...IPv4 VS IPv6 IP (short for Internet Protocol) specifies the technical format of packets and the addressing scheme for computers to communicate over a network. Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source. IP by itself can be compared to something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but there's no direct link between you and the recipient. TCP/IP, on the other hand, establishes a connection between two hosts so that they can send messages back and forth for a period of time. There are currently two version of Internet Protocol (IP): IPv4 and a new version called IPv6. IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet Protocol. IPv6 will coexist with the older IPv4 for some time. IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) is the fourth generation of the Internet Protocol (IP) used to identify devices on a network through an addressing system. The Internet Protocol is designed for use in interconnected systems of packet-switched computer communication networks. IPv4 is the most widely deployed Internet protocol used to connect devices to the Internet. IPv4 uses a 32-bit address scheme allowing for a total of 2^32 addresses (just over 4 billion addresses). With the growth of the Internet it is expected that the number of unused IPv4 addresses will eventually run out because every device including computers, smartphones...
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...Ipv4 vs Ipv6 The IPv4 came before the IPv6 and these datagrams are similar in many ways but also differ in more ways than one. IPv6 came out in the year 2004 and still uses many of the features that made IPv4 so successful. IPv6 is supposed to become the new standard over the older version of IPv6, but it is tough for v6 to take its spot when v6 cannot support everything v4 does, basically v6 cannot connect to a v4 system. Some differences are that it is stated that the IPv6 is more secure than the IPv4, the address size went from 32 bits in the IPv4 to 128 bits in the IPv6, extensible protocols are more flexible in the IPv6, IPv4 and IPv6 are not compatible, the IPv4 will not be able to support additional nodes or support for applications, and the threats are different for the IPv6 than the IPv4. One reason why IPv6 is considered safer is that it uses 128 bits for its address which is also in hexadecimal. Having a bigger address means it takes longer time to find the address and having it in hexadecimal makes it even tougher to figure out. IPv6 also supports IPsec, which supports better security while sending data across the TCP/IP Network. IPv6 is considered safer because of the IPsec where in IPv4, there are many compatibility issues and without having the IPsec enabled, it can be a security fault. IPv6 includes security-orientated functionality by default whereas the IPv4 does not. Now some people might differ that the IPv6 is not more secure than IPv4 because of the poor...
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...The IPv4 came before the IPv6 and these datagrams are similar in many ways but also differ in more ways than one. IPv6 came out in the year 2004 and still uses many of the features that made IPv4 so successful. IPv6 is supposed to become the new standard over the older version of IPv6, but it is tough for v6 to take its spot when v6 cannot support everything v4 does, basically v6 cannot connect to a v4 system. Some differences are that it is stated that the IPv6 is more secure than the IPv4, the address size went from 32 bits in the IPv4 to 128 bits in the IPv6, extensible protocols are more flexible in the IPv6, IPv4 and IPv6 are not compatible, the IPv4 will not be able to support additional nodes or support for applications, and the threats are different for the IPv6 than the IPv4. One reason why IPv6 is considered safer is that it uses 128 bits for its address which is also in hexadecimal. Having a bigger address means it takes longer time to find the address and having it in hexadecimal makes it even tougher to figure out. IPv6 also supports IPsec, which supports better security while sending data across the TCP/IP Network. IPv6 is considered safer because of the IPsec where in IPv4, there are many compatibility issues and without having the IPsec enabled, it can be a security fault. IPv6 includes security-orientated functionality by default whereas the IPv4 does not. Now some people might differ that the IPv6 is not more secure than IPv4 because of the poor allocation...
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...the world. The original functions of IPv4 addresses were a part of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). As a formal protocol, IP was “born” when an early version of TCP developed in the 1970’s. This happened when predecessors of the internet were split into four layers, IP being the third layer. The key milestone in the development of the Internet Protocol was the publishing of RFC 791, Internet Protocol, in September 1981. This standard was a revision of RFC 760 in the previous year. The IP defined in RFC 791 was the first widely-used version of the Internet Protocol. However, most people would assume that the versions of IP that was the most widely used would be one, they are mistaken. The most widely used version of IP is version four which is where the name “IPv4” comes from. When you use IP today, you’re using IPv4. This version number is carried in the appropriate field of all IP datagrams. It was originally designed for internetwork a tiny fraction of the size of our current Internet, IPv4 has proven itself remarkably capable. Various additions and changes have been made over time to how IP is used, but the core protocol is basically the same as it was in the 80’s. Even though IPv4 is so amazing and so widely used development of a new IP has been underway since the mid 90’s. This eventually came up with IPv6 or otherwise known as IP Next Generation or IPng. IPv6 was created to supplement and eventually replace IPv4 in the next coming years. So many devices...
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...Abstract Internet is global system of computer networks in which networks can brings users at any one computer to interact with other computer to get or give information, making video call, chatting with friends and so on. It also links together millions of businesses, government offices, educational institutions, and individuals. The history of internet began with the development of ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) to build a networking project called ARPANET in 1969 by US Department of Defense also known as Pentagon. The original aims are to allow scientists at different locations to share info and collaborate on military and scientist projects. The advantages of ARPANET’s design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in military attack or other disasters. Nowadays, the Internet has drastic control on culture and business with the rise of instance communication by electronic mail (Email), instant messaging, video calls and the World Wide Web (WWW) with its forums, blogs, social networking and online shopping sites. The internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge, business, entertainment and social networking. According to Chuck Semeria, the Internet has entered the public awareness as the world’s largest public data network, doubling in size every nine months. This is because of the...
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...IPv6 MULTICAST ADDRESS VS IPv4 BROADCAST Multicast enables you to send a single packet but still communicate with multiple systems on the network. Although IPv4 can employ multicast, in IPv6 multicast takes a much more prominent role. IPv6 does not have a broadcast address, which is not surprising considering the default subnet size is 2^64. Multicast is used in various ways to communicate with specific device groups, such as All Hosts on the local network or All Routers on the local network. In IPv6 all nodes are required to support multicast. Without multicast, many services that you need will simply not work. There’s a constant hum from the network on the multicast channels. When IPv4 was specified about 30 years ago, there was no multicast standard for IP networks initially. A lot of network services, like DHCP and ARP, had to depend on broadcast to work. IPv6 is a new protocol and had multicast services from start, so network discovery functions now builds upon multicast instead. This means that hosts that run these servers listen to the multicast addresses and other hosts will not be bothered when a client sends IP packets to these addresses. Multicast also enables site-wide and global services where clients subscribe to a data stream. ICMP messages to these multicast groups enable IPv6’s Neighbor Discovery to operate efficiently. Other groups include all DHCP Servers and all Mobile Agents. The increased reliance on multicast goes hand-in-hand with the increased dependence...
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...NT2580: Unit 8 IPv4 vs IPv6 Security 1. In which situations should you use IPv4 rather than IPv6? IPv4-only node – A host or router that implements only IPv4. An IPv4-only node does not understand IPv6. The installed base of IPv4 hosts and routers that exist before the transition begins are IPv4-only nodes. 2.In which situations should you use IPv6 rather than IPv4? IPv6-only node – A host or router that implements IPv6, and does not implement IPv4. IPv6 node – Any host or router that implements IPv6. IPv6/IPv4 and IPv6-only nodes are both IPv6 nodes 3.What are the security implications of using IPv4 and IPv6? Though 6to4 relay routers do encapsulate and decapsulate packets, these routers do not check the data that is contained within the packets. * Address spoofing is a major issue on tunnels to a 6to4 relay router. For incoming traffic, the 6to4 router is unable to match the IPv4 address of the relay router with the IPv6 address of the source. Therefore, the address of the IPv6 host can easily be spoofed. The address of the 6to4 relay router can also be spoofed. * By default, no trust mechanism exists between 6to4 routers and 6to4 relay routers. Thus, a 6to4 router cannot identify whether the 6to4 relay router is to be trusted, or even a legitimate 6to4 relay router. A trust relationship between the 6to4 site and the IPv6 destination must exist, or the both sites leave themselves open to possible attacks. 4.What security countermeasures should you...
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...Unit 3. Assignment 1. IPv6 Addressing 1. Research the following organizations and explain their involvement with the Internet public IP addresses a. American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) ARIN, a nonprofit member-based organization, supports the operation of the Internet through the management of Internet number resources throughout its service region; coordinates the development of policies by the community for the management of Internet Protocol number resources; and advances the Internet through informational outreach. IP address space allocation, transfer, and record maintenance https://www.arin.net/about_us/overview.html b. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) IANA is responsible for global coordination of the Internet Protocol addressing systems, as well as the Autonomous System Numbers used for routing Internet traffic. http://www.iana.org/numbers c. Asia-Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC) The Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) is an organization that manages the assignment of Internet number recourses within the Asian continent. APNIC sets the rules, regulations and standards that all designated organizations must abide by and implement. End-user organizations and Internet service providers take direction from Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) like APNIC to provide Internet resources within certain regions. The Internet number resources include antonymous system numbers as well as IP addresses that assist in clearly defined...
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...Benefits of using IPv6 in Distributed Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Introduction The many advantages of improving and corporation's network, particularly its Virtual personal Networks (VPNs) from IPv4 to IPv6 create the expenses related to the move recoverable from increased network steadiness, auto-configuration, security, mobility, increase and quality-of-service and multicast capability (Cisco 2007). First, in phrases of quantitative, address varies for an IPv6-based network is 128-bits, providing the company lots higher security, likewise (Fink, 1999). Secondly, the safety concerns with regards to utilizing DHCP to assign information science addresses victimization IPv4 these days will be mitigated with the homeless reconfiguration capability of IPv6 (Lehtovirta, J 2006). With several of the systems throughout the company administered remotely exploitation IPsec-based VPNs, the opportunity to maneuver to more secure VPNs attributable to IPsec-mandated end-to-end security exploitation IPv6 also adds in greater levels of security moreover. The increasing use of wireless connections by members among the IT employees to observe and maintain IT systems also can currently be potential exploitation Mobile IP with Direct Routing (Cisco 2007). The redoubled support for protocols specifically for multicast routing are also supported in IPv6, that may build marketing’s’ several webinars and on-line initiatives additional expeditiously delivered, moreover. Most vital concerning...
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...coordinating, allocating and maintaining unique codes and numbering systems that are used in the technical standards that drive the Internet c. Asia-Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC): manages the assignment of Internet number resources within the Asian continent, serves as the database within the Asian continent, storing regional domain names and IP addresses and accepting queries 2. Approximately how many IPv4 addresses are possible? approximately 4.3 billion 3. Approximately how many IPv6 addresses are possible? approximately 3.4028 x 1038 4. Why do you think the world is running out of IPv4 addresses? many computers and cellphones, tablets all connected to a IP address 5. How long do you think it will take before the IPv4 addresses are completely exhausted? I believe that we are out already 6. Since IPv6 is the long-term solution for this issue, why do you think we are still using and assigning IPv4 addresses on the Internet? They are being given to network operators who use them for essential connectivity with next generation IPv6 addresses. 7. Do you think the possibility exists for some companies to hoard IP addresses and not release them back to ARIN to turn a profit? Yes it may be possible since IP addresses are limited and people know they are running out Recourses 1.)A: http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/American-Registry-of-Internet-Numbers B. https://www.iana.org/about C....
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...Running Head: IPV4 TO IPV6 TO DNS Unit 1: IPv4 to IPv6 to DNS Your Name Here Kaplan University IT530-01 Your Instructor Here Your Date Here Abstract IPv4 is the current standard by which the internet routes connections over the internet by using DNS to make those connections easier to perform. However IPv6 will be replacing that to meet the needs of the growing internet by providing many more addresses that are required to add more connection addresses to the internet. At the same time this is created to add more needed addresses IPv6 has improved the way the data is handled and processed with new security features. IPv4 to IPv6 to DNS IPv4 and IPv6 and how the differences between these two different Internet Protocols will change how the DNS connects systems over the internet. To understand these changes we will need to start from the beginning and breakdown what all these terms mean and how each works together to get a better understanding. What is an IP and how does it work? IP is short for Internet Protocol, and what that means in general is the address of a device or a machine. It could be viewed as a phone number or way to label a device or address in order to contact that machine or device in order to transfer data back and forth to that device. The first version of the Internet Protocol or IP was version 4 or IP4. It is a 32 bit address in that there are 4 numbers represented in a binary value of 8 bits for each of the 4 bytes comes to a total of 32...
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...IPv6 Jeremy Odom NT1430 Mr. McClain April 8, 2013 IPv6 What does IPv6 stand for? What exactly is IPv6? IPv6 stands for Internet Protocol version 6. IPv6 is the next generation internet protocol that is in the making of taking over the current internet protocol which is IPv4 or Internet Protocol version 4. Continue reading to learn more about IPv6. “The current version of the Internet Protocol IPv4 was first developed in the 1970s, and the main protocol standard RFC 791 that governs IPv4 functionality was published in 1981. With the unprecedented expansion of Internet usage in recent years - especially by population dense countries like India and China. The impending shortage of address space (availability) was recognized by 1992 as a serious limiting factor to the continued usage of the Internet run on IPv4. With admirable foresight, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) initiated as early as in 1994, the design and development of a suite of protocols and standards now known as Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), as a worthy tool to phase out and supplant IPv4 over the coming years. There is an explosion of sorts in the number and range of IP capable devices that are being released in the market and the usage of these by an increasingly tech savvy global population. The new protocol aims to effectively support the ever-expanding Internet usage and functionality, and also address security concerns. IPv6 uses a128-bit address size compared with the 32-bit system...
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...Running Head: DOMAIN NAME SERVERS AND INTERNET PROROCOL Domain Name Servers and Internet Protocol Awaz Barwari Kaplan University Abstract Domain Name System (DNS) is central to the Internet and networking. It converts the host name into an Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. Domain names are in alphabetic form easy for human to remember. Nonetheless, the World Wide Web (WWW) is run based on IP addresses. Therefore, without the DNS the internet would be very difficult to access. Today, there are two versions of IP 4 and 6 that use DNS. With the growing number of devices with internet IP address, IPv4 is running out of addresses and will eventually be replaced by IPv6. But until then, it is important to understand the many similarities and contrast between both versions. Domain Name Servers and Internet Protocol The core of how the internet works is the DNS, which was created to simplify the unmanageable computer naming. Thus, allowing us to use a more human friendly host name while exchanging email or accessing web pages. An IP address is a numerical label assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to every host in order to communicate. (Gralla, 2006). The DNS will translate host name like www.google.com into a raw IP address number 173.194.40.197. DNS structure is a hierarchical distributed database. At the top level there is a root server. Many categories were created under the root called the top level domains: .Com, .Net, .Org...
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...Introduction to IPv4 & IPv6 IPv4 is the fourth version of Internet protocol which uses 32 bit addressing whereas IPv6 is a next generation internet protocol which uses 128 bits addressing. 32 bits long (4 bytes). IPv4 is a classful logical addressing scheme using three primary address classes: Class A, Class B, and Class C. The class of the address is determined by the first number in the IP address. The total number of IPv4 addresses is 4, 294, 967,296. Address type: Unicast, multicast, and broadcast. IPv4 expressed in dotted decimal notation. The new concepts and new implementation of old concepts in IPv6 include the following: * Larger address space (128-bit vs. 32-bit) * Autoconfiguration of Internet-accessible addresses with or without DHCP (without DHCP it’s called stateless autoconfiguration) * More efficient IP header (fewer fields and no checksum) IPv4 allows 4,294,967,296 unique addresses whereas IPv6 can hold 340-undecillion (34, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000) unique IP addresses. 128 bits long (16 bytes). Basic architecture is 64 bits for the network number and 64 bits for the host number. Often, the host portion of an IPv6 address (or part of it) will be a MAC address or other interface identifier. Address type: Unicast, multicast, and broadcast and anycast. IPv6 expressed in colon hexadecimal notation. DHCP servers in Linux can be configured to use IPv6: * Step 1: configure a fixed IPv6 address on your...
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...Unit 1: Exploring DNS Kaplan University IT 530 July 2, 2013 Unit 1: Exploring DNS A domain name system (DNS) serves an important role for those who wish to access other networks, which includes websites. DNS allows for users to be able to be able to access Internet websites through a unique name rather than having to memorize a lengthy set of numbers and periods. In addition, DNS allows for the physical hosting location of a network or website to change transparently without anyone noticing. This is more commonly referred to as when a website changes hosts. Furthermore, DNS serves important functions related to mail by allowing users to connect, send, and receive email messages based off of the DNS of the mail server for a specific network (Karrenberg, 2004). Exploring Hierarchies All domains follow a certain hierarchy top to bottom hierarchy. The order for this hierarchy is: 1. root domain 2. top level 3. second level 4. sub-domain The root domain is a top-level domain that refers to the Internet. This is mostly maintained by ICANN, which is a private organization that maintain this area. ICANN manages the internet protocol addresses as well as the DNS root zones. ICANN also manages the DNS policy on naming abilities for top level domains ("INETDAEMON.com," 2013). The level that most users will first visibly notice when connecting to a domain through DNS is the top level domain. In this domain is the area where users will see .com, .net, and .org,...
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