...Cost Accounting : An Introduction MODULE - 6B Elementary Cost Accounting 27 COST ACCOUNTING : AN INTRODUCTION After passing your senior secondary examination, if you set up a small manufacturing unit, say manufacturing of packing boxes, a problem will arise what price of each box you should quote to the buyer. Many factors are considered while fixing the price of a product/item such as competitors’ price etc. One of the basic factors is the cost of its production. Cost is essential not only to fix price but also to ascertain the margin of profit. Knowledge of the cost determination is also necessary to keep a check on the cost of product/control on wastages, etc. The accounting used to study the various aspects of cost is known as cost accounting. In this lesson, you will learn about meaning, importance, limitations etc. of cost accounting. Notes OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to: state the meaning and scope of cost accounting; explain the objectives of cost accounting; differentiate between cost accounting and financial accounting; state importance of cost accounting; explain limitations of cost accounting. 27.1 MEANING AND SCOPE OF COST ACCOUNTING Cost accounting is the process of determining and accumulating the cost of product or activity. It is a process of accounting for the incurrence and the control of cost. It also covers classification, analysis, and interpretation of cost. In other words, it is a system of accounting, which provides...
Words: 2802 - Pages: 12
...- 6B Elementary Cost Accounting Notes 95 Cost Accounting : An Introduction ACCOUNTANCY After passing your senior secondary examination, if you set up a small manufacturing unit, say manufacturing of packing boxes, a problem will arise what price of each box you should quote to the buyer. Many factors are considered while fixing the price of a product/item such as competitors’ price etc. One of the basic factors is the cost of its production. Cost is essential not only to fix price but also to ascertain the margin of profit. Knowledge of the cost determination is also necessary to keep a check on the cost of product/control on wastages, etc. The accounting used to study the various aspects of cost is known as cost accounting. In this lesson, you will learn about meaning, importance, limitations etc. of cost accounting. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to: state the meaning and scope of cost accounting; explain the objectives of cost accounting; differentiate between cost accounting and financial accounting; state importance of cost accounting; explain limitations of cost accounting. 27.1 MEANING AND SCOPE OF COST ACCOUNTING Cost accounting is the process of determining and accumulating the cost of product or activity. It is a process of accounting for the incurrence and the control of cost. It also covers classification, analysis, and interpretation of cost. In other words, it is a system of accounting, which provides the ...
Words: 2801 - Pages: 12
...Introduction According to Chand (2015), costing techniques are used by management for controlling cost and making managerial decisions. It systematically records expenses and analyses the cost of each product manufactured or service rendered by an organisation (Hariharan, n.d.). Firms choose to adapt to a specific costing theory that caters accordingly to their needs and objectives. Part 1: Evaluation of Costing Theories Costing theories are very important in business decision making. According to Hariharan (n.d.), they serve managers as a guide to make correct decisions such as what price to quote, whether to place order for inputs or whether to abandon or add a product to the production line. Costing theories also determines the price of the best alternative use of a factor of production and results in an efficient allocation of resources (Chand, 2015). The business will adopt the most profitable production inputs by identifying unprofitable activities, losses and inefficiencies (Chand, 2015) Costing theories also helps the decisions regarding the capital expenditure through the estimation of long-run function (Chand, 2015). This function will be useful to managers when deciding on the expansion or contraction of plant size in the firm and confirming that the present plant size is just nice for the output level that is being produced (Chand, 2015). It improves the overall productivity of an organisation and acts as an important guide in bringing prosperity to the firm (Vitez...
Words: 1822 - Pages: 8
...The implementation of Activity Based Costing (ABC) in Chinese refining manufacturers Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 1.1 Research background 2 1.2 domestic and foreign research status 4 1.2.1 Activity-based costing development process 4 1.2.2 Status quo of Activity-Based Costing Development and Application in China 6 1.3 research contents 8 2. Related theories 9 2.1concept of ABC 9 2.2 rationales 10 2.3 difference between ABC and traditional costing 12 2.3.1. Different calculating targets 12 2.3.2 Different calculation 12 2.3.3. Different Finished goods costs term 13 3. Research methodology 13 3.1 case study 13 3.2 The survey method 13 3.3 Literature 14 4. Research Results 14 4.1 problems of traditional costing method in oil refining enterprise 14 4.2suggestions for Chinese enterprises’ application ABC 15 Bibliography 15 1. Introduction 1.1 Research background With the rapid development of the national economy, enterprises’ competition is increasingly fierce; many companies are using advanced science and technology to achieve competitive advantage in the market. Market competition and technological progress are the two fundamental economic factors which generate activity-based costing. Since The beginning of 1980s of the 20th century, the activity based cost method is paid a wide range of attention; the developed countries gradually adopt it in a number of advanced enterprises...
Words: 4478 - Pages: 18
...230 Managerial Accounting Office: JH3208 Spring 2011 Phone: (818) 677-2424 James Chiu, Ph.D., CPA, CMA Email: James.chiu@csun.edu Hours: 14:00- 15:20 T.TR. 18:00-19:00 W. and by Appointment Prerequisite: ACCT 220 Required Text: Brewer/Garrison/Noreen, Introduction to Managerial Accounting, 5th Edition (McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., 2010) Course Objective: Management accounting information system is designed to satisfy three broad objectives (1) To provide information for costing out products and services, (2) To provide information for planning, controlling, evaluation, and continuous improvement, and (3) To provide information for decision making. The purpose of the course is to learn the fundamental concepts and procedures necessary for the understanding and use of management accounting information for managerial decisions. The emphasis is on the use of accounting information. Effective management requires a sound understanding of how to use accounting information for decision making. The following topics will be discussed: Major differences between Financial and Managerial Accounting Ethical standard for management accountants Cost terminology and concepts Cost objects, cost flows in manufacturing or services operations. Job order costing and process costing Activity based costing and management Cost behavior...
Words: 780 - Pages: 4
...things that eventually expire. So, basically Expense is the amount of cost which has expired and Cost is the amount of expense which has not yet expired. Understanding Expenses Expenses are incurred, used as a measure for accounting purposes, which measure the financial performance of an organization. Accounting for expense is standardized by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) to provide shareholders, regulators, and management a standard and comparable view of financial information across diverse industries. Technically, an expense is a specific accounting event related to the outflow of cash reducing corporate equity. Expense simply record the event and used to understand ‘what happened’ from an accounting perspective. Understanding Costs Costs are derived, used as a measure for economic purposes, which measure the economic performance across multiple dimensions of business, (organization, product, customer, etc.). A cost is a derived value of money consumed to produce a current or future outcome; hence, costs provide management a decision supporting view to improve business economics. Costs are expressed as a value measured in relationship to a causal volume of consumption. The Difference between Cost Accounting and Financial Accounting are as follows: Cost...
Words: 1722 - Pages: 7
...MBA Accounting for Managers Fall 2015 Course Syllabus Faculty Jasmine Hsu Faculty Contact Details jhsu@jgu.edu.in Class Time and Venue as per the programme time table Course Description The goal of this course is to help you understand the role and application of accounting information in business and learn how managers can use external and internal accounting information for decision-making. This course aims to provide an overview of key principles and concepts in financial accounting and managerial accounting. Specific topics include: components of financial statements; financial statements analysis; product costing; costvolume-profit analysis; and budgeting. Course Objectives After completion of the course, you should be able to: Understand the roles of financial accounting (external) and managerial accounting (internal) Analyze financial reports, specifically the balance sheet, statement of profit and loss and statement of cash flow. Identify and apply key financial ratios to financial statement analysis. Identify and apply basic elements of cost concepts, product costing and cost-volumeprofit (CVP) analysis to management decision-making process. Understand key considerations during the budgeting process and budgetary control. Course Materials Narayanswami (2014): “Financial Accounting: A Managerial Perspective”, Prentice-Hall Pvt Ltd., 5th edition, New Delhi (FA) Jiambalvo (2013):” Managerial Accounting”, Wiley India, 5th...
Words: 814 - Pages: 4
...ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY BAUCHI, SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE. COURSE TITTLE: COST ACCOUNTING (BAT 212) ASSIGNMENT QUESTION:- WITH A CASE STUDY, DISCUSS THE IMPORTANCE AND APPLICATION OF COSTING TECHNIQUES IN HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA? (CASE STUDY OF YANKARI MASS TRANSIT CORPORATION) By Nwankwo Stephen c. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the assignment 1.2 Purpose/objectives of the assignment 1.3 Definition of the term 1.4 Historical background of the case study ABSTRACT The aim of the assignment is to find out the importance of using costing techniques such as operating costing, standard costing, direct costing, absorption costing etc. in one of the sub-sector of Nigerian economy(hospitality). And also to identify the techniques adopted by the hospitality industry and it’s important to the organization. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE ASSIGNMENT The hospitality industry is a broad category of fields within the service industry that include lodging, transportation, and additional fields within the tourism industry. Since the introduction of money, people have been concerned with cost. They think of how to manage money. Costing system was first recognized in manufacturing industries with the aim of finding the cost of production or cost of a product, presently, the...
Words: 1888 - Pages: 8
...1.0 Introduction Based on the article of a traditional cost management VS lean cost management by Mahanim Hanid, Lauri Koskela and Mohan Sinwardena, the term of cost management is not a well defined term. It’s built on both cost accounting and management accounting, but goes beyond these two terms (P. Agrawal and Mehra 1998). For Brinker (1996) defines it as a set of techniques and methods for controlling and improving a company’s activities and processes, its products and services. In addition, Maskel (2009) also described that the cost and management accounting is used internally to help the company’s manager control and improve the business. Although there is an accounting standards associated with these tasks, there is no legal requirement to perform these tasks in any particular way or to perform them at all. A company can do as much or as little cost and management accounting as it wishes and it can be done in any way it wants. Furthermore, cost accounting practices are seldom exactly similar in different companies (P. Agrawaland and Mehra 1998). According to text referred, cost management is equally important to all companies, regardless of size. Small companies generally have tighter monetary controls, mainly because of the risk with the failure of as little as one project, but with less sophisticated control techniques. Large companies may have the luxury to spread project losses over several project whereas the small company may have few projects. Cost management...
Words: 5085 - Pages: 21
...Activity Based Costing By: Azalea McSwain ACC310: Cost Accounting 1 Instructor: Susan Paris Date: April 18, 2011 Outline I: Introduction a. What is Activity Based Costing b. How Does it Work II. Body a. What does ABC do for Firms b. How to develop the ABC system in a firm c. What are the Steps d. Examples III. Conclusion IV. References Abstract Activity Based Costing was developed in the manufacturing sector of the United States during the 1970’s and 1980’s. This system is used as a method for developing cost estimates in which projects were discrete or subdivided activities. ABC systems calculates the costs of individual activities and assigns costs to their related cost object such as products and services on the basis of the activities performed to produce each product. The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) technology defines ABC as “an approach to the costing and monitoring of activities which involves tracing resource consumption and costing final outputs. (Edwards, 2006)” This paper will address what the ABC system does for firms which use it, how to develop such a system in a firm, the steps of the ABC system and some common examples. Activity Based Costing Introduction Activity Based Costing (ABC) addresses internal operating concerns of a firm and is an augmentation to the traditional ledger based cost management system. It doesn’t replace traditional accounting, but it makes use of the source documents provided from...
Words: 612 - Pages: 3
...SEMISTER MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTIN & CONTROL SYSTEM TOPIC: LEAN ACCOUNTING- An Emerging Concept SUB CODE: 10MBA32 NAME: SPOORTHI.K USN: 1PB11MBA33 CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT WITH KEY WORDS 2. INTRODUCTION 3. THERORATICAL BACKGROUND 4. DISCUSSION 5. CONCLUSION 6. REFERENCE ABSTRACT WITH KEYWORDS From the last two decades of the 20th Century on, many companies have adopted production strategies that could be termed “lean manufacturing”. Lean team leaders state that traditional costing systems fail to properly assess their operational improvements and therefore ask for new cost accounting methods. The search for a new accounting paradigm has led to important applied research and several accounting methods. With the diversification of customer demand and competition of globalization, mass production is being replaced by lean production. In this background, the traditional accounting system is no longer applicable to lean production, and lean accounting supporting lean production comes into being. This paper introduces the background of lean accounting and the content of lean accounting, gives the measures of implementing lean accounting, finally compares lean accounting with traditional accounting and summarizes obstacles in the process of implementing lean accounting. The research...
Words: 4166 - Pages: 17
...TOURO COLLEGE COURSE SYLLABUS DEPARTMENT: Business COURSE TITLE: Cost Accounting COURSE NUMBER: EBA 213 PREREQUISITES: EBA 101, EBA 102 CREDIT HOURS: 3 DEVELOPER: Professor Simon Saltz LAST UPDATE: December 1,2003 COURSE DESCRIPTION: Cost accounting focuses on cost determination for manufacturers, products and services. This includes the establishment and maintenance of job order and process cost systems, and the classification of costs as product or period, direct or indirect. Also included are managerial techniques and systems such as budgeting and variance analysis, which enable a business to manage its affairs more efficiently . COURSE/ DEPARTMENTAL OBJECTIVES: Students should be able to understand the thinking and systems of the business world. Understanding how the cost of a product is determined, as it moves through the manufacturing process, enables students to gain insight into how pricing decisions are made. They will be in a better position to determine whether a business is price gouging and can be an effective force in countering such behavior. Understanding budgeting systems enables one to properly manage a business and diagnose the causes of poor business performance. This could help preserve jobs for employees and investment value for shareholders. COURSE/ INSTITUTIONAL...
Words: 656 - Pages: 3
...Management Accounting Costing and Budgeting Introduction: Management accounting is the most vital part of accounting process. The function of this department is increasing day by day. Because in the present world many company are rising very quickly. The function of management accounting is to manage the process of accounting department. It is very essential for manage all kinds of this activity. There are various functions in accounting. Management accounting remotes all the functions of accounting department. Managers have to evaluate the genuine results of function to budgeted data to evaluate the presentation of the business. They use managerial accounting practice such as measure to evaluate the routine of explicit departments. They then make required adjustments in those departments which are not the stage on form. The manners management accountants supply general of forecasting and planning, performing discrepancy analysis, reconsidering and monitoring costs innate in the business are ones that have double liability to both finance and the business panel. Examples of errands where accountability may be more consequential to the business management team vs. the business finance department are the expansion of new product costing, operations research, business driver metrics, sales management achieve carding, and client prosperity analysis. Equally, the research of certain financial reports, reconciliations of the financial data to basis structures, risk and dictatorial...
Words: 809 - Pages: 4
...ACCT102 MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Heineken & SATA CommHealth 18 November, 2013 AY 2013/2014 Term 01 Prepared for: Dr. Jennifer Koh Prepared by: G8, Group 5 Julius Denarro Roberts Zheng Ming Junious Lim Yi Jun Lim Chee Yang Mohammad Hazwan Bin Mohammad Hanafiah Neo Wei Ler Tristan ! ! ACCT102 Management Accounting G8, Group 5 Executive Summary Introduction of Beer Business Costing Technique Chosen PROCESS COSTING 1 2 2 2 Assumptions Processes of Manufacturing Beer DEPARTMENT ONE: STAGE 1 - MIXING DEPARTMENT ONE: STAGE 2 - BREWING DEPARTMENT TWO: PACKAGING 3 4 4 4 5 Process Costing DETERMINING FIGURES CALCULATING COST PER EU 6 7 8 Cost Reconciliation Recommendations CAPPING & LABELLING BOTTLES & UTILITIES TRANSPORTATION 9 10 10 11 11 Introduction of Outpatient Business Costing Technique Chosen ACTIVITY BASED COSTING (ABC) JUSTIFICATION 12 12 12 12 Assumptions List of Activities and Cost Drivers Traditional Costing COMPARE AND CONTRAST WITH ABC UNDER ABC METHOD UNDER TRADITIONAL COSTING METHOD 13 13 14 14 16 16 Recommendations Conclusion Learning Points Reflections Bibliography Appendix 1 (Heineken) Appendix 2 (SATA CommHealth) 18 20 21 23 24 25 27 ACCT102 Management Accounting ! G8, Group 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ! Our project aims to apply costs concepts in the beer manufacturing and hospital service industry. The companies we will be using for our case studies will be Heineken and SATA...
Words: 4699 - Pages: 19
...ACCOUNTING AND THE GERMAN CULTURE March 18, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1 ANALYSIS 2 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7 LIST OF REFERENCES 8 INTRODUCTION Grenzplankostenrechnung (GPK) is a German-based costing methodology that was developed in the late 1940's and 1950's. GPK is credited to an automotive engineer, Hans George Plaut, and an academic, Wolfgang Kilger. They worked together to identify and deliver a comprehensive methodology to give exact and improve cost accounting information. It is designed to provide a consistent and accurate application of managerial costs that are calculated and assigned to a product or service (Cooper and Kaplan, 1998). GPK has been the staple accounting method used in German-speaking countries for many years now. Is it actually better than the United States traditional accounting management style? REVIEW OF LITERATURE GPKs definition by United States standards is flexible margin costing system. Flexible margin costing, or GPK, is a cost accounting system used by many companies in German-speaking countries and is taught at German universities. It has proven it validity through its ability to give accurate, quick information about companies' financial position. GPK uses marginal costing instead of full costing. It helps to make short-term decision that lead to long-term plans for the organization. They form cost centers instead of activities and processes (Adkins, 2006). ...
Words: 2003 - Pages: 9
