...Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology University of Phoenix Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology Culture plays an important part in one’s life as it relates to the field of psychology. Culture enables one to define him or herself and differ from one to another, and helps one survive. Culture facilitates self-expression, through language, appearance, and behavior. Culture exists everywhere and is a product of one’s environment. The significance of culture and its influence by oneself and others will be explained in this paper. In addition, the role of critical thinking in cross-cultural psychology and the scientific method involved with cross-cultural research will be addressed, and defined. Definition of Cultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology Culture is learned, passed down, from generation to generation and strongly influences individual behavior. It is an existing element in one’s environment, shaped by oneself and many others. Culture either shapes or influences one and is what makes one human. Psychology is the study of human behavior and performance; therefore, it is vital that the cultural and cross-cultural aspects are considered in determining the cause of one’s actions. Behavior is affected by sources both biological and environmental in nature but these do not entirely explain human behavior. There must be an acknowledgement of the social-cultural...
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...Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology Paper Yekaterina Tarkovsky PSY/450 Diversity and Cultural Factors in Psychology Stephen Northam / Professor November 23, 2015 The author of this paper would like to share the results of the study performed on the effects of cognitive appraisals of communication competence in conflict interactions. This study involves both Chinese and Western cultures. The researchers were investigating how differently people from both of these cultures perceive competence, appropriateness, and effectiveness of another party’s communication during conflict. At first, there was a pilot study which had thirty employees in Singapore. They were examining appraisals of communication competence in recalled intercultural conflict incidents. The competence of others was judged by western expatriates. They were determining whether the style of communication itself was direct as well as engaged. This was deemed to be judgements of effectiveness. The competence on interactional skills as well as knowledge on culture was judged by host-nationals. This was deemed to be judgments of appropriateness. The quasi-experimental study followed the pilot study. In this study, two parties comprising of university students. One party had one hundred twenty eight Australian students and the other one had on hundred eight Chinese students. The results of this study had showed that students from Australia discriminated between four different types of conflict styles more...
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...Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Paper Brenda Foster PSY 300 General Psychology May 6, 2013 Laurel Taron Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Paper Society’s view on normal and abnormal behavior is constantly changing. What one person views as normal another will view it as abnormal. Normal or abnormal behavior may be determined by social or cultural context. What a person does in one country may be completely abnormal in another country. Society may have its own version of the standards of normal but the mental health professional has to determine and define abnormal behavior and determine if the abnormal behavior will constitute as a mental disorder. The study of psychopathology is, “the scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders” Hockenbury & Hockenbury, (2001). Psychological or mental disorders are defined as, “a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of life or both” Hockenbury & Hockenbury, (2001). The determination of behaviors or a pattern of symptoms that constitutes a psychological disorder can be diagnosed with a disorder only if the patient has specific criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV, which was published by the American Psychiatric Association (1994). The mental health professionals have a “common language for labeling mental disorders and comprehensive...
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...Introduction to Cross Cultural Psychology Patrice Jones PSY/450 May 7, 2010 Joseph Gaines Introduction to Cross Cultural Psychology Cultural and cross cultural psychology is the field or branch of psychology the focuses primarily on culture, and the effects culture has on the mind and behavior. Culture is the symbols, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a group of people and passed on to the next generation. Culture affects how an individual thinks and in turn affects an individual’s behavior. Cultural psychology focuses on how culture affects an individual’s mental processes and behavior within that culture. Cross cultural psychology compares at least two cultures to see how culture affects an individual’s mental processes and behavior. Cross cultural psychology not only focuses on the differences between cultures, but also on the similarities and the reasons for these differences or similarities. Cultural psychology focuses on the effects culture has on an individual’s mental processes and behavior within that culture. Cultural psychologists try to find out as much about a particular culture, and how that culture affects the individual’s that lives there. Cultural psychologists can have a better understanding of a behavior when viewed in its sociocultural context. Cross cultural psychology compares two or more cultures to determine how culture affects an individual’s mental processes and behavior. Cross cultural psychology does not focus on only one culture...
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...(Except Week 2 Cultural Considerations Presentation, only 1 Set for it) PSY 450Week 1 Discussion Question 1 PSY 450Week 1 Discussion Question 2 PSY 450 Week 1 Individual Assignment Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology Paper (New) (2 Papers) PSY 450 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 PSY 450 Week 2 Discussion Question 2 PSY 450 Week 2 Cultural Considerations Presentation PSY 450 Week 2 Intelligence Testing Article Analysis (2 Brochure) PSY 450 Week 3 Discussion Question 1 PSY 450 Week 3 Discussion Question 2 ------------------------------------------------------------- PSY 450 Week 1 Discussion Question 1 FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT www.psy450study.com What is critical thinking? What characteristics do critical thinkers demonstrate? Why is critical thinking important in the field of cross cultural psychology? ------------------------------------------------------------- PSY 450 Week 1 Discussion Question 2 FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT www.psy450study.com Has psychology been used to support sexism, cultural imperialism, and racism? Why or why not? ------------------------------------------------------------- PSY 450 Week 1 Individual Assignment Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology Paper (New) (2 Papers) FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT www.psy450study.com This tutorial contains 2 Papers Choose one of the case studies provided in the electronic readings for Week One. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you analyze cross-cultural psychology. As a part of...
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...Introduction to cross-cultural psychology In each society there are different beliefs, when it comes to psychological disorders many cultural believe that disorders can be caused by demons that have taken over there mind and body. To obtain a better understanding of how different cultural view psychology this paper will define cultural and cross-cultural beliefs. The next step will be to analyze the relationship between cultural and cross cultural psychology this leads to the discussion of the role of critical thinking in cross- cultural psychology. Last the paper will discuss the methodology associated with cross-cultural research. Define cultural and cross-cultural psychology Each human does not get to choice the cultural that they will be placed in. From birth to adulthood the culture that we learn and live in is chosen for us by our caregivers. Culture is defined as a set of behaviors, symbols, and attitudes that are shared among a large group of people and this is usually been passed down from one generation to the next (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). The behaviors that are learned can be customs, traditions, habits, and fashions. Symbols are a form of material objects (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Attitudes are beliefs that include political, religious, moral views and can include opinions, superstitions, and stereotypes (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Although some cultures may have some attributes that are similar there are no two cultures that are the same. This is why it is important...
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...Cross-Cultural Psychology Stephanie Sorrell Psychology 450 February 24, 2014 Dr. Jenne Meyer Cross-Cultural Psychology Introduction Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior. There are many different branches and fields of psychology. The field of psychology that will be discussed within this paper is called cross-cultural psychology. Cultural psychology will also be discussed. To begin these types of psychology will be defined and the so the differences and similarities between the two will also be discussed. In order to fully grasp an understanding of cultural and cross-cultural psychology, the role of critical thinking within this scientific study as well as the methodology used in this field of psychology will also be discussed. In the conclusion of this paper, a deep understanding of cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology should be attained. This is yet another way in which people can attempt to understand why people, specifically groups of people, act the way they act, uphold certain traditions that they uphold and maintain certain customs that each culture has. It is only when a full knowledge of all similarities and differences amongst human beings is attained, that we can learn to work together as one for better of this world that we call home. Cultural Psychology In order to define cultural psychology, a definition of culture must first be stated. Culture is defined by the attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared among a large group...
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...Cross-Cultural Psychology Samantha Mortinsen 9/18/2011 Psy/450 Dorothy Rodwell Cross-Cultural Psychology Culture, we all have grown up knowing one, or at times more than one, kind of culture. Everyone has different beliefs and ways of doing things and this usually has to do with our culture and the way we have been raised and brought up. This type of psychology looks into these many different cultures and studies how they affect us as humans and our development, mental processes, and behavior. Cultural psychology is a field in psychology that assumes that the idea that culture and mind are inseparable and that psychological theories in one culture are likely to be limited in applicability when applied to different cultures. Cross-cultural psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, under diverse cultural conditions. Both of these types of psychology have similarities but are different in their own ways. Cultural psychology focuses a lot on just one culture at a time and the people within that culture, whereas, cross-cultural psychology looks at different cultures and compares them to each other and then to people within each culture. Both types of psychology are important in studying humans and their behavior and thought processes. The focus of cultures is important to psychology because it helps psychologists see how individuals have been raised and what things might play a part on their behavior and thoughts due to the things that happen...
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...the holidays we did for the first 8 years of my life. It was hard finding a healthy balance. This all helped me to better understand culture in general. But, what is culture? More importantly what is its relationship to psychology? Culture is defined as a group of characteristics, behaviors, attitudes, values and customs that are particular to a group of people. “Behaviors must be judged according to cultural rules and ideologies or the judgment has no basis in the reality embraced by the culture” (Solomon, Greenberg, & Pyszczynski, 1991). Cultural Psychology deals with specific location, perceptive and beliefs of a culture that one has been raised in or is accustomed to. Cultural psychology looks at how factors of culture influence a person’s behavior. Cross Cultural Psychology, according to ‘Introduction to cross-cultural psychology’, “is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, including both their variability and invariance, under diverse cultural conditions.” (Alder & Gielen, 2001) Cross-Cultural psychology studies the “links between cultural norms and behaviors and the ways in which particular human activities are influenced by different, sometimes dissimilar social and cultural forces.” (Shiraev & Levy, 2010) Cultural Psychology looks into...
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...PSY/450 – Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology Paper Aspectsof Culture in PsychologyCultural context is a major element in understanding human behavior and psychology. Berger (2011) explains, “Culture affects every action—indeed, every thought” (p. 13). The culture that an individual lives in along with the similarities and differences between cultures provide vital information in understanding psychological processes. Cultural Psychology Cultural context is not separable from the person; it is a vital part of individual psychopathology. Shiraev and Levy (2010) explain that cultural psychology studies the individual within a specific culture. The cultural psychologist seeks out meaningful links between a specific culture and the individual in that culture. The cultural psychologist examines the individual in a cultural norm. Cultural Influences on the Individual According to Shiraev and Levy (2010), “Before reaching adulthood, most of us do not choose a place to live or a language to speak” (p. 2). These cultural elements influence many aspects of human developmental processes. From the moment of birth, cultural elements play an important role in human development, development of personality, and individual psychological aspects. It is impossible to separate human behavior from cultural experiences because cultural exposure forms individual value systems,belief systems, and knowledge bases for each individual within any specific culture. The goal of cultural psychologists...
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...Abnormal Psychology - Depression Liberty University Abstract This paper explores depression in abnormal psychology through literature focusing on its history, causes, treatment, prevention, cross-cultural issues, and a Biblical worldview. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has various categories of depression, and it offers particular criteria for the treatment of the different forms of depression. The introduction gives the reader an overview of depression and how it influences the health of an individual in a negative manner. Through its historical context, it is possible to review the progress mankind has made in coming up with effective ways of dealing with depression. Under causes, depression is indicated as being caused by various environmental, psychological, and biological factors. Treating depression necessitates timely medical attention, but it can be prevented through ideal health habits such as exercise and relaxation. Various cross-cultural issues about depression are highlighted, with Christianity offering a spiritual insight into the causes and treatment of depression. Keywords: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), bipolar disorder, neurotransmitters, antidepressants, psychotherapy, cross-cultural diagnostics Introduction Under abnormal psychology, depression is considered a serious illness with a negative influence on both the mental and physical health of an individual. Depression influences...
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...Cross-Cultural Motivation and Self-Determination Susan McGilloway Walden University Self-Determination Theory For decades researchers have studied human motivation and the process of developing self-determination (Deci & Ryan, 1980, 1985, 1991; Deci & Ryan, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000; Deci & Ryan, 2008; Vallarand, Pelletier, and Koestner, 2008). Human motivation is the drive to change personal or public behaviors on an individual or societal level. Self-determination theory presupposes that motivation is the inner impetus to implement sustained change independent of control by others (Deci & Ryan, 2000; 2008). Deci and Ryan (2008) and Milyavskaya and Koestner (2011) suggested that SDT applies to multiple spheres of life domains such as health, education, and work. The concept of motivation and self-determination goes beyond mere goal achievement and addresses the concepts of psychological, emotional, and physical well-being (McGilloway, 2011). According to Deci & Ryan (2009), SDT is in contrast to the Hull drive (Hull, 1943) and Skinner reinforcement theories (Skinner, 1953). However, White (1959) suggested that an innate motive that is psychological supplements drive theory - a precursor to the concept of intrinsic motivation and the satisfaction of psychological needs. In contrast to the drive theory of Hull and the reinforcement theory of Skinner, SDT strays from the concept of “deficit principles” (Deci & Ryan, 2000). In SDT psychological needs are understood as constructs...
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...DOING BUSINESS IN ASIA, EUROPE, AMERICA I. Core Book: a. Week 2: - Core text Ch.7 (pp.192-221) b. Week 4a: - Core text Ch. 3 (pp. 60-84) c. Week 5a: - Core Text Ch. 13 pages 402-405 d. Week 7ab: - Core text Ch.14 (pp.433-438) - Core text (2008) pp. 13-15 and 60-61 e. Week 9ab: - Core text Ch. 14 & 15 - Core text Ch 16 pp.482-504 f. Week 11: - Core Text, Chapter 19, Pages 592-606 II. Other Book: a. Week 3a3b: - Read Moffet, M., Stonehill, A. & Eiteman, D. (2006) Fundamentals of Multinational Finance, Chapter 11, 12 & 13. - Deutsche Banks Global Registered Shares (pp.332-333). - Tirstup Biomechanics (Denmark): Raising Dollar Debt (pp.357-359) b. Week 5b - Sanyal (2001). International Management: A Strategic Perspective (Prentice Hall), Ch.2, pp.66-77 c. Week 6ab: - Read Moffet, M., Stonehill, A. & Eiteman, D. (2006) Fundamentals of Multinational Finance, Chapter 20 & Read Stanley Works & Corporate Inversion (pages 541-545) d. Week 7a 7b: - Moffat, Stonehill & Eiteman (2006). Fundamentals of Multinational Finance, Ch.19 - Gardner & Weirich (1992). Business Investigations: How CFOs can manage risk through information, Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance, Vol.10, Issue 1, (pp.129-139). - Madura & Fox (2007). International Financial Management, Ch. 19, pp.652, 659-661 e. Week 8a : - Chetty, S. & Campbell-Hunt, C. (2004) ‘A Strategic Approach to Internationalization: A Traditional Versus a “Born-Global” Approach’, Journal...
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...1 Student Number: 42858798 Module PYC 4807 Assignment 1 Title: Developing a Psychological Measure. 2 Contents Page Title Page 1. Introduction : What is Psychological Testing 2. Development of Psychological Measure 2.1 The planning phase 2.2 Item Writing 2.3 Assembly and Pretesting of measure 2.4 Item Analysis 2.5 Standardisation of the Final version 2.6 Technical Evaluation and establishing norms 2.7 Publishing and ongoing refinement Cross Cultural test adaptation 3. 3.1 Initial Translation 3.2 Synthesis of the Translation 3.3 Back Translation 3.4 Expert Committee 3.5 Test of the prefinal version 3.6 Submission of Documentation 4. Conclusion 5. References 1 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 3 1. Introduction: What is Psychological Testing Psychological testing refers to the administration of psychological tests. A psychological test is an objective and standardized measure of sample behaviour . The term sample of behaviour refers to an individual s performance on tasks that have usually been prescribed beforehand. The samples of behaviour that make up a paper and pencil test, the most common type of test, are a series of items. Performances on these items produce a test score. A score on a well constructed test is believed to reflect a psychological construct such as achievement in a school subject , cognitive ability , aptitude, emotional functioning, personality , etc. differences in test...
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...CULTURAL EFFECTS ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Andrew J. Marsiglia, PhD, CCP Cultural value systems have a direct effect on consumer behavior and vary by the major cultural dimensions between countries but become increasingly complex when people immigrate to foreign countries that have different cultural dimensions. In these situations, people are subjected to a wide variety of cultural reference groups that ultimately affect their consumer behavior. Consequently, marketers must develop marketing communication that addresses cultural and reference group factors from both a domestic and global perspective; that means marketers must adhere to the Levi-Strauss maxim to think globally but act locally. To this end, marketers use market segmentation and micromarketing to develop customer-centric marketing messages with the goal of providing precisely defined marketing messages that satisfy consumer’s need for personal information regarding products and services so that consumers should be adequately stimulated to purchase the product or service being advertised. www.lead-inspire.com December 26, 2010 Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Effects of Cultural Values on Consumer Behavior......................................................................... 3 Characteristics of Cultural Values .................................................................
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