...Inventory Valuation Methods and Ethical Considerations Unit 4 Assignment 3 Dany St. Laurent Capella University Introduction Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are the measurements and disclosure rules used to develop the information in financial statements (Libby, Libby, Short. pg. 16). When reporting inventory, there are generally four inventory reporting methods used; Specific identification method, first-in, first-out method (FIFO), last-in, first out method (LIFO), and average cost method. Each method is in conformity with GAAP and the law. Also each method has their own implications during periods of inflation and deflation. They can also affect the net income results reported in the financial statement presentation. In this paper, I will assume the role of a manager and analyze the GAAP and ethical implications of three of the four reporting methods in a clothing store company. First-In, First-Out Method When FIFO is used, the goods that are purchased first are the first goods to be sold. The goods that are the newest are left in ending inventory. When a company deal with increasing inventory it provides lower cost of goods sold, and a higher income tax liability, but in the end a higher net income is acquired. For inventory with decreasing cost, this is used for both tax return and financial statements because it produces the lowest income tax payment. This is a good method if the companies good have a short shelf live. It allows the company to not...
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...Case No. 3: Inventory Valuation Issues Prophet Company has recently signed a long-term purchase contract to buy timber from the United States Forest Service. The designated price is $300 per thousand board feet, which will end up totaling $6,000,000 for the year. Meanwhile, the current market price for timber is $250 per thousand board feet, a difference of $250. Unfortunately, Prophet Company has a predicament as the controller wants to record the inventory at market value, but is facing opposition from the financial vice president who wants to record inventory at cost. According to the controller, the market value has remained constant for months, which means the company should recognize the loss. The financial vice president’s counter argument is that the loss in value is temporary and should be ignored. According to the FASB, “the primary basis of accounting for inventories is cost, which has been defined generally as the price paid or consideration given to acquire an asset” (330-10-30-1). In this case, Prophet Company would initially record the inventory at cost, which is the exchange price of $6,000,000. However, the company must deviate from recording inventory at cost if the utility, revenue producing ability of an asset, declines. This adjustment to lower of cost or market is addressed by the Codification, which states “a departure from the cost basis of pricing the inventory is required when the utility of the goods is no longer as great as their cost” (330-10-35-1)...
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...reporting) A process, effected by the entity's board of directors, management, and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives relating to operations (effective and efficient operations), reporting (accurate financial reporting) and compliance (compliance with laws and regulations) • Describe the 5 components of internal control, related examples of each, and how each contributes to the overall control system within an entity (CRIME) 1. Control Environment: The foundation for the other internal control components; it is defined by the standards, processes, and structures that guide individuals in carrying out their duties. Basic principles include: Commitment to integrity and ethical values, Board of directors demonstrates independence from management and exercises effective oversight of internal control, Establishment of effective structure, including reporting lines, and appropriate authorities and responsibilities, Commitment to attract, develop, and retain competent employees, and Holding employees accountable for internal control responsibilities. 2. Risk Assessment: Risk assessment is management's process for identifying, analyzing, and responding to risks from internal and external sources that threaten their ability to meet objectives in the areas of operations, reporting, and compliance. In performing effective risk assessment, organizations should: Clearly specify objectives to allow the identification and...
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...Operational Issues Budgeting and financing relating to upgrading the existing properties, buying the Calgary property, or building the conference centre Training related to improving services in upgraded hotels Various issues associated with Calgary hotel being considered for purchase Occupancy rates lower than benchmark hotels suggesting image management issues at existing properties Ethical and control issues within the current operations and the possible Calgary purchase Lack of independence in current board Opening a new warehouse to serve the Ontario and Quebec stores Lack of independence in current board Cash flow issues caused by need to repay loan to shareholder Succession planning Budgeting relating to offering new products Budgeting relating to opening new stores Inventory valuation for financial reporting Various ethical issues relating to operating the current stores Lack of incentive compensation systems Concepts/Tools Examined Net present value CCA analysis Mark to market financial accounting issues Profit analysis Opportunity cost Financing Asset valuation Restrictive covenant in current financing agreement Financial statement (ratio) analysis HR issues relating to implementing performance evaluation and incentive compensation systems Opening new stores in BC, Alberta, and Ontario Expansion into collectible plates Expansion into DVD sales CML (May 2008 Case Examination) CCA Analysis...
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...Syllabus Certified General Accountants Association of Canada 100 – 4200 North Fraser Way Burnaby, British Columbia Canada V5J 5K7 www.cga-canada.org © CGA-Canada, 2013 All rights reserved. These materials or parts thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner without the prior written permission of the Certified General Accountants Association of Canada. Printed in Canada ISBN for an individual volume: 978-1-55219-599-4 About CGA-CANADA _________________________________________ CGA-Canada today The CGA designation focuses on integrity, ethics, and the highest education requirements. Recognized as the country’s accounting business leaders, CGAs provide strategic counsel, financial leadership, and overall direction to all sectors of the Canadian economy. The Certified General Accountants Association of Canada — CGA-Canada — sets standards, develops education programs, publishes professional materials, advocates on public policy issues, and represents CGAs nationally and internationally. The Association represents 75,000 CGAs and students in Canada, Bermuda, the Caribbean, Hong Kong, and China. Mission CGA-Canada advances the interests of its members and the public through national and international representation and the establishment of professional standards, practices, and services. A proud history CGA-Canada was founded in Montréal in 1908 under the leadership of John Leslie, vicepresident of the Canadian Pacific Railway. From the beginning, its objective...
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...Seminar in Auditing Spring 2015 Name ________________________________________________________________ Answer the following questions (1-9) with a short answer – no more than a paragraph. 1. What was the significant of the McKesson & Robbins case? It redefined some auditing standards. Prior to this case, auditors had no responsibility to verify inventory. As a result of the McKesson & Robbins case, it was determined that auditors should extend verification beyond “the books” to establish the actual existence of the assets and liabilities shown on the balance sheet. Confirmation of receivables and observation of physical inventory became mandatory audit procedures. 2. Briefly describe an American audit at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century. Bookkeeping was only briefly reviewed while the balance sheet and verification of current assets/liabilities was the main focus. The audits at the turn of the 19th – 20th century were basically a certification of balance sheets to be used by bankers to determine the credit worthiness of applicants. 3. Discuss how and why a CPA firm might screen potential audit clients. Before accepting new clients, the CPA firm should investigate the potential clients to determine acceptability (integrity, knowledge of client industry, other business risks). This can be done by: * Communication w/ predecessor auditor * Gathering info from local attorneys, banks, other businesses * Talk to clients...
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...ACC 557 Entire Course Financial Accounting Follow Below Link to Download Tutorial https://homeworklance.com/downloads/acc-557-entire-course-financial-accounting/ For More Information Visit Our Website ( https://homeworklance.com/ ) Email us At: Support@homeworklance.com or lancehomework@gmail.com ACC 557 Financial Accounting Assignments , Discussions, Homework and Quizzes ACC 557 Week 1 DQ1 Improper or Illegal Methods From the e-Activity, identify the company, the accounting impropriety or illegality, how it was detected, the outcome, and propose a strategy that might have prevented the situation. Indicate how the strategy should be implemented.Assess the impact to the company’s financial performance based on the impropriety and the resulting effect to stakeholder confidence in management, recommending how the company can minimize the resulting impact to the business. ACC 557 Week 1 DQ2 General Accounting Principles “Bookkeeping and accounting are the same.” In terms of your role in the provision of financial services, present data to support the accuracy of this statement and support your position.Analyze the accounting equation as a concept that underpins the work of professional accountants and how an understanding of the equation can impact business decision making. ACC 557 Week 1 Homework Chapter 1 (E1-4,E1-7,E1-11,P1-2A) ACC 557 Week 2 ACC 557 Week 2 Homework Chapter 2 (E2-6,E2-9,E2-11,P2-2A) ACC 557 Week 2 Homework...
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...AUDIT PRACTICE & ASSURANCE SERVICES PROFESSIONAL 2 EXAMINATION - APRIL 2010 NOTES: SECTION A: Answer Question 1, and SECTION B: Answer any two from Questions 2, 3 and 4. (If you provide answers to more questions than required in Section B, you must draw a clearly distinguishable line through the answer not to be marked. Otherwise, only the first two questions to hand will be marked.) Time Allowed 3.5 hours, plus 20 minutes to read the paper. Examination Format This is an open book examination. Hard copy material may be consulted during this examination subject to the limitations advised on the Institute’s website. Reading Format During the reading time you may write notes on the examination paper but you may not commence writing in your answer booklet. Marks Marks for each question are shown. A mark of 50 or more is required to achieve a pass in this paper. Answers Start your answer to each question on a new page. You are reminded that candidates are expected to pay particular attention to their communication skills. Care must be taken regarding the format and literacy of the solutions. The marking system will take into account the content of the candidates’ answers and the extent to which the answers are supported with relevant legislation, case law or examples where appropriate. Answer Booklets List on the cover of each answer booklet, in the space provided the number of each question attempted. Additional instructions are shown on the front...
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...assertions are also embodied in GAAP. The five main assertions are defined as: Existence/occurrence. The assets, liabilities, and equity interests exist and all transactions reflected in the financial statements actually occurred. Completeness. All assets, liabilities, equity interests, and transactions that should have been recorded have been recorded, i.e., nothing is left out of the financial statements. Rights/obligations. The entity holds or controls the legal ownership to assets, and liabilities are legally owed by the entity. Valuation/allocation. Assets, liabilities, and equity interests are included in the financial statements at appropriate amounts and any resulting valuation or allocation adjustments are appropriately recorded. Presentation/disclosure. Assets, liabilities, and equity interests are appropriately classified on the financial statements, and are adequately described in the footnotes to the financial statements. 7-4. Valuation is usually one of the most important assertions to address in most audits. The intent of this question is to have the students think about the detail required by GAAP in forming specific assertions to be...
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...Solutions for Chapter 11 Audit of Acquisition and Payment Cycle and Inventory Review Questions: 11-1. Supply chain management involves the management and control of materials in the logistics process from the acquisition of raw materials to the delivery of finished products to the end user (customer). Supply-chain management involves contracts between buyers and suppliers that specify contract, delivery, and payment terms. In some cases, such as Wal-Mart, suppliers retain title to the goods until they are sold to the buyer’s customers. Wal-Mart’s suppliers have access to Wal-Mart’s inventory records and automatically restock inventory according to that contract. Wal-Mart pays their suppliers when the products are sold to its customers. General Motors has contracts with its suppliers that call for providing tires and other parts based on production schedules and paying suppliers based on the actual production of cars. 11-2. The major controls that a company such as General Motors will consider in such a partnering relationship include: • A contract specifying the requirements of each party to the contract. For example, the contract should specify the following major requirements of the supplier: o Penalties for failure to deliver products on time. o Quality control requirements, including inspection and testing to be done either by the supplier or the purchaser. Most contracts require intensive inspection by the supplier...
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...Objectives: (a) (b) (c) (d) To lay a foundation for the preparation and presentation of financial statements; To gain working knowledge of the principles and procedures of accounting and their application to different practical situations; To gain the ability to solve simple problems and cases relating to sole proprietorship, partnership and companies; and To familiarize students with the fundamentals of computerized system of accounting. Contents 1. 2. A General Knowledge of the framing of the accounting standards, national and international accounting authorities, adoption of international financial reporting standards Accounting Standards Working knowledge of: AS 1 : Disclosure of Accounting Policies AS 2: AS 3: AS 6: AS 7: AS 9: Valuation of Inventories Cash Flow Statements Depreciation Accounting Construction...
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...Second Year - Third Semester 3.0.1 International Business - University Assessment 100 Marks Course Content 1. Overview of the International Business Process 2. PEST factors affecting International Business 3. Government influence on trade 4. International Trade Theories 5. FDI 6. Country Evaluation and Selection 7. Collaborative Strategies 8. International Marketing 9. International Trade Agreements 10. International Trade Organizations 11. Forex 12. International HR Strategies 13. International Diplomacy Reference Text 1. International Business – Daniels and Radebough 2. International Business – Sundaram and Black 3. International Business – Roebuck and Simon 4. International Business – Charles Hill 5. International Business – Subba Rao 3.0.2 Strategic management 100 Marks Course Content 1. Strategic Management Process: Vision, Mission, Goal, Philosophy, Policies of an Organization. 2. Strategy, Strategy as planned action, Its importance, Process and advantages of planning Strategic v/s Operational Planning. 3. Decision making and problem solving, Categories of problems, Problem solving skill, Group decision making, Phases indecision making. 4. Communication, Commitment and performance, Role of the leader, Manager v/s Leader, Leadership styles. 5. Conventional Strategic Management v/s Unconventional Strategic Management, The differences, Changed Circumstance 6. Growth Accelerators: Business Web, Market Power, Learning based. 7. Management Control, Elements,...
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...in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright holder. Maharshi Dayanand University ROHTAK – 124 001 Developed & Produced by EXCEL BOOKS PVT. LTD., A-45 Naraina, Phase 1, New Delhi-110028 Qklhokn 3 Contents Chapter 1 Accounting-An Intoduction Chapter 2 The History and Evolution of Accounting Thoughts 23 Chapter 3 Approaches to Accounting Theory 56 Chapter 4 Accounting Postulates, Concepts and Principles 88 Chapter 5 Income Concepts 107 Chapter 6 Revenues, Expenses, Gains and Losses 139 Chapter 7 Valuation of Assets 158 Chapter 8 Liabilities and Equity 177 Chapter 9 Depreciation Accounting and Policy 192 Chapter 10 Inventories and their Valuation 238 Chapter 11 Financial Reporting 277 Chapter 12 Specific Issues in Corporate Reporting 302 Chapter 13 Harmonization of Financial Reporting 323 Chapter 14 Accounting for Price Level Changes 339 Chapter 15 Human Resource Accounting 397 Chapter 16 Financial Engineering: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Risk-Return Management 421 Chapter 17 Accounting Standards 429 Chapter 18 Elementary Knowledge of Indian Accounting Standards 474 Chapter 19 Lease Accounting 512 Chapter 20 Social Accounting 542 5 4 jktuhfr foKku Accounting Theory Paper-8 Nt: oe Max...
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...2012, ‘Financial Accounting”, Pearson, Harlow. Pg 7 Prudence Concept Prudence means being careful or cautious. The prudence concept is an ethical concept that is based on the principle that revenue and profits are not anticipated, but are included in the income statement only when realized in the form of cash or other assets, the ultimate cash realization of which can be assessed with reasonable certainty. Provision must be made for all known liabilities and expenses, whether the amount of these is known with certainty or is a best estimate in the light of information available, and for losses arising from specific commitments rather than just guesses. Therefore, companies should record all losses as soon as they are known, but should record profits only when they have actually been achieved in cash or other assets. Consistency concept The consistency concept is an ethical rule that is based on the principle that there is uniformity of accounting treatment of like items within each accounting period and from one period to the next. However, as we will see in Chapter 3, judgement may be exercised as to the application of accounting rules to the preparation of financial statements. For example, a company may choose from a variety of methods to calculate the depreciation of its machinery and equipment, or how to value its inventories. Until recently, once a particular approach had been adopted in all future accounting periods, unless there were compelling reasons to change...
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...Lecture 1 Chapter 1- Demand for audit and assurance services. Assurance services * Independent professional services that improve the quality of information for decision makers. 1. Attestation services * A type of assurance services in which the public accounting firm issues a written communication that express a conclusion about the liability of a written assertion of another party. * Three categories of Attestation services: a. Audit historical financial statements A form of attestation services in which the auditor issues a written report expressing an opinion about whether the financial statement are in material conformity which accounting standard. b. Review of financial statement: A type of attestation service performed by public accountants. Many entities want to provide assurance on their financial statement, without incurring the cost of an audit. c. Other attestation services Such as a natural extension of audit of historical financial statement, as users seek independent assurance about other types of information. For example: banks often require debtors to engage public accountants to provide assurance about the debtor’s compliance with certain financial covenant provision stated in the loan agreement. 2. Other assurance services, They are similar to attestation services in that public accountant must be independent and must provide assurance about information used by decision maker, but differ in that the public...
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