...Year 11 Physics Investigation- What factors affect the resistance of a wire? Introduction We are trying to find out if the thickness of a wire affects the resistance of a wire and also how it will do that. One reason I chose this investigation was because human reaction time is eliminated by not using the parachute method (the parachute experiment is to find out the factors affecting the rate of decent of a parachute), because you have to measure the timings on it by the eye and hand pressing the stop button and there could be some inaccuracies in this. In the test I am doing there is no space for human error because all the measuring is done by equipment and machines so all I have to do is make sure I use them properly and read them with accuracy. The wire resistance experiment is more precise because the equipment I will use to measure all sorts of different factors in the experiment is more precise than in the parachute experiment mainly because everything is still and not moving in the resistance experiment. We have chosen to do the thickness of the wire because it is easy to control and keep accurate because of the micrometer, which is very precise. In the parachute investigation I would have to measure the distances with a ruler and the micrometers precision is 0.01mm which is a very high precision whereas the ruler has a lower precision of 1mm. We could have used the material as a variable but when we get a graph of results it will be a bar chart...
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...Aim The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effects of the angle between the conductor and the magnetic field on the magnetic force. Variables There are many variables in this experiment. The independent variable in this experiment is the angle between the conductor and the magnetic field, θ. The dependent variable in this experiment is the magnetic force, N (the reading of the electronic weighing balance, g). The variable that we must keep constant in this experiment is strength of magnetic field, B, the current passing through the conductor, I, length of the conductor, l. Data processing The equation of the force produced by the electromagnet is, F=BIlsinθ When the electromagnet is placed near to the permanent magnet, they will experience magnetic force according to Newton’s 3rd law of motion. F=mg F=BIlsinθ=mg Presentation The hypothesis of the experiment stated that the magnetic force is directly proportional to the sine of the angle. y=mx+c mg=BIl(sinθ)+0 Results Magnetic force, F=mg g=9.8ms-2 I = 0.96A The angle between the conductor and the magnetic field, θ(°) | sin θ | The reading of the electronic weighing balance, m(g) | m(x10-4kg) | Magnetic force,f(x10-3N) | | | Trial 1 | Trial 2 | Trial 3 | Average | | | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 20 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 1.20 | 1.18 | 30 | 0.50 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 1.70 |...
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...Physics EEI Contents Introduction 4 Astable Multivibrators 4 Overview of the 555 Timer 5 Integrated Circuit 5 Semiconductor material 7 Current and Resistance 9 Potentiometer 10 Calculation of the Voltages 11 Transistors 11 Light Emitting Diode (LED) 14 Capacitance 14 555 Timer Operations 15 Operation in the Astable State 17 Aim, Hypothesis, and Calculations 18 Aim 18 Hypothesis 19 Materials 20 Method 20 Variables 21 Independent variable 21 Dependant variable 22 Controlled variable 22 Results 23 Table 1: Theoretical Values of varying Resistor R1 23 Table 2: Experimental values varying resistor 1 (R1) 24 Table 3: Theoretical values varying resistor 2 (R2) 25 Table 4: Experimental values varying resistor 2 (R2) 26 Data Analysis and Discussion of Trends Using Appropriate Pot 1 27 Trend 27 Matching the Frequencies of the Chosen Songs 29 Overall Results 30 Discussion 31 Conclusion 38 References 40 Appendix 43 Error Calculations 43 The extra resistor from the wires connecting the components in the circuit 43 The effect of temperature on the resistivity of the fixed resistors in the circuit 43 Calculations of best pot 44 Choice of Resistor and Pot 44 Calculation of Frequency Ranges 44 Introduction Shaping and generation of waves is done using electronic circuits known as multivibrators. These circuits produce...
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...Physics EEI Contents Introduction 4 Astable Multivibrators 4 Overview of the 555 Timer 5 Integrated Circuit 5 Semiconductor material 7 Current and Resistance 9 Potentiometer 10 Calculation of the Voltages 11 Transistors 11 Light Emitting Diode (LED) 14 Capacitance 14 555 Timer Operations 15 Operation in the Astable State 17 Aim, Hypothesis, and Calculations 18 Aim 18 Hypothesis 19 Materials 20 Method 20 Variables 21 Independent variable 21 Dependant variable 22 Controlled variable 22 Results 23 Table 1: Theoretical Values of varying Resistor R1 23 Table 2: Experimental values varying resistor 1 (R1) 24 Table 3: Theoretical values varying resistor 2 (R2) 25 Table 4: Experimental values varying resistor 2 (R2) 26 Data Analysis and Discussion of Trends Using Appropriate Pot 1 27 Trend 27 Matching the Frequencies of the Chosen Songs 29 Overall Results 30 Discussion 31 Conclusion 38 References 40 Appendix 43 Error Calculations 43 The extra resistor from the wires connecting the components in the circuit 43 The effect of temperature on the resistivity of the fixed resistors in the circuit 43 Calculations of best pot 44 Choice of Resistor and Pot 44 Calculation of Frequency Ranges 44 Introduction Shaping and generation of waves is done using electronic circuits known as multivibrators. These circuits produce...
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...Visit us at www.pro-base.eu - 1 - HOMEMADE BATTERIES Making and evaluating homemade batteries Author Ken Gadd, 4science, Stratford sub Castle, SP1 3YP, UK; ken@4science.org.uk Languages available English, Slovenian Summary Batteries power most of the portable electrical and electronic devices we use. Different types are available, suited for different uses. Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy. You can make a battery from a lemon, a piece of zinc and a piece of copper. So why don’t we use this instead of buying batteries from shops? In this activity you find out. You also explore other homemade batteries, including a seawater battery made by scientists in the BBC TV programme Rough Science. The purpose is to explore the potential of low technology homemade batteries as emergency power supplies. Activity type H Use of scientific knowledge and understanding to solve problems Working in teams to solve problems Communication Resource/budget management Time and workload management Techniques Field Electrochemistry Visit us at www.pro-base.eu - 2 - Time Practical lessons: 600 minutes Theory lessons: 120 minutes Out of class time: 360 minutes StandardBase procedures None StandardBase techniques None Other resources Zavod za šolstvo, Ljubljana (The National Education Institute of the Republic of Slovenia), http://www.zrss.si/ Other resources are listed in the activity...
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...Electrical Hazards and Safety in Electrical Installations K K Sharma Lingaya’s University, Faridabad, Email: krishan_ksharma@yahoo.com Abstract: “Electrical Safety is not an option — it is absolutely necessary for workers and employers alike”. Safety in the workplace is job number one for employer and employee alike. It is especially important for those who install and service electrical systems. Nothing can replace a worker or loved one that has died or suffered the irreparable consequences of an electrical accident. No matter how much an employer tries to safeguard its workers or how much safety training is provided; the ultimate responsibility lies with the worker. The human factor is part of every accident or injury. The purpose of this paper is to identify electrical safety hazards and present ways to minimize or avoid their consequences. It is a guide for improving electrical safety and contains information about governmental regulations, industry-accepted standards and work practices. It presents ways to meet the standards and reduce the hazards. I. Introduction Electricity is very useful and has become essential in modern life. Electric power is used in houses, farms, factories, public places, and commercial establishment and practically in every working place for lighting, operating appliances and machines, heating, cooling, chemical process and transport etc. Electricity is a very good servant but a very dangerous master. Proper...
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...Essential Facts for Physical Science Scientific Investigation, Reasoning, and Logic 1. SI (metric) measures, recognized around the world, are a standard way to make measurements. 2. Bar graphs, line graphs, and circle graphs are powerful tools for displaying and interpreting data. 3. To communicate the plan of an experiment accurately, the independent variable, dependent variable, and constants must be explicitly defined. 4. The number of repeated trials needs to be considered in the context of the investigation. 5. Controls are used to establish a standard for comparing the results of manipulating the independent variable. 6. Controls receive no experimental treatment. 7. The analysis of data from a systematic investigation may provide the researcher with a basis to reach a reasonable conclusion. 8. Scientific methodology almost always begins with a question, is based on observation and evidence, and requires logic and reasoning. 9. Not all systematic investigations are experimental. 10. It is important to communicate systematically the design and results of an investigation so that questions, procedures, tools, results, and conclusions can be understood. Matter 11. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. 12. Matter is made up of small particles called atoms. 13. Matter can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas. 14. Matter can be classified as elements, compounds, and mixtures...
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...Write your name here Surname Other names Pearson Edexcel Certificate Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Centre Number Candidate Number Physics Unit: KPH0/4PH0 Science (Double Award) KSC0/4SC0 Paper: 1P Thursday 15 May 2014 – Morning Time: 2 hours Paper Reference KPH0/1P 4PH0/1P KSC0/1P 4SC0/1P You must have: Ruler, calculator Total Marks Instructions Use black ink or ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number. Answer all questions. Answer the questions in the spaces provided – there may be more space than you need. Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units. Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross . Information The total mark for this paper is 120. The marks for each question are shown in brackets – use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. Advice Read each question carefully before you start to answer it. Keep an eye on the time. Write your answers neatly and in good English. Try to answer every question. Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over P42876A ©2014 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/ *P42876A0128* EQUATIONS You may find the following equations useful. energy transferred = current pressure voltage volume = constant frequency = 1 ...
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...Year 11 Science Mentoring Task Booklet Things to remember when answering 6 mark exam questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Try and remember everything you can about what the question is asking before you start answering it Make at least 6 points Write in full sentences starting with capital letters and ending with full stops Try and answer the question in around five minutes Check your answer to make sure you have not left anything out Remember to use key words when appropriate Things to remember when marking 6 mark exam questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Use a green pen Read through the science points at the bottom of the mark scheme first In the answer put ticks to show where the marks are coming from Mark for spelling and grammar by circling the word or part of the text and writing above it as follows: • • • • 5. 6. 7. 8. Spelling mistake (Sp) Missing full stop (Gr) Missing capital letter (Gr) Poor grammar (Gr) Cross out any bits that are irrelevant to the question Add up their total number of marks If there are more than three spelling or grammar errors minus one mark Leave constructive feedback Biology Cells Tissues & Organs Summary All living things are made up of cells. The structures of different types of cells are related to their functions. To get into or out of cells, dissolved substances have to cross the cell membranes. Cells Cells are the smallest unit of life. All living things are made of cells. Most human cells, like most other animal cells, have the following...
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...12 | 3 | 63 | 124 | | Credit Value / Hours | 3/124 | Pre-requisites (if any) | ECE 3225 | Co-requisites (if any) | None | Course Objectives | The objectives of this course are to: 1. To develop a good understanding of the Antenna, its radiations, gain and other characteristics. 2. To expose the students for the design and application of commonly used antennas as well as special type of antennas. 3. To develop a basic understanding of the characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagation and its applications as a foundation for radio communication engineering. | Learning Outcomes | Upon completion of this course, students should be able to: 1. Analyze field patterns, directivity and radiation resistances for various types of antennas. 2. Design commonly used antennas as well as special type of antennas. 3. Apply the antennas to develop the concepts of RADAR. 4. Predict and estimate the free space link budget and fading on a terrestrial radio link....
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...Development and Applications of Acoustic Charge Transport CID #478 Physics 222 Term Paper #1 Abstract Acoustic charge transport is accomplished through the use of a surface acoustic wave passing through a low dimensional electron layer. The power efficiency is increased with a piezoelectric substrate. Quantum wires are formed with higher wave intensity, and quantum dots are formed with the interference of two waves. Such methods have applications in electronics. Excitons are preserved for longer times with the use of an acoustic charge transport system, which allows for the development and implementation of optoelectronic delays and storage devices. A common goal of much of today’s technological development is finding ways to make existing technology smaller or more efficient. This is especially apparent in electronics, where a constant push is made to make devices smaller, lighter, and more powerful. Acoustic charge transport (ACT) is a relatively new concept and technique which has applications in both electronics and optoelectronics, which uses light instead of electricity. Not only does ACT have applications in these areas, it has distinct advantages by being smaller and more efficient than currently employed systems. Acoustic charge transport, as the name suggests, is the moving of charge through the use of acoustic waves. The charge that is transported consists of electrons forming a lowdimensional layer, residing in a semiconductor film called...
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...Development and Applications of Acoustic Charge Transport CID #478 Physics 222 Term Paper #1 Abstract Acoustic charge transport is accomplished through the use of a surface acoustic wave passing through a low dimensional electron layer. The power efficiency is increased with a piezoelectric substrate. Quantum wires are formed with higher wave intensity, and quantum dots are formed with the interference of two waves. Such methods have applications in electronics. Excitons are preserved for longer times with the use of an acoustic charge transport system, which allows for the development and implementation of optoelectronic delays and storage devices. A common goal of much of today’s technological development is finding ways to make existing technology smaller or more efficient. This is especially apparent in electronics, where a constant push is made to make devices smaller, lighter, and more powerful. Acoustic charge transport (ACT) is a relatively new concept and technique which has applications in both electronics and optoelectronics, which uses light instead of electricity. Not only does ACT have applications in these areas, it has distinct advantages by being smaller and more efficient than currently employed systems. Acoustic charge transport, as the name suggests, is the moving of charge through the use of acoustic waves. The charge that is transported consists of electrons forming a lowdimensional layer, residing in a semiconductor film called a quantum well...
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...MAJOR PROJECT LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 ABOUT PROJECT LASER TORCH-BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER Using this circuit you can communicate with your neighbors wirelessly. Instead of RF signals, light from a laser torch is used as the carrier in the circuit. The laser torch can transmit light up to a distance of about 500 meters. The phototransistor of the receiver must be accurately oriented towards the laser beam from the torch. If there is any obstruction in the path of the laser beam, no sound will be heard from the receiver. The transmitter circuit comprises condenser microphone transistor amplifier BC548 (T1) followed by an opamp stage built around µA741 (IC1). The gain of the op-amp can be controlled with the help of 1-mega-ohm pot meter VR1. The AF output from IC1 is coupled to the base of transistor BD139 (T2), which, in turn, modulates the laser beam. The transmitter uses 9V power supply. However, the 3-volt laser torch (after removal of its battery) can be directly connected to the circuit—with the body of the torch connected to the emitter of BD139 and the spring-loaded lead protruding from inside the torch to circuit ground. The receiver circuit uses an npn phototransistor as the light sensor that is followed by a two-stage transistor preamplifier and LM386-based audio power amplifier. The receiver does not need any complicated alignment. Just keep the phototransistor oriented towards the remote transmitter’s...
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...66. which of the ff shall cause the investigator to assume that the victim died of direct with flame? a. presence of soot and fire gases at respiratory tract b. prominence of trauma that is probably caused by a stab c. intense charring of entire body d. none of the above 67. if the victim is totally charred, which of the ff is the least reliable means to identifying such? a. Fingerprints b. dental features c. gender d. any of the choices 68. it is the common cause of accidental fire in manila. a. electrical b. nuclear c. mechanical d. chemical 69. it is the system of interconnected pipe that supplies water for fire suppression system in a particular installation. a. wet pipe b. dry pipe c. stand pipe d. sprinkler 70. the product of the fire that is detected by gas chromatogram and ion spectrometer. a. flames b. heat c. soot d. fire gases 71. fires involving electrical equipment and may be extinguish by means of carbon dioxide, dry chemical and vaporizing liquids. a. class A b. class C c. class B d. class D 72. fires involving flammable metals such as magnesium, potassium, powdered, aluminum, zinc, etc. which may be extinguished by means of G.I type methyl, dry sand. a. class A b. class C c. class B d. class D 73. the act to set fire with the preparation of inflammable material at the place to be burned. a. consummated arson b. attempted arson c. frustrated arson d. no crime 74. it is considered as acts of group fire setters...
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...Flexographic Prints Flexography is generally known as ‘anline’ printing, it is a method which allows ink printing on several surfaces quickly and efficiently. This printing is seen in ranges of applications, for instance food packing industry and colored plastic bags. It is leading other types of printing like screen printing, because flexography allows faster and larger volume printed goods. At large scale production, flexography allows higher level of automation and minimal operator influence during printing which help producing at economical costs. Figure 1 is graphical representation of flexographic printing. Basically, it transfer liquid ink on the raised surface of photopolymer printing plate which contains the image which is to be printed, then it is transferred on the substrate for creating reproduction of the image. The circumference of the cylinder is enveloped with the printing plate with the help of double sided tape, it allows nonstop printing without resetting the machine after every print cycle. Flexography is a simple method. It starts with collecting maximum liter of ink in the container which is in constant access to the printer. The ink is constantly fed to the machine in bulk to keep the printing process constant and steady. Later ‘anilox’ rolls to collects ink on the press. Anilox is cylindrical in shape which contains numerous microscopic recesses designed for retaining ink. These shapes include: * pyramid recesses * truncated pyramid recesses...
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