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Quaûn trò kinh doanh quoác teá

TAÙC GIAÛ: NGUYEÃN XUAÂN HAÛI

Tuû Saùch Cuûa Nhaø Quaûn Trò Kinh Doanh
Chöông daãn nhaäp
Thaùch thöùc trong kinh doanh quoác teá * Hieåu veà kinh doanh quoác teá daïng khaùi nieäm * Thaûo luaän veà höôùng kinh doanh quoác teá chính yeáu * Xem xeùt boán yeáu toá veà lôïi theá caïnh tranh * Moâ taû vai troø nhaø nöôùc * Trình baøy moâ hình nghieân cöùu moân naøy

1. Daãn nhaäp

80% ñaàu tö tröïc tieáp, 50% thöông maïi laø do 500 coâng ty lôùn nhaát theá giôùi (coâng ty quoác teá) thöïc hieän
Ngaøy nay chuyeån höôùng sang caùc nöôùc ñang phaùt trieån, chuyeån ñoåi haáp daãn nhö Ñoâng aâu, Trung quoác.
Ñoâng aâu baát oån chính trò nhöng nguoàn lôïi lôùn haáp daãn. Chuù yù raèng ngöôøi Nhaät taäp trung vaøo Ñoâng nam aù, vaø trung quoác.
Moät hình thöùc khaùc laø lieân doanh lieân keát quoác teá: laø söï thoaû thuaän cuûa hai hay nhieàu thaønh vieân veà quaûn lyù doanh nghieäp nöôùc ngoaøi.

2. Vai troø doanh nghieäp nhoû

Dòch vuï vaø coâng nghieäp 70% ôû Myõ, Canada. Ñaëc ñieåm theá giôùi ngaøy nay coù theå cho pheùp caùc coâng ty nhoû vaø vöøu coù theá caïnh tranh ñòa phöông khaép theá giôùi.
Caùc doanh nghieäp lôùn aûnh höôûng ñeán söï thaønh coâng cuûa doanh nghieäp nhoû vì hoï söû duïng haøng hoaù cuûa doanh nghieäp nhoû. Khu vöïc nhaø nöôùc cuõng chi mua haøng hoaù dòch vuï cho khoái naøy raát lôùn. Ñaàu tö quoác teá vaø thöông maïi DN nhoû chieám thò phaàn ít nhöng ñaùng keá trong söï phaùt trieån

3. Khaùi quaùt veà kinh doanh quoác teá

3.1 Xuaát nhaäp khaåu:

Chuù yù khaùi nieäm
Xuaát khaåu coù theå dòch vuï nhö haøng khoâng, du lòch, khaùch saïn, giaûi trí vaên hoaù chöù khoâng phaûi haøng hoaù.
Döõ lieäu veà xuaát nhaäp khaåu quan troïng: thöông maïi laø cô sôû coù tính lòch söû, giuùp ta thaáy ñöôïc chieán löôïc vaø hoaït ñoäng cuûa coâng ty quoác teá
Hieåu veà caùc hoaït ñoäng cuûa kinh doanh quoát teá vôùi neàn kinh teá

3.2 Ñaàu tö tröïc tieáp nöôùc ngoaøi:

FDI duøng tieàn ñaàu tö vaøo nöôùc khaùc.

4. Ñoái dieän nhöõng thaùch thöùc trong kinh doanh quoác teá

Laøm gì ñeå coù vò trí quan trong trong thöông maïi vaø ñaàu tö quoác teá? * Duy trì lôïi theá caïnh tranh
Saùng taïo trong caûi tieán, chi phí lao ñoäng, laõi suaát, hoái ñoaùi, qui moâ kinh teá vaø nguoàn löïc thöïc söï. Thay theá saûn phaåm. * Tính caïnh tranh quoác teá
Yeáu toá thaâm duïng: taøi nguyeân, lao ñoäng vaø voán. Trong haøng tieâu duøng maëc duø nhaäp nguyeân lieäu thoâ nhö caûi tieán laøm naêng suaát lao ñoäng taêng laøm thò phaàn taêng. Khaû naêng söû duïng yeáu toá thaâm duïng
Nhöõng ñieàu kieân nhu caàu: nhu caàu ngöôøi mua, thay ñoåi nhu caàu caàn thieát,
Ngaønh coâng nghieäp lieân keát vaø hoã trôï: döï doaùn phaûn öùng vôùin höõng thay ñoåi
Toå chöùc chieán löôïc cuûa coâng ty vaø söï caïnh tranh
Muïc tieâu quoác gia
Löïa choïn ngheà aûnh höôûng ñeán giaù trò quoác gia
Söï caïnh tranh trong nöôùc. * Nhöõng quy ñònh cuûa chính phuû, luaät leä
- Quoác hoäi vaø chính quyeàn ñòa phöông
- Ñaøm phaùn thöông maïi quoác teá
- Phaùt trieån moät trieån voïng quoác teá: - Kinh nghieäm: caàn ngöôøi nhö theá - Tieáp caän: taàm quan troïng cuûa hoaït ñoäng QT – Thaùi ñoä: daønh cho nhaø quaûn trò khi laøm vieäc

5. Söï nghieân cöùu veà kinh doanh quoác teá

* Töø khaùi quaùt ñi ñeán nhaán maïnh chieán löôïc Chuû ñeà | 1950-1969 | 1970-1989 | Nhöõng naêm 90 | Taäp trung quan taâm | Thoâng tin ñaïi cöông | Chöùc naêng cuûa söï phaùt trieån | Nhaán maïnh tính chieán löïôc | Höôùng nghieân cöùu | Moâ taû | Phaân tích | Keát hôïp | Phöông phaùp giaûi thích | Chuù troïng tính lòch söû | Chöùc naêng | Ña ngaønh | Söï nghieân cöùu nhaán maïnh | Nhieàu ngaønh hoïc | Nhieàu p phaùp nghieân cöùu soá löôïng, ñi nöôùc ngoaøi | Nghieân cöùu soá löôïng, ñi nöôùc ngoaøi, boä phaän quoác teá, cty ña quoác gia | Caùc coâng ty ñöôïc nghieân cöùu | Coâng ty cuûa Myõ | Caùc coâng ty theá giôùi | Caùc coâng ty ña quoác gia | Quoác gia ñöôïc xem xeùt | Coâng nghieäp hoaù | Coâng nghieäp hoaù, NIC, LDC | Coâng nghieäp hoaù, NIC, LDC | Soá löôïng taïp chí | Moät vaøi | Nhieàu | Ñang taêng | Söï chuù troïng cuûa taïp chí | Chuû ñeà quoác teá chung | Chöùc naêng | Chöùc naêng vaø chieán löôïc | Toång moái lieân keát nghieân cöùu | Moät vaøi | Nhieàu hôn | Ñang taêng |

Chöông 2 Coâng ty ña quoác gia

1. Ñaëc tröng cuûa coâng ty ña quoác gia(xem xet moâi tröôøng cuûa chuùng)

* Coå ñoâng ñeán töø khaép nôi treân theá giôùi * Lieân quan ñeán nôi ñaëc truï sôû chính vaø nôi kinh doanh * Caùc coâng ty con phaûi chòu aûnh höôûng cuûa moâi tröôøng quoác teá vaø sôû taïi * Coâng ty con coù theå tìm nhieàu ñònh cheá taøi chính taøi trôï voán * Caùc coâng ty con coù chung chieán löôïc

2. Taïi sao laïi trôû thaønh coâng ty ña quoác gia

* Taêng khaû naêng baûo veä khoûi ruûi ro * Giaûm thieåu khoâng oån ñònh cuûa chu kyø kinh doanh noäi ñòa * Taïo söï taêng tröôûng thò tröôøng theá giôùi trong toaøn caàu hoaù taêng tröôûng nhanh choùng, phaân phoái treân quy moâ toaøn theá giôùi. * Gia taêng caïnh tranh theá giôùi, baûo veä thò phaàn * Giaûm chi phí. Caùc chi phí trung gian ñaùp öùng nhanh nhu caàu ngöôøi tieâu duøng, naém laáy lôïi theá veà nguoàn taøi nguyeân * Vöôït qua böùc töôøng thueá * Söû duïng caùc coâng ngheä cheá taïo tröïc tieáp saûn xuaát theo licence (moät beân laø nhaø cung caáp cho pheùp söû duïng baèng saùng cheá, moät beân traû phí ñònh kyøcoá ñònh vaø gia taêng theo saûn xuaát) ñieàu naøy cho pheùp hoï ñoäc quyeàn saûn xuaát vaø tröïc tieáp baûn saûn phaåm ôû nöôùc ngoaøi.
Chuù yù: xem 20 tuyeät chieâu cuûa coâng ty quoác teá (Voõ Vaên Tröôøng soaïn)

3. Chieán löôïc cuûa caùc coâng ty ña quoác gia

Quyeát ñònh döïa treân nhöõng gì toát nhaát cho coâng ty
Nghieân cöùu vaø phaùt trieån (R&D) laø phaàn quan troïng torng kyõ thuaät cao

I. Haønh ñoäng cuûa caùc coâng ty ña quoác gia

1. Doanh thu vaø lôïi nhuaän

Haàu heat caùc coâng ty ña quoác gia khoâng phaûi laø coâng ty khoång loà, nhöng caùc coâng ty khoång loà laø coâng ty ña quoác gia.

2. Caùc coâng ty ña quoác gia

Volkwagen (VW) 34 tyû $, Chaâu aâu – Xe hôi
Shimano phuï tuøng xe ñaïp, ôû Myõ, ngöôøi Nhaät, doanh thu 2 tyû $, xe ñaïp leo nuùi
Ikea Thuî ñieån, trang trí noäi thaát, doanh thu 3.5 tyû $
Marsh & Mclennan moâi giôùi baûo hieåm, doanh thu 2,5 tyû $, maïnh ôû Myõ
…Caùc baïn khoâng gì hôn laø haõy quan taâm ñeán coâng ty quoác teá

II. Quaûn trò chieán löôïc cuûa caùc coâng ty ña quoác gia

Xaùc ñònh nhöõng nhieäm vuï cô baûn cuûa coâng ty |

Phaân tích moâi tröôøng beân trong vaø beân ngoaøi |

Xaùc ñònh muïc tieâu vaø keá hoaïch cuï theå |

Thöïc hieän keá hoaïch |

Ñaùnh giaù vaø kieåm soaùt hoaït ñoäng |

Döïa vaøo chieán löôïc kinh doanh cuûa coâng ty ñeå thích öùng

Chöông 3
Tam giaùc kinh teá & kinh doanh quoác teá

I. Daãn nhaäp

Myõ – Nhaät – EU chuùng ta cuõng coù theå bieát chi phoái haàu heát theá giôùi

II. Nguyeân nhaân ñaàu tö tröïc tieáp nöôùc ngoaøi (FDI)

FDI: Sôû höõu toaøn boä hay moät phaàn coâng ty taïi nöôùc ngoaøi 1. Taêng lôïi nhuaän 2. Thaâm nhaäp thò tröôøng taêng tröôûng nhanh 3. Giaûm chi phí 4. Nhöõng khoái lieân keát kinh teá hôïp nhaát 5. Baûo hoä thò tröôøng noäi ñòa 6. Baûo hoä thò tröôøng nöôùc ngoaøi 7. Giaønh bí quyeát coâng ngheä vaø quaûn trò
Caùc thaønh vieân vuøng tam giaùc chia nhau thò tröôøng chieám lónh khoâng phaûi phaân chia maø lôïi theá. * Söï thoáng trò veà FDI cuûa vuøng tam giaùc * Nhöõng khu vöï tam giaùc

III. Khu tam giaùc chieán löôïc kinh doanh quoác teá

Taïi Myõ: Chuù yù raèng taïi Myõ nhöõng naêm 80 taïo nhu caàu xe ít hao xaêng, chaát löôïng cao, giaù caïnh tranh, maãu maõ goïn ñeïp, ngöôøi Nhaät ñaõ laøm ñöôïc ñieàu naøy neân thaønh coâng treân thò tröôøng Myõ. Ngaøy nay moät thò phaàn lôùn maø caùc coâng ty coù ñöôïc laø haøng coâng ngheä cao, coâng ngheä thoâng tin, ñieän töû
Caàn phaân tích töøng maët haøng
Taïi EU: FDI cuûa Myõ taïi EU lôùn nhaát hôn khu vöïc naøo heat, EU laø thò tröôøng sôû thích cuûa Nhaät hôn caû Thaùi bình döông, nhöng bò baûo hoâ chaët cheõ.
Caàn phaân tích töøng maët haøng

IV. Caùc moái quan heä kinh teá trong khu vöïc tam giaùc

1. Söï cheá ngöï cuûa Nhaät

Nhaät ñang chieám thò phaàn torng khi Myõ vaø Chaâu aâu ñang bò maát. Caùc coâng ty taàm côû theá giôùi gaây söùc eùp lieân tuïc cho doing nghieäp Nhaät, thò tröôøng Nhaät khoù thaâm nhaäp vì yeáu toá vaên hoaù, ñaàu tö trong nöôùc vaø caïnh tranh cuûa Nhaät lôùn hôn baát cöù nôi naøo treân theá giôùi. Nhaät chæ quan taâm ñeán kinh teá trong khi ñoù Myõ vaø Chaâu aâu coøn chi cho vieäc khaùc.

2. Cheá ñoä baûo hoä (xem quan heä kinh teá quoác teá)

Chöông 4 Heä thoáng kinh teá vaø hoäi nhaäp kinh teá quoác teá

1. Daãn nhaäp heä thoáng kinh teá

* Neàn kinh teá thò tröôøng haøng hoaù vaø dòch vuï ñöôïc xaùc laäp treân cô sôû nhu caàu * Neàn kinh teá thò tröôøng coù ñaëc tính haàu heat taøi saûn laø cuûa tö nhaân, ñöôïc canh tranh ñeå giaønh thò phaàn. Coøn sôû höõu coâng coäng thì ñoäc quyeàn nhaø nöôùc vaø haïn ngaïch cho töøng doanh ngheäp. * Ñieàu quan troïng laø haàu heat caùc nöôùc ñeàu coù neàn kinh teá hoãn hôïp caùc söï keát hôïp giöõa thò tröôøng vaø keá hoaïch

1.1 Kieåm soaùt cuûa chính phuû veà taøi saûn

Ngöôøi ta bieän luaän cho quoác höõa hoaù nhö sau: * Thuùc ñaåy phaùt trieån kinh teá – Tìm kieám lôïi nhuaän cho quyõ quoác gia * Traùnh caùc coâng ty bò phaù saûn – Caûi tieán chöông trình lôïi cho quoác gia * Gia taêng quyeàn kinh teá vaø chính trò – Ñaûm baûo löôïng haøng hoaù, DV
Ngöôøi ta cuõng bieän luaän cho tö nhaân hoaù: * Cung caáp DV-HH hieäu quaû – Ñaùp öùng nhu caàu thanh lyù taøi saûn * Chính phuû baùn coù lôïi hôn – Giaûm nôï cho quoác gia * Coâng ty gia taêng ñaàu tö nghieân cöùu phaùt trieån ñeå caïnh tranh * Caùc quyõ taøi chính quoác teá hoã trôï

1.2 Söï hôïp taùc giöõa DN vaø chínhg phuû

2. Hoäi nhaäp kinh teá

Thieát laäp nhöõng luaät leä, nguyeân taéc vöôït khoûi phaïm vi quoác gia ñeå caûi thieän kinh teá
Vaø söï hôïp taùc cuûa caùc nöôùc. Höôùng veà töï do thöông maïi toaøn caàu, haáp daãn nhöng khoù thöïc thi,

2.1 Söï hình thaønh thöông maïi vaø nhöõng cheäch höôùng

Hoäi nhaäp khu vöïc daãn ñeán moät thay ñoåi trong hoaït ñoäng kinh doanh. Chi phí ñöôïc giaûm gia taêng quyeàn lôïi trong nhoùm hoäi nhaäp. Boû raøo chaén thöông maïi trong khoái vaø taïo raøo chaén ngoaøi khoái, tình hình naøy vaãn khoâng coù lôïi cho quoác teá chung.

2.2 Möùc ñoä hoäi nhaäp

* Maäu dòch töï do * Lieân minh thueá quan * Thò tröôøng chung * Lieân minh kinh teá * Lieân minh chính trò

2.3 Hoäi nhaäp kinh teá moät taát yeáu

Nhu caàu veà chính trò vaø kinh teá
Thöông maïi töï do ñem laïi thaønh coâng cho caùc thaønh vieân trong nhoùm nhôø chuyeân moân hoaù. Thuaän lôïi noäi boä kinh teá trong nhoùm bôûi chi phí thaáp,

2.4 Lieân minh Chaâu Aâu – khaùc

3. Hoäi nhaäp kinh teá vaø quaûn lyù chieán löôïc

* Lieân Doanh * Ñòa phöông hoaù ñieàu haønh kinh doanh

Chöông 5 Vaên hoaù quoác teá

1. Caùc yeáu toá vaên hoaù

1.1 Ngoân ngöõ 1.2 Toân giaùo 1.3 Giaù trò: nieàm tin vöõng chaéc laøm cô sôû ñeå con ngöôøi ñaùnh giaù ñieàu ñuùng sai toát saáu, quan trong vaø khoâng quang troïng. 1.4 Thaùi ñoä: laø nhöõng khuynh höôùng khoâng thay ñoåi söï caûm nhaän vaø haønh vi theo höôùng rieâng bieät veà moät ñoái töôïng 1.5 Thoùi quen: laø nhöõng caùch thöïc haønh phoå bieán hoaëc ñaõ hình thaønh töø tröôùc 1.6 Caùch cö xöû laø nhöõng haønh vi ñöôïc xem laø ñuùng ñaén trong moät xaõ hoäi rieâng bieät 1.7 Vaên hoaù vaät chaát: nhöõng giaù trò cuûa con ngöôøi trong xaõ hoäi phaûn aùnh tieâu chuaån möùc soáng cuûa vaät chaát. Quoác gia tieán boä ít tin vaøo soá meänh. 1.8 Thaåm myõ: lieân quan ñeán thò hieáu ngheä thuaät cuûa vaên hoaù 1.9 Giaùo duïc: aûnh höôûng ñeán nhieàu khía caïnh cuûa vaên hoaù

2. Vaên hoaùvaø thaùi ñoä

2.1 Nhöõng khía caïnh vaên hoaù * Söï caùch bieät quyeàn löïc: moãi quoác gia coù möùc ñoä caùch bieät khaùc nhau, caùch bieät cao thì tuaân thuû quyeàn löïc vaø ñieàu kieän cao. * Laãn traùnh ruûi ro: khaû naêng caûm thaáy sôï haõi trong nhöõng tình huoáng ruûi ro, coá taïo ra nhöõng cô sôû nieàm tin hoaëc laãn traùnh nhöõng ñieàu khoâng chaéc chaén * Chuû nghóa caù nhaân: chuù troïng ñeán baûn thaân hoï vaø lieân quan tröïc tieáp ñeán hoï. * Chuû nghóa taäp theå: (khaùc treân) * Söï cöùng raén: laø loaïi giaù trò thoáng trò xaõ hoäi baèng thaønh coâng tieàn baïc vaø cuûa caûi. Xem thu nhaäp cao quan troïng, thöøa nhaän, thaêng tieán vaø thöû thaùch * Söï meàm moûng: giaù trò thoáng trò xaõ hoäi baèng nhaân ñaïo vaø chaát löôïng cuoäc soáng.

2.2 Caùc khuynh höôùng thaùi ñoä

3. Vaên hoaù trong quaûn trò chieán löôïc

(Duøng ma traän)
3.1 Thaùi ñoä laøm vieäc
3.2 Söï ham muoán thaønh ñaït
3.3 Hieän taïi vaø töông lai
3.4 Ñaøo taïo veà vaên hoaù

Chöông 6
Thöông maïi quoác teá

1. Caùc hoïc thuyeát lôïi theá – thaâm duïng – chu kyø saûn phaåm quoác teá
2. Tieàn teä – thò hieáu
3. Nhöõng haøng raøo thöông maïi – thueá quan – phi thueá quan
4. Söï phaùt trieån kinh teá khaùc
Thöông maïi ñoái öùng (haøng haøng)
Thöông maïi veà dòch vuï
Töï do thöông maïi

Chöông 7
Taøi chính quoác teá (töï ñoïc chuyeân nghaønh)

Chöông 8
HOAÏCH ÑÒNH CHIEÁN LÖÔÏC TOAØN CAÀU

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...Target Audience: American citizens that concern about the role and impact of international students to the economy. Having International Students, Gain or Loss to U.S. Economy? The fame of the United States for education attracts many international students to this country every year. Besides being a good host, a portion of American citizens does not realize great contributions that international students bring to the economy. Moreover, there are even worries and complaints that international students are taking jobs away from domestic citizens after the President extended the time for international students to remain in the U.S. “the change could hurt U.S. job-seekers by making them compete against more foreign graduates” (“Obama”). Therefore, people who hold similar ideas believe it is better to diminish the flow of international students. “Community colleges and small state colleges especially should resist the lure of the foreign student market” (Vaughan). All of these misunderstandings neglect the positive role of these students and may harm the country in the long term. Reasonably speaking, international students play a crucial part in America’s economy and should not intimidate qualified job seekers. Providing education to international students is the lowest risk export. As data collected from the U.S Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, education ranked the third in U.S trade in private services in 2009 (Ward). In other words, education can be considered...

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...Assignment Two: Final Paper Heather Smith Jour 3400 April 28, 2010 The largest paper company in the world sits right here in Memphis, Tennessee, International Paper Company. They manufacture in North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia and North Africa. International Paper was established in 1898 and has grown to house 113,000 employees. The company achieves their success from the goals they stand for: “Good corporate governance is the foundation upon which we build and achieve our goals. We create an awareness of the importance of diversity, ethical behavior and personal integrity, which are our foundation. We support hundreds of community-based educational, civic and cultural activities. We deliver the most current International Paper news to the media. We work in synergy with customers to deliver solutions that positively impact supplier diversity efforts” (http://www.internationalpaper.com). International Paper’s hard work ethic and motivation holds a great deal of their success as well. The company has a perspective called the “IP Way” which infers “International Paper is committed to continuous improvement in everything it does, and the key is the people who make up the company” (History of International Paper, 2006). The public they target is the workforce and workplace. The company puts a lot of focus and emphasis on diversity. They strive to promote the importance of diversity in the workplace by...

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International Trade

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International Trade

...International trade is defined as trade between two or more partners from different countries in the exchange of goods and services. International trade has been in existence throughout history and has an economic impact on the participating countries. Trade in most countries has a share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and helps to boost the countries overall economy on a yearly basis. The pattern of international trade show that 50 percent is between developed countries, while 35 percent falls between developed and developing countries, also known as North/South trade. The 15 percent of international trade is made up by developing countries trading commodities. Often trade between developed countries consists of high tech goods while developing countries have valuable basic staples. Developing countries import technology and machinery from the developed countries, these machines help in increasing production and also bringing down the cost of production, however due to the high cost of these machines the developed countries prefer to use labor intensive methods of production due to high initial cost and also maintenance costs. Countries are looking to have a comparative advantage in producing at least one product that will allow them to trade that product at a lower opportunity cost. Free Trade is the concept we use when referring to selling of products between countries without tariffs, fees, or trade barriers. Free Trade simply is the absence of government interference...

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International Finance

...MFI 442 International Finance-Individual Assignments I Name Institution MFI 442 International Finance-Individual Assignments I Most corporations expand beyond their local boundaries to become multinationals. There are myriad reasons behind this (Wells & Wint, 2000). The biggest of all these reasons is to gain access to international markets and perhaps invest in economic zones that have high investment returns as compared to home countries (Fu, 2000). The trend of globalization has made most firms become multinational corporations. The most common method for MNCs is through franchises (Jones, 2005). In line with this, economists have put up theories explaining why businesses expand beyond their national boundaries (Hicks, 2000). My primary objective in this paper, therefore, is to discuss international finance and other macroeconomics policies. To foresee this goal, I will delve into foreign exchange market and operations of multinational corporations (MNCs). Theories Explaining Why Corporations Expand to become Multinationals a). Financial economists have brought forward three key arguments that enumerate why companies expand their operations to global markets. These theories are; the imperfect markets theory, the comparative advantage theory and the product cycle theory (Levi, 2004). i).The Comparative Advantage Theory This theory is among the most important concepts in international trade. It states that economic welfare increases when countries specialize...

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