...Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR 1 2 Chapter Scopes • Endothermic & Exothermic reactions • Enthalpy changes: ∆H of formation, combustion, hydration, neutralization, atomization. CHAPTER 5 Chemical Energetic / Thermochemistry • Lattice energy, electron affinity • Heat of fusion and vaporization • Hess’ Law • Born-Haber cycles • Calorimetry © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson 3 Energy & Chemistry 4 Thermochemistry • Thermochemistry is the study of heat (energy) change/transfer in a chemical reaction. • ENERGY is the capacity to do work or transfer heat. • HEAT is the transfer of thermal energy between two objects because of their difference in temperature. Heat energy is associated with molecular motions. Other forms of energy light electrical kinetic and potential Heat transfers until thermal equilibrium is established. ∆T measures energy transferred. © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson System and Surroundings 5 System and Surroundings 6 Vacuum jacket • SYSTEM – The object under study • SURROUNDINGS – Everything outside the system © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson FHSC1114 Physical Chemistry open Exchange: mass & energy closed energy isolated nothing © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson 1 Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR Directionality of Heat Transfer 7 Directionality of Heat Transfer • Heat always transfer...
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...enzymes in human cells. Above this temperature the enzyme structure begins to break down (denature) since at higher temperatures intra- and intermolecular bonds are broken as the enzyme molecules gain even more kinetic energy.Also Enzymes have an active site. This is part of the molecule that has just the right shape and functional groups to bind to one of the reacting molecules. The reacting molecule that binds to the enzyme is called the substrate.At high temperature,the active site is said to be denatured.Therefore,the active site cannot bind with any subtrate anymore.Amylase breaking down the starch suspension into maltose and maltose into glucose when HCL was added into solution B .This is because solution B was hydrolyzed and the H+ ions present break down the bond in between molecules of the solution B The HCl will denature (unfold) the amylase (as noted at the bottom of the link you provided), disrupting...
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...of the two solutions with Iodine test and ... Discussion: ... Why You Add Hydrochloric Acid in Hydrolysis of Starch. Ingestion of saliva during carbohydrate feeding by ... - SciELO www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0074-02762006000100016&script... by RR Cavalcante - 2006 - Cited by 5 - Related articles Saliva ingestion by phlebotomine during the carbohydrate ingestion phase is ... The presence of saliva in each type of solution or substrate offered, as well as ... 0.2 ml of apyrase assay buffer pH 8 (50 mM Tris/HCl buffer containing 1 mM CaCl2, ... Saliva ingestion occurred under each condition investigated, as indicated by ... Experiment: investigation of action of saliva and hydrochloric ... https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid... Jun 25, 2012 - 1) Name of enzyme involved 2)specific action(s) of enzymes involved. Two hydrolytic enzymes and an epistemological–historical ... www.scienceinschool.org/2007/issue4/enzymes Science in School Sep 3, 2007 - 5 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH); 5 M hydrochloric acid (HCl); Saliva. ... To demonstrate the test methods, test all four carbohydrate solutions ... Discussion ... more concentrated than is necessary for the activity and that using a ... The authors have recommended the Fehling’s test for this investigation. What is the objectives of investigation of action of saliva and ... www.answers.com › Wiki Answers › Categories › Science › Biology ... of investigation of action of saliva and diluted hydrochloric acid in two...
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...Topic: Investigation of Action of Saliva and 3 M Hydrochloric Acid In Two Carbohydrate Solution Objective: To investigate the action of saliva and 3 M Hydrochloric Acide in two Carbohydrate Solution Apparatus & Equipment: Boiling tubes Beaker Graduated plastic dropper Water bath, (~ 37oC) Water bath, (~ 95oC) Materials: Carbohydrate solution A Carbohydrate solution B Benedict’s solution 3 M Hydrochloric acid 3 M Sodium hydroxide Iodine solution Procedures: Part 1 1. Two boiling tubes were prepared containing 1 ml solution A and 1 ml solution B respectively. 1 ml Benedict’s solution was added to each tube. Both tubes were heated together in the (~95oC) water bath for two minutes. The results were recorded in table 1. 2. Few drops of solution A and B were added separately on a white tile. On each solution, 1-2 drops of iodine solution were added. The observations were recorded in the table 1. Part 2 3. The boiling tubes were labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4. 2 ml of solution B were pipette into each of four boiling tubes. 4. Tubes 1 and 2were placed in a water bath of ~37oC to heat up the solution. 5. The saliva was salivated into a small beaker until it reaches approximate 5 ml. 6. This step was done approximately at the same time. 2 ml of saliva prepared were pipette into tubes 1 and 4. The contents of the tubes were shaken well to ensure thorough mixing. 2 ml of HCl were pipette into tubes 2 and 3. 7. Tubes 1, 2, 3 & 4 were incubated at their...
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...Title Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solution and Investigation of Action of Saliva and Hydrochloric Acid in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Objective To investigate the action of saliva and 3 hydrochloric acid in two carbohydrate solution Apparatus Boiling tubes, Metal test tube racks, Water bath, 37-40 Degree Celsius, Water bath, 90-95 Degree Celsius, Beaker, Dropper, Wooden Holder Materials Carbohydrate solution A , Carbohydrate solution B , Benedict’s solution , 3 M Hydrochloric acid, 3 M Sodium Hydroxide Procedures 1. Two boiling tubes are filled with 1 ml solution A and 1 ml solution B respectively. 1 ml of Benedict’s solution is added into each test tube. Both tubes are heated together in the hotter (90-95°C) water bath in two minutes. The results are recorded in Table 1. 2. A few drops of fresh solution A and B are spaced separately on a white tile. I2/KI solution (iodine) is added 1-2 drops on each solution. The solution is mixed with a glass rod on the tile. The observations are recorded in the Table 1. 3. 2ml solution B is added into each of four test tubes and the tubes 1, 2, 3, and 4 is labelled respectively with labelling paper near mouth of tube. 4. Tubes 1 and 2 is placed in a water bath of 37°C. 5. A measuring cylinder is salivated till it reached 5ml. 6. 2ml of saliva is added into tubes 1 and 4. The contents of the tubes are shaked well to ensure thorough mixing. 7. 4ml of HCL is measured...
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...Win Chong Hui Li Title : Investigation of Action of Saliva and 3 M Hydrochloric Acid in Two Carbohydrate Solutions . Objective : To Investigate of Effect of Salive and Hydrochloric Acid in Carbohydrate Solutions . Apparatus & Equipment : Boiling tubes , Beaker , Graduated plastic dropper , Water bath, ~ 37 oC , Water bath, ~ 95oC Materials : Carbohydrate solution A , Carbohydrate solution B , Benedict‟s solution , 3 M Hydrochloric acid , 3 M Sodium hydroxide , Iodine solution Procedures : Part 1 1. Two boiling tubes containing 1 ml solution A and 1 ml of solution B were prepared respectively . 1ml of Benedict solution was added into each tube . Both tubes were heated together in the 95°C water bath for two minutes . Results were recorded in table 1 . 2. A few drops of solution A and B were added separately on a white tile . 1-2 drops of iodine solution were added on each solution . Part 2 3. Boiling tubes were labeled 1,2,3,4 . 2 ml of solution B was pipette into each of four boiling tubes . 4. Tubes 1 and 2 were placed in a water bath of 37°C to heat up the solution . 5. Small beaker was salivated till it reached about 5 ml . 6. This step was done approximately at the same time . 2ml of saliva prepared was pipetted into tubes 1 and 4 . The contents of tubes were shaken well to ensure through mixing . 2ml of HCL was pipetted into tubes 2 and 3 . 7. Tubes 1,2,3,4 were incubated at their respective temperatures...
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...Practical 3 Investigation of Action of Saliva and Hydrochloric Acid in Two Carbohydrate Solutions ____________________________________________________________________________________ Objective: Students are expected to state the objective of this experiment. Apparatus & Equipments: Boiling tubes Metal test tube racks Beaker Graduated plastic dropper Water bath, ~ 37 oC Water bath, ~ 95oC Materials: Carbohydrate solution A Carbohydrate solution B Benedict’s solution 3 M Hydrochloric acid 3 M Sodium hydroxide Procedures: 1. Prepare two boiling tubes containing 1 ml solution A and 1 ml solution B respectively. Add 1 ml Benedict’s solution to each tube. Heat both tubes together in the (~95oC) water bath for two minutes. Record the results in table 1. 2. Add a few drops of fresh solution A and B separately spaced on a white tile. On each solution, add 1-2 drops of iodine solution. Mix with pen cover. Record your observations in the table 1. 3. Pipette 2 ml solution B into each of four boiling tubes. Label the tubes 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively near mouth of tube. Label your group name. 4. Place tubes 1 and 2 in a water bath of ~37oC. (It doesn’t matter how long you put it in at this stage as no saliva or HCl have been added yet). 5. Salivate into a small beaker till it reaches about 5 ml. 6. Step (6) and (7) is to be done approximately at the same time. Measure out 4 ml of the saliva prepared in step (4) and pipette 2 ml each into tubes...
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...Win Chong Hui Li Title : Investigation of Action of Saliva and 3 M Hydrochloric Acid in Two Carbohydrate Solutions . Objective : To Investigate of Effect of Salive and Hydrochloric Acid in Carbohydrate Solutions . Apparatus & Equipment : Boiling tubes , Beaker , Graduated plastic dropper , Water bath, ~ 37 oC , Water bath, ~ 95oC Materials : Carbohydrate solution A , Carbohydrate solution B , Benedict‟s solution , 3 M Hydrochloric acid , 3 M Sodium hydroxide , Iodine solution Procedures : Part 1 1. Two boiling tubes containing 1 ml solution A and 1 ml of solution B were prepared respectively . 1ml of Benedict solution was added into each tube . Both tubes were heated together in the 95°C water bath for two minutes . Results were recorded in table 1 . 2. A few drops of solution A and B were added separately on a white tile . 1-2 drops of iodine solution were added on each solution . Part 2 3. Boiling tubes were labeled 1,2,3,4 . 2 ml of solution B was pipette into each of four boiling tubes . 4. Tubes 1 and 2 were placed in a water bath of 37°C to heat up the solution . 5. Small beaker was salivated till it reached about 5 ml . 6. This step was done approximately at the same time . 2ml of saliva prepared was pipetted into tubes 1 and 4 . The contents of tubes were shaken well to ensure through mixing . 2ml of HCL was pipetted into tubes 2 and 3 . 7. Tubes 1,2,3,4 were incubated at their respective temperatures...
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...Studies II molecules II Practical 3 Cell Biology Studies III Practical 4 Cell Biology Studies IV Practical 8 Cell Biology Studies VIII Practical 5 Cell Biology Studies V Practical 6 Cell Biology Studies VI Practical 7 Cell Biology Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages of Plant Mitosis and Meiosis DNA, Mitosis and Meiosis Modelling 71 Respiration of Yeast 93 Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 1) Optional: Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 2) ...
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...Studies II molecules II Practical 3 Cell Biology Studies III Practical 4 Cell Biology Studies IV Practical 8 Cell Biology Studies VIII Practical 5 Cell Biology Studies V Practical 6 Cell Biology Studies VI Practical 7 Cell Biology Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages of Plant Mitosis and Meiosis DNA, Mitosis and Meiosis Modelling 71 Respiration of Yeast 93 Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 1) Optional: Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 2) ...
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...UTAR FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell Biology Trimester 1 How YOU can do well in BIOLOGY Follow the 4A’s and you can expect A’s. A ttitude • Attend ALL lectures, tutorials and practicals on time without fail. • Be attentive in class and revise your notes after class while the topic is still fresh in your mind. Why waste time re-reading 2-3 months later? • Do your assignments faithfully as they carry marks for the finals. • Come prepared for lessons (i.e. read up beforehand). • Read up beforehand before attending lectures so that you won’t be lost and wasted hours of your life week after week. • Why stress yourself out if you can avoid it? Do NOT count on last minute revision for tests and examinations, as it will be too late to catch up and seek help in areas where you may find confusing or unclear of. • Why panic before exams because you can’t find this or that? Keep separate files for lecture, tutorial and practical. File up the respective notes systematically so that you do not lose them along the semester. • Do you expect the lecturer/ tutor to be available all the time to answer your questions? It is YOUR responsibility to take the initiative to clear your doubts or satisfy your curiosity to understand certain scientific phenomena by reading up on the relevant topics. A Based on a true story… A professor at the National University of Singapore recounts how on one occasion a student consulted him days before the exam. Student:...
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...Year 11 Science Mentoring Task Booklet Things to remember when answering 6 mark exam questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Try and remember everything you can about what the question is asking before you start answering it Make at least 6 points Write in full sentences starting with capital letters and ending with full stops Try and answer the question in around five minutes Check your answer to make sure you have not left anything out Remember to use key words when appropriate Things to remember when marking 6 mark exam questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Use a green pen Read through the science points at the bottom of the mark scheme first In the answer put ticks to show where the marks are coming from Mark for spelling and grammar by circling the word or part of the text and writing above it as follows: • • • • 5. 6. 7. 8. Spelling mistake (Sp) Missing full stop (Gr) Missing capital letter (Gr) Poor grammar (Gr) Cross out any bits that are irrelevant to the question Add up their total number of marks If there are more than three spelling or grammar errors minus one mark Leave constructive feedback Biology Cells Tissues & Organs Summary All living things are made up of cells. The structures of different types of cells are related to their functions. To get into or out of cells, dissolved substances have to cross the cell membranes. Cells Cells are the smallest unit of life. All living things are made of cells. Most human cells, like most other animal cells, have the following...
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...How to go to your page This eBook set contains two volumes. The main content pages are contiguously numbered: use the Table of Contents to find those page numbers. The front matter pages and indices are labeled with the Volume number and page separated by a colon. For example, to go to page vi of Volume 1, type Vol1:vi in the “page #” box at the top of the screen and click “Go”. To go to page vi of Volume 2, type Vol2:vi in the "page #" box… and so forth. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems This page intentionally left blank Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems VOLUME 1 Julie McDowell, Editor Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC...
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...Answers to Conceptual Integrated Science End-of-Chapter Questions Chapter 1: About Science Answers to Chapter 1 Review Questions 1 The era of modern science in the 16th century was launched when Galileo Galilei revived the Copernican view of the heliocentric universe, using experiments to study nature’s behavior. 2 In Conceptual Integrated Science, we believe that focusing on math too early is a poor substitute forconcepts. 3 We mean that it must be capable of being proved wrong. 4 Nonscientific hypotheses may be perfectly reasonable; they are nonscientific only because they are not falsifiable—there is no test for possible wrongness. 5 Galileo showed the falseness of Aristotle’s claim with a single experiment—dropping heavy and lightobjects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. 6 A scientific fact is something that competent observers can observe and agree to be true; a hypothesis is an explanation or answer that is capable of being proved wrong; a law is a hypothesis that has been tested over and over and not contradicted; a theory is a synthesis of facts and well-tested hypotheses. 7 In everyday speech, a theory is the same as a hypothesis—a statement that hasn’t been tested. 8 Theories grow stronger and more precise as they evolve to include new information. 9 The term supernatural literally means “above nature.” Science works within nature, not above it. 10 They rely on subjective personal experience and do not lead to testable hypotheses. They lie outside...
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...INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual MAIN VERSION, Eighth Edition Update CAT VERSION, Ninth Edition Update FETAL PIG VERSION, Ninth Edition Update ELAINE N. MARIEB, R.N., Ph.D Holyoke Community College SUSAN T. BAXLEY, M.A. Troy University, Montgomery Campus NANCY G. KINCAID, Ph.D Troy University, Montgomery Campus PhysioEx™ Exercises authored by Peter Z. Zao, North Idaho College Timothy Stabler, Indiana University Northwest Lori Smith, American River College Greta Peterson, Middlesex Community College Andrew Lokuta, University of Wisconsin—Madison San Francisco • Boston • New York Cape Town • Hong Kong • London • Madrid • Mexico City Montreal • Munich • Paris • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson PhysioEx Project Editor: Erik Fortier Editorial Assistant: Nicole Graziano Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Production Editor: Leslie Austin Composition: Cecelia G. Morales Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Gordon Lee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means...
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