...Individually written essay evaluating the role and application of an analytical model within the marketing planning process to support effevtive marketing decision making. Ipod The Prouct Life Cycle (PLC) signifies 4 common factors products have in common; 1. They have a limited lifespan; 2. Their sales pass through a number of distinct stages, each of which has different characteristics, challenges, and opportunities; 3 Their profits are not static but increase and decrease through these stages; and 4. The financial, human resource, manufacturing, marketing and purchasing strategies that products require at each stage in the life cycle varies (Kotler and Keller, 2006). A products life cycle follows a common structure, with 5 standard stages; introduction, growth, maturity, saturation and decline. Although realistically, most product don't follow such a prescriptive style. To know what stage in the PLC a products' in, a marketer should analyse the; sales, profits, customers, competitors and costs. Apples highly succesful and innovative iPod took the world by storm for many years, although new advances in technology and media devices are changing the stage in the PLC that iPod may be experiancing after years of succecess. The PLC allows marketers to determine revenue earned and helps contribute to strategic marketing planning by helping a company identify when a product may need support, reinvigorating, or redesign, and is a helpful tool in regard to forcasting and managing...
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...Life Cycle Management Analysis for Apple’s iPod MKT / 230 September 6, 2009 Life Cycle Management – Page 2 The Apple iPod allows consumers to download music, videos, and various other entertainment items. The iPod can be seen everywhere from the gym to the local coffee shops. Even automakers have started to install iPod outlets in newer vehicles to draw a new kind of consumers to their autos. This report will provide some insight into Apple’s product objectives, marketing strategies, introduction phase, product growth, maturity stage, and decline of product in the market place. Product life cycle typically consists of five main aspects: (1) product development; (2) introduction; (3) growth; (4) maturity; and (5) decline. Various marketing objectives that will help the company achieve the overall product goal are as follows: Be the leading supplier of MP3 players in all markets in which Apple competes. Increase product sales. Increase company revenue. Increase brand awareness. Expand distribution to department stores. Develop a campaign to encourage current users to increase current use of product. Life Cycle Management – Page 3 During the introduction stage, Apple made careful choices with their marketing strategies by paying close attention to pricing, promotional and placement decisions. The introduction of the iPod transformed Apple into an entertainment giant. Apple’s approach to introducing the iPod to consumers was geared more towards...
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...The Life Cycle Project for Envi Studies 101 – Due April 3, 2013 Part 2 – Supplemental Information RVCC – Spring - 2013 The over-arching concern is where does a product come from, how is it made and used, and where does it ultimately go in old-age? And how do all these stages and elements of the process impact the environment? The real world is also complicated by the fact that it is not just a composite or final product that has a life cycle, but generally a number of the components within the product have a cycle that plays out too. Our goal then is to gain some degree of understanding of how everything we use goes through a chain of causation and usage that has potentially many impacts on resources, human life and planetary ecosystems. One approach to the research component of this project is given further below for a generic cell phone. You don’t have to follow the approach given for your product as long as what you do is logical, reasonably complete, clearly written and covers the key elements in a Life Cycle Analysis, which are: What are 2-3 key raw materials required to make the product? Perhaps Hydrocarbons (oil, coal or natural gas) are needed somewhere in the process of extracting, refining or processing of raw materials. Such carbon resources may be needed to make fuel, electricity, plastics, industrial chemicals, medicines, etc. Perhaps concrete or other industrial materials are required. Ore may be needed and require smelting for metals such...
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...Product Life Cycle Description The Product Life Cycle is like a snapshot in time. Pick 3 of your favorite products and identify it's current Life Cycle Stage and the marketing activities they are using. Evaluate the applicability of their activities and the effectiveness of them. Provide recommendations for additional actions. 300 words Product life cycle is the concept according to which there are four phases a product goes through during its life. They are named as introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages. In first stage of a product, the company normally does not earn profits. Since after the introduction, it takes a certain time for the people to know about the product. It is, however, dependent on the suitability of the way with which the company markets the product. The second stage is growth during which the product becomes pretty much popular, so more and more people tend to purchase it. During the third stage the revenue generated by the product reaches its culmination point. Beyond this point you may find the product demand gradually declining towards its end. Likewise, iPod touch is now viewed as in its final stage of product life cycle. Although, the company has taken a step by redesigning it but the sales are yet expected to be limited. One of the most reasonable suggestions for the company is to improve the product by adding more features. This will increase the possibility for the product to survive in the market. One of the most...
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...Product Life Cycle Description The Product Life Cycle is like a snapshot in time. Pick 3 of your favorite products and identify it's current Life Cycle Stage and the marketing activities they are using. Evaluate the applicability of their activities and the effectiveness of them. Provide recommendations for additional actions. 300 words Product life cycle is the concept according to which there are four phases a product goes through during its life. They are named as introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages. In first stage of a product, the company normally does not earn profits. Since after the introduction, it takes a certain time for the people to know about the product. It is, however, dependent on the suitability of the way with which the company markets the product. The second stage is growth during which the product becomes pretty much popular, so more and more people tend to purchase it. During the third stage the revenue generated by the product reaches its culmination point. Beyond this point you may find the product demand gradually declining towards its end. Likewise, iPod touch is now viewed as in its final stage of product life cycle. Although, the company has taken a step by redesigning it but the sales are yet expected to be limited. One of the most reasonable suggestions for the company is to improve the product by adding more features. This will increase the possibility for the product to survive in the market. One of the most...
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...3 Case study on Plastics : PET Bottle Life Cycle of Plastics Crude Oil Polymer Product Use Waste Recovery Polymer Product Use Overview of PET bottle recycling Containers and Packaging Recycling Law Specified business entities Fiber Industry (wash, crash, melt, spin) Bottle Industry Obligation to recycle Local governments (deporimerization) Consumers Selective collection and storage Selective discarding Players Producers n n n n Plant designers Product designers Energy suppliers Related industrial sectors Consumers Municipal and governmental authorities Waste treatment agencies Role of KIH ‘configuration engine’ To inform players of their role in life cycle as a stakeholder To accumulate knowledge/information of life cycle from information suppliers To interpret massive life cycle data with transparency for rational decision making 1. 2. 3. Overview of PET bottle recycling Containers and Packaging Recycling Law Specified business entities Fiber Industry (wash, crash, melt, spin) Bottle Industry Obligation to recycle Local governments (deporimerization) Consumers Selective collection and storage Selective discarding Objective of this case study To develop a ‘configuration engine’, which takes LCA as an environmental metric concurrently with an economic metric, for chemical process designer, To clarify steps, tools and information in a form of business-model. To show actual design...
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...Costing Systems 2 Identifying the full range of sustainability impacts a vital stage in better decision making. A number of companies have begun the transition to improved social and environmental cost accounting using methodologies such as activity-based costing (ABC), life-cycle assessment (LCA), and full cost accounting (FCA) (Epstein, 2008). ABC assumes that activities related to products, services, and customers cause the costs. ABC first assigns costs to the activities performed by the organization (direct labor, employee training, regulatory compliance) and then attributes these costs to products, customers, and services based on a cause-and-effect relationship (Epstein, 2008) The main advantages of ABC include an assessment of costs of individual activities, based on their use of resources; accurate costing of activities to be obtained throughout an organization; ease of identification where high (and low) costs are being incurred (and the cause), and serving as a valuable tool for both business and process improvement. It also helps with future product planning; ie: the cost of all activities associated with a product or service can be accurately determined before it is launched. This can then help with determining pricing, and any associated expenditure. However there are disadvantages to ABC as well. It may be difficult to set up or establish, particularly if an organization is using more traditional accounting methodologies. It can be time consuming if...
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...fleet, three scenarios of introduction of 10–30% fuel cell vehicles including plug-in hybrids configurations were analysed. Considering the scenarios of increasing hydrogen based vehicles penetration, up to 10% life cycle energy consumption reduction can be obtained if hydrogen from centralized natural gas reforming is considered. Full life cycle CO2 emissions can also be reduced up to 20% in these scenarios, while local pollutants reach up to 85% reductions. For the purpose of estimating road vehicle technologies energy consumption and CO2 emissions in a full life cycle perspective, fuel cell, conventional full hybrids and hybrid plug-in technologies were considered with diesel, gasoline, hydrogen and biofuel blends. Energy consumption values were estimated in a real road driving cycle and with ADVISOR software. Materials cradle-to-grave life cycle was estimated using GREET database adapted to Europe electric mix. The main conclusions on CO2 full life cycle analysis is that lightduty vehicles using fuel cell propulsion technology are highly dependent on hydrogen production pathway. The worst scenario for the current Portuguese and European electric mix is hydrogen produced from on-site electrolysis (in the refuelling stations). In this case full life cycle CO2 is 270 g/km against 190 g/km for conventional Diesel vehicle, for a typical 150,000 km...
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...Individual Assignment 2: LCA of two products Life Cycle Assessment of Nissan Cars *ASR: Automobile Shredder Residue. ASR is what remains after material recycling is done to recover as much ferrous and non-ferrous metallic material as possible from the automobile shredder residue. Nissan conducted LCAs since the early 1990s, and made quantitative comparisons to understand the environmental impact of materials that were changed in the following parts. * Radiators * Air conditioners * Front-end modules * Back doors Based on the results of the LCA Project carried out by the LCA Committee of the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association from October 1997 to March 2001, Nissan reviewed in-house LCA methods and calculated results for major models. * May 2005: Inventory analysis was certified as being in accordance with the LCA method stipulated in JIS Q14040 by the Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry. Models that have undergone LCA: Skyline (made in Japan), Dualis (made in England) To develop more environmentally-friendly vehicles, LCAs are also conducted for new technologies that are introduced. These results are used to achieve the goals set out in the Nissan Green Program 2010* and the Nissan QCT-C* management policy, which clarify our environmental efforts. * *Nissan Green Program 2010: An environmental program that establishes activity plans and specific numerical targets for Nissan to...
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...evolution of their sustainability principles and broad plans for implementation. In the 1980s the environmental concerns were primarily pollution control and prevention with a focus on reducing emissions from existing manufacturing processes. During this period the company made significant improvement in pollution control and prevention, risk management, and facility improvements such as reducing toxic materials and emissions. In the 1990s the focus shifted to product stewardship, which emphasizes earlier intervention to minimize environmental impacts associated with the full life cycle of a product. The product stewardship function focused on developing global processes for tracking and managing regulatory compliance issues, customer inquiry response systems, information management, public policy shaping, product take-back programs, green packaging, and integrating “design for the environment” and life cycle analysis into product development processes. Today the company realizes that pollution prevention and product stewardship have become baseline market expectations and that to be an environmental leader in this century, a company needs to integrate environmental sustainability into its fundamental business strategy. This company realizes that it must redefine its core business utilizing the principles of the 3 “E’s”: Environmental, Economic and Equitable (social) sustainability. The reasons...
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...STUDY OUTLINE FOR CHAPTER 4 PRODUCT AND SERVICE DESIGN 1. Why is product or service design strategically important? Product and service design has typically had strategic implications for the success and prosperity of an organization. Furthermore, it has an impact on future activities. Consequently decisions in this area are some of the most fundamental that managers must make. 2. List some of the things that product and service design does. 1)Translates customer wants and needs into product and service requirements. 2)Refine existing products and services. 3)Develops new products and/or services 4)Formulates quality goals, and cost targets. 3. Give a few examples for each of these major reasons for design or redesign: Economic -low demand, excessive warranty claims, the need to reduce costs. social and demographic -Aging baby boomers, population shifts. political, liability, legal -Government changes, safety issues, new regulations. Competitive -New or changes products or services, new advertising/promotions cost or availability -Raw materials, components, labor, water, energy Technological -Product components, processes 4. What are the key questions of product and service design? 1)Is there demand for it? What is the potential size of the market, and what is the expected demand profile? 2)Can we do it? Do we have the necessary knowledge, skills, equipment, capacity, and supply chain...
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...optimize energy usage. This report is divided in two parts, carbon footprint calculations and water footprint calculation for major materials and recourses. Methodology and assumption This report is included some calculations based on assumption .Also some information about SMART building has been acquired from the builder. Complementary data, namely embodied factors has been obtained from recent reports and government website. The methodology has been applied in this report is based on analysing carbon foot print and water footprint in two main concept. First, embodied energy of materials has been used during the construction and then estimated energy consumption during operational time of SMART building. The building life is assumed to be 50 years. Carbon footprint of the SMART building In this...
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...the well being of both adults and children; this includes calcium, vitamins A, B & D. The history of milk began in the Neolithic age (the new stone age), a time when humans started the transition from hunting and gathering to a more settled way of life. Life Cycle of Milk Supply Chain: Environmental and societal impact of Milk; The dairy industry poses a number of challenges to the health of the environment- * Methane emission- this is release from cows’ during the digestion process either by belching or flatulence. Statistics vary on how much methane an average dairy cow expels on a daily basis. Some experts say 100 liters to 200 liters, while others say it's up to 500 liters a day. This amount of methane is comparable to pollution expelled by a vehicle * Carbon emission- according to studies carried out by the U.S dairy carbon footprint study, it showed that carbon footprint of a gallon of milk is approximately 17.6 pounds of carbon dioxide equivalents. This will usually occur during milk freight and distribution. * Water pollution-Disposal of organic wastes without treatment leads to pollution of water resources hence, causing a rapid growth of microscopic algae that kill fishes and other aquatic life. Furthermore, ammonia released from manure can lease to acid rain causing environmental harm. * Land conversion - The dairy industry is also responsible for majority of land conversion, particularly in the tropics, to grow the feed...
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...steps: Determine where you want to go. Examine the generic model. Modify it as necessary to meet the needs of your organization. Determine where you are. Compare your existing system safety program with the model and systematically list all differences. Develop a detailed plan to close the gap. Tailor and edit the procedures given here, if necessary, to produce a systematic plan for transforming your present program into the ideal program. (Stephans, 61) 1. What are the three broad categories of system safety tasks? Who is generally responsible for each task? • Hazard identification [identifying]– includes determining what parts of the project constitue a hazard and determininig the location of these hazards. Continues throughout the life cycle but is concentrated in the concept and design phase…(Stephans, 64) • Hazard analysis [analyzing] – involves evaluating each identified hazard by determining the potential severity of accidents resulting from each hazard and the probability that such an accident will occur. (Stephans, 66) • Hazard control [controlling] – involves applying the safety precedence sequence to identified hazards that present...
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...Environmental scanning is the first portion to an organization’s strategic management and is very important to the corporation. Environmental scanning is gathering information for the external and the internal of the company. A SWOTT is the best way to gather the information. A SWOTT is determining the strengths, the weaknesses, the opportunities, the threats, and the trends of the organization. Starbucks is a coffee shop that sets out to be different from the competitors. The company does not just focus on coffee but “bring a feeling of connection” to the people. Starbucks mission is “to inspire and nurture the human spirit- one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time”. Starbucks is a multi-billion dollar corporation and is the go to place if someone is looking for a great cup of coffee. By using an environmental scan and determining strategies the company uses to have competitive advantages will help explain why the company is so successful. Determining the values and what measurement guidelines Starbucks uses will promote how the corporation stands out for the rest of the competitors in the market. The internal and external environments of Levi Strauss and Apple computer describes how each company changed company focus by structuring the position of demographics to gain access to marketing trends and dealings with government regulations. Each company has proven capabilities for the organization’s success and taken responsible infrastructure...
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