numeric data. True False 0.2 points Question 5 Positivism is: | a. | thinking positively about our criminological research design | | b. | assuming that criminological phenonomena have an objective reality that we can observe | | c. | interpreting positive correlations between criminogenic factors | | d. | applying qualitive research techniques in our criminological research | 0.2 points Question 6 In qualitative research, the closest equivalent to internal validity: | | generalisability | | | causality | | | transferability | | | credibility | 0.2 points Question 7 Mike, a 15 year old, has been vandalising his school every...
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...Overview of Reliability and Validity Reliability and validity are key concepts in measurement processes. Reliability refers to the stability of a test measure or protocol. It seems to be the way in scientific endeavors that we can take a simple concept and make the concept extremely difficult to comprehend; such is the case with reliability. There are various methods to determine reliability and each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Our purpose here is to try to make since of the various reliability methods. To review, reliability is a measure of the stability or consistency of a test protocol. Measures of reliability are typically reported in terms of Pearson Correlation Coefficients. In brief, these correlation measures range from –1 to 1, with larger values indicating high relationships. Generally, 0.30 is considered minimum to indicate marginal reliability. If you conceptualize consistency as stability over time or stability from item to item then there are different approaches to the measure of reliability. Consistency or stability over time is measured by test – retest reliability. This type of reliability is “in-line” with the traditional view of reliability, and is usually measured by correlation tests given to a group of subjects twice over a tasteful period, during which nothing has happen to your participants to effect their results. Therein lays, the major disadvantage of this method of reliability. Other problems are concerned with...
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...UNDERSTANDING ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN ACCOUNTING: A GUIDE FOR STUDENTS Teresa P. Gordon College of Business and Economics University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho USA Jason C. Porter College of Business and Economics University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho USA ABSTRACT The ability to read and understand academic research can be an important tool for practitioners in an increasingly complex accounting and business environment. This guide was developed to introduce students to the world of academic research. It is not intended for PhD students or others who wish to perform academic research. Instead, the guide should make published academic research more accessible and less intimidating so that future practitioners will be able to read empirical research and profitably apply the relevant findings. The guide begins by examining the importance of academic research for practitioners in accounting and next reviews the basics of the research process. With that background in place, we then give some guidelines and helpful hints for reading and evaluating academic papers. This guide has been used for several years to introduce master’s degree students to academic literature in an accounting theory class. After reading this guide and seeing a demonstration presentation by the professor, students have been able to successfully read and discuss research findings. Key words: Understanding empirical research, supplemental readings, importance of academic research, incorporating academic research in classroom...
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...Composed & Solved Laiba Butt VuAskari Team www.vuaskari.com STA630 Subjective Solved By Laiba Butt Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 ) What is personal interviewing, how it can be conducted and at which places? Personal Interviewing A personal interview (i.e. face to face communication) is a two way conversation initiated by an interviewer to obtain information from a respondent. The differences in the roles of the interviewer and the respondent are pronounced. They are typically strangers, and the interviewer generally controls the topics and patterns of discussion. The consequences of the event are usually insignificant for the respondent. The respondent is asked to provide information and has little hope of receiving any immediate or direct benefit from this cooperation. Personal interviews may take place in a factory, in a homeowner’s doorway, in an executive’s office, in a shopping mall, or in other settings. Question No: 35 ( Marks: 3 ) Why preliminary notification is essential in self administered questionnaire? Response rate of self administered questionnaires is low. preliminary notification is essential in self administered questionnaire because it will increase the response rate due to the following reasons. • • • Preparing the respondent through advance notice through letter/telephone. Notify closer to the questionnaire mailing time. Depends upon the infrastructure, nature of study, and the type of respondents. Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 ) "Because literature survey is...
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...84 CHAPTER 3 Research design, research method and population 3.1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 3 outlines the research design, the research method, the population under study, the sampling procedure, and the method that was used to collect data. The reliability and validity of the research instrument are addressed. Ethical considerations pertaining to the research are also discussed. 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN It is the blueprint for conducting the study that maximises control over factors that could interfere with the validity of the findings. Designing a study helps the researcher to plan and implement the study in a way that will help the researcher to obtain intended results, thus increasing the chances of obtaining information that could be associated with the real situation (Burns & Grove 2001:223). 3.3 RESEARCH METHOD A quantitative, descriptive approach was adopted to investigate reasons why women who requested TOP services failed to use contraceptives effectively. 3.1 Quantitative This is a quantitative study since it is concerned with the numbers and frequencies with which contraceptive challenges were experienced by women who requested TOP services in terms of the 85 CTOP Act (no 92 of 1996) in the Gert Sibande District of the Mpumalannga Province of the RSA, during August and September 2003. 3.2 Description This study was descriptive because it complied with the characteristics of descriptive research as stipulated by Brink and Wood (1998: 283). • Descriptive designs...
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