...IPv6 Address Type - Multicast Overview: As part of your assigned readings and material covered in class lecture, you have learned about IPv6 address types, including unicast and multicast addresses. For this assignment, you will expand your knowledge of the use of multicast addresses compared to the use of broadcast addresses in IPv4. Required Resources: Textbook and lecture notes Internet access Research Resources: • IPv6 multicast address – overview o http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_IPv6MulticastandAnycastAddressing.htm • IPv6 subnet scanning RFC o http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5157.txt Deliverables Perform additional research to understand the use of multicast addresses in IPv6 protocol compared to IPv4 broadcast addresses with emphasis on: o Neighbor discovery o All nodes address o All routers address Describe the process of neighbor discovery including the use the all nodes address for achieving the same result as the IPv4 ARP protocol. Include the IPv6 multicast address for all routers and all hosts. Perform research to determine: o Are you able to perform subnet “scanning” by simple sending an ICMP echo packet to the “all hosts” multicast address? Similar to the concept of sending an ICMP echo packet to the broadcast address on an IPv4 subnet. o Provide an estimate of how long it would take to scan, through a tool similar to NMAP, an entire /64 IPv6 subnet to find every possible host, not using the multicast “all host” address. Use...
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...Assignment 1 – IPv6 Address Type – Multicast One of the most significant modifications in the general addressing model in IPv6 was a change to the basic types of addresses and how they were used. For example, the Broadcast addressing type has been eliminated in IPv6. Instead, support for multicast addressing has been expanded and made a required part of the protocol, and a new type of addressing called Anycast has been implemented. In IPv6, multicasting is used to allow a single device to send a datagram to a group of recipients, where IPv4 supported multicast addressing using the Class D address block in the “classful” addressing scheme. In IPv6, the well-known multicast addresses for the “All Nodes” (FF0x:0:0:0:0:0:1) and “All Routers” (FF0x:0:0:0:0:0:2) enable the equivalent function of what broadcast used to perform in IPv4. To send a message, either an “All Nodes” or “All Routers” multicast address is used along with the scope value to determine the scope (Node-Local, Link-Local or Site-Local) where messages are to be sent. Apart from the regular multicast address, each unicast address has a special multicast address called its solicited-node address. These solicited-node addresses are used by the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) Protocol to provide more efficient address resolution than the ARP method used in IPv4. When a host wants to get the layer two address of a datagram destination it sends a Neighbor Solicitation ICMPv6 message containing the IP address of the device...
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...IPv4 vs. Ipv6 Internet Protocol (IP) is a set of technical rules that defines the network computer connections. There are two primary types of IP. Versions IP 4 and IP 6 IPv4 is the first version of IP to be the most used worldwide. This IP manages most of today’s internet traffic. There are over 4 billion IPv4 addresses, yet there are still not enough IP addresses for the world so something new had to be found. IPv6 is the next version of the growing and improving Internet Protocol. This was deployed in 1999. This new version meets the world’s IP addressing requirements for a very long time. The main difference between IPv4 and IPv6 are number of IP addresses each version contains. There are approximately 4,000,000,000 IP addresses in IPv4, which is 32bit. IPv6 has over 340,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 possible IP addresses because IPv6 is 128bit. Both versions work together with the Internet, but most all new IP addresses added to the Internet all come from IPv6 rather than IPv4 now because of the faster speeds and more options. IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long (4 bytes). The addresses are defined by host portion. The IP addresses are depended on address classes. In the 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses are available to the world; take the example IP address in the format 0000.0000.0000.0000 where each 0 could actually be a number from 0-9. IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long (16 bytes). Basic network architecture is defined as 64 bits and also hosts 64bits...
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...The Evolving Network Model EIGRP OSPF IS-IS Optimizing Routing CCNP BSCI Quick Reference Sheets Exam 642-901 BGP IP Multicast IPv6 Introduction Brent Stewart Denise Donohue ciscopress.com [2] ABOUT THE AUTHORS CCNP BSCI Quick Reference Sheets About the Authors Brent Stewart, CCNP, CCDP, MCSE, Certified Cisco Systems Instructor, is a network administrator for CommScope. He participated in the development of BSCI, and has seperately developed training material for ICND, BSCI, BCMSN, BCRAN, and CIT. Brent lives in Hickory, NC, with his wife, Karen and children, Benjamin, Kaitlyn, Madelyn, and William. Denise Donohue, CCIE No. 9566, is a Design Engineer with AT&T. She is responsible for designing and implementing data and VoIP networks for SBC and AT&T customers. Prior to that, she was a Cisco instructor and course director for Global Knowledge. Her CCIE is in Routing and Switching. © 2007 Cisco Systems Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright. Please see page 73 for more details. [3] ICONS USED IN THIS BOOK CCNP BSCI Quick Reference Sheets Icons Used in This Book Si Router 7507 Router Multilayer Switch with Text Multilayer Switch Communication Server Switch I DC Internal Firewall IDS Web Browser Database App Server © 2007 Cisco Systems Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright. Please see page 73 for more details. [4] CHAPTER 1 CCNP...
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...The Development of IPv6 started in the 1990s, due to the limitation of IPv4. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv4 address exhaustion occurred on February 3, 2011, It had been significantly delayed by address changes such as classfull network design, Classless Inter-Domain Routing, and network address translation. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4, which still carries the vast majority of Internet traffic as of 2013. IPv6 is a next generation internet protocol which uses 128 bits addressing. IPv6 can hold 340-undecillion, while IPv4 allows 4,294,967,296 unique addresses. IPv6 addresses consist of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons, an example of an IPv6 address is this: 2001:0db8:85a3:0042:1000:8a2e:0370:7334. IPv4 and IPv6 are the internet protocols applied at the network layer. IPv4 is the most widely used protocol right now. The first IPv6 related network code was added to the Linux kernel 2.1.8 in November 1996 by Pedro Roque. Because of lack of manpower, the IPv6 implementation in the kernel was unable to follow the discussed drafts or newly released RFCs. In October 2000, a project was started in Japan, called USAGI, whose aim was to implement all missing or outdated IPv6 support in Linux. IPv4 has different class types: A,B,C,D and E. Class A, Class B, and Class C are the three classes of addresses used on IP networks in common practice. Class D addresses...
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...• Security : Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) is a protocol that allows the suit to protect the network security of data sent viewed or modified. NAT will change the IPSec Headers and cause the damages the end to end security and data integrity[6]. • Configuration related issues Address: Network and Internet is growing and many new computers and devices using IP. Configure the IP address (static or dynamic) should be simple. • Quality of service (QoS): Quality of Service (QoS) can be found in IPv4 and it depends on the 8 bits of the IPv4 Type of Service field (TOS) and identify the payload. IPv4 Type of Service field (TOS) has identified the function and load (using TCP or UDP port) is not possible when the IPv4 packet payload is encrypted datagram...
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...A multicast address is a logical identifier for a group of hosts in a computer network, that are available to process datagrams or frames intended to be multicast for a designated network service. Multicast addressing can be used in the Link Layer (Layer 2 in the OSI model), such as Ethernet multicast, and at the Internet Layer (Layer 3 for OSI) for Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) or Version 6 (IPv6) multicast. The Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) is a protocol in the Internet protocol suite used with IPv6. It operates in the link layer of the Internet model and is responsible for address auto-configuration of nodes, discovery of other nodes on the link, determining the link layer addresses of other nodes, duplicate address detection, finding available routers and Domain Name System (DNS) servers, address prefix discovery, and maintaining reachability information about the paths to other active neighbor nodes. The protocol defines five different ICMPv6 packet types to perform functions for IPv6 similar to the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP) Router Discovery and Router Redirect protocols for IPv4. However, it provides many improvements over its IPv4 counterparts. For example, it includes Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD), thus improving robustness of packet delivery in the presence of failing routers or links, or mobile nodes. All nodes addresses Host Extensions for IP Multicasting specifies the extensions...
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...version 6 (IPv6). IPv4 was the first version of Internet Protocol to be widely used, and accounts for most of today’s Internet traffic. There are just over 4 billion IPv4 addresses. While that is a lot of IP addresses, it is not enough to last forever. IPv6 is a newer numbering system that provides a much larger address pool than IPv4, amongst other features. It was deployed in 1999 and should meet the world’s IP addressing needs well into the future. The major difference between IPv4 and IPv6 is the number of IP addresses. There are 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses. In contrast, there are 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374, 607,431,768,211,456 IPv6 addresses. IPv6 has many advantages compared with the older Internet protocol IPv4. The most useful advantages of IPv6 are address space extention, and simplified header format for efficient packet handling. Processing packets of IPv6 by routers is easier than processing packets of IPv4, because the hardware program knows in advance that the coming header is static in length. Thus the packet processing speed increases. There are three types of address in IPv6: anycast, unicast and multicast. In IPv4 there are unicast, broadcast, and multicast address. The anycast address is an additional address to IPv6, for sending the packet to the nearest node in the group, according to the routing protocol measure of distance. It provides for applications such as file and print servers, DHCP. The unicast address is used to...
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...Individual Report 1. A. 158.175.160.0 is assigned to my group, it is a class B of network address. Based on the IP address that have assigned to my group (158.175.160.0) which is a class B IP address, the first pair of octet is for network and the second pair of octet if for the hosts. The number of octets in the network is defined by 214 which means there are total 16384 number of network and for the number of octets in the host is defined by 216 which means there are total 65536 number of hosts. Classful addressing is a system that classified them into 5 classes which is A, B, C, D and E. the most frequently used address is class A, B, and C. For the class D it is for the purpose of Multicast and it is very rare in use, and for class E is...
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...1. Know the list of well-known ports? smtp = mail = port 25/tcp telnet = port 23/tcp ssh = port 22/tcp snmp = port 161/udp tftp = port 69/udp 2. Range of ephemeral ports? 1024-65535 3. Some of the fields inspected by a firewall? Source IP address Destination IP address IP protocol (ICMP, TCP or UDP) Source TCP or UDP port Destination TCP or UDP port 4. If firewall permits port 25, what is it permitting? smtp=mail 5. What does nat stand for? Network Address Translation 6. What’s the basic function of NAT? a private address is translated to public address from a pool of available public addresses 7. Example of a routing protocol used within an organization RIP, RIP v2, EIGRP, OSPF,ISIS 8. Which routing protocol uses distance vectors? RIP, RIP v2, EIGRP 9. Which routing protocol uses links states? OSPF, ISIS 10. OSPF stands for? Open Shortest Path First 11. What does RIP stand for? Routing Information Protocol 12. Which of the following uses the Dijkstra Algorithm? FIU uses OSPF 13. Which routing protocol is considered in EGP? Exterior Routing 14. Example of a classless routing protocol? RIP version 2 15. Layer 2 framing is used by which of the following? Point-to-Point Protocol Serial links - including dial-ups POS - Packet over sonet (fiber optic) 16. ISDN {BRI} stands for what? Basic Rate Interface 17. ISDNBR has how many B channels? 2B + D 2 bearer channels of 64kbps and one signaling...
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...destinations of messages it is responsible for forwarding. The table is a small in-memory database managed by the router's built-in hardware and software. Each IP address identifies a remote router (or other network gateway) that the local router is configured to recognize. For each IP address, the routing table additionally stores a network mask and other data that specifies the destination IP address ranges that remote device will accept. Home network routers utilize a very small routing table because they simply forward all outbound traffic to the Internet Service Provider (ISP) gateway which takes care of all other routing steps. Home router tables typically contain ten or fewer entries. By comparison, the largest routers at the core of the Internet backbone must maintain the full Internet routing table that exceeds 100,000 entries and growing as the Internet expands. b. Routing Lookup Mechanism- c. Classful vs. Classless Routing- Classful Routing, which is sometimes called a classful network. If you are using a classful routing protocol then all of your networks are in different classes and are separated by a router. Remember that the useable IPv4 address ranges are divided into classes. Class A 1-126, Class B 128-191, and Class C 192-223. So when we talk about a classful routing protocol, it will only look at the IP address class and not the subnet mask. This is the problem; if you are using a classful routing protocol you cannot change the subnet mask in any of these networks...
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...Introduction to IPv4 & IPv6 IPv4 is the fourth version of Internet protocol which uses 32 bit addressing whereas IPv6 is a next generation internet protocol which uses 128 bits addressing. 32 bits long (4 bytes). IPv4 is a classful logical addressing scheme using three primary address classes: Class A, Class B, and Class C. The class of the address is determined by the first number in the IP address. The total number of IPv4 addresses is 4, 294, 967,296. Address type: Unicast, multicast, and broadcast. IPv4 expressed in dotted decimal notation. The new concepts and new implementation of old concepts in IPv6 include the following: * Larger address space (128-bit vs. 32-bit) * Autoconfiguration of Internet-accessible addresses with or without DHCP (without DHCP it’s called stateless autoconfiguration) * More efficient IP header (fewer fields and no checksum) IPv4 allows 4,294,967,296 unique addresses whereas IPv6 can hold 340-undecillion (34, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000) unique IP addresses. 128 bits long (16 bytes). Basic architecture is 64 bits for the network number and 64 bits for the host number. Often, the host portion of an IPv6 address (or part of it) will be a MAC address or other interface identifier. Address type: Unicast, multicast, and broadcast and anycast. IPv6 expressed in colon hexadecimal notation. DHCP servers in Linux can be configured to use IPv6: * Step 1: configure a fixed IPv6 address on your ethernet card ...
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...ITS3103: Week 5– Assignment 2 18 March 2014 Tim Williams Professor Afzal South University ITS3103: Week 5– Assignment 2 18 March 2014 Tim Williams Professor Afzal South University Network Design Blue Print: PaintisDead.com (Vehicle Vinyl Wrapping Design Company). The company designs vehicle graphics for commercial and private vehicles and buildings. PaintisDead.com is headquarters is located in Miami, Florida (75 employees to include corporate management). Telecommunication Network Design needs to accommodate the headquarters and 5 satellite cities with at least 35 employees to include general manager in each store. Store locations are in Savannah Georgia, Fayetteville North Carolina, Richmond Virginia, Jacksonville Florida, and Dover Delaware. The company needs to have a telecommunication system that is efficient and cut down on business trips between all the stores to include the headquarters. Video conferencing, VoiP, push to talk cell phones for sales and design, computer network to protect design ideas when they are being transferred to other stores or when accessed on the server. * Does the client already have an established network and do they want to improve on it? Update vs. full network installation. * Does the client have a network? * What is the client’s budget? * What are the clients plans for growth? (Scalability of network to accommodate the rise in business 5yr vs. 10yr. * Security Considerations. * Used, non-used/free...
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...Addressing vii. Hardware addressing viii. Logical addressing * OSI model * TCP/UDP ix. Connection oriented/connectionless x. Windowing * Types of destinations xi. Unicast xii. Broadcast xiii. Multicast * Cables xiv. Ethernet xv. Serial * Duplex 2. TCP/IP * OSI model * TCP/IP or DOD model * DHCP * Basic port numbers * TCP xvi. virtual circuits (three-way handshake) xvii. Headers * UDP xviii. Headers * IP xix. Headers * Frame xx. Header * ICMP * ARP * RARP * Proxy ARP 3. IP addressing / Subnetting /VLSM / Summarization * Binary to decimal * IP address classes * CIDR * IP Subnet Zero * Subnetting * VLSM * Summarization 4. Router interface * Router components * Modes * Configuration register * Keyboard shortcuts 5. IOS management * Boot up sequence * Configuration saves and loads * SSH * resolving hostnames 6. dynamic routing * ip address support xxi. classful xxii. classless * types of routing protocols xxiii. distance vector * Split Horizon * Infinite Metric (Poison Reverse) xxiv. link state xxv. hybrid routing (EIGRP) ...
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...ICANN ICANN – Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and numbers transport layer protocol – Define the type of connection established between hosts TCP- Transport Layer Protocol connection-oriented protocol – establishes a network connection, manages the delivery of data, and terminates the connection SYN, SYN ACK, ACK – synchronizing packet, synchronizing acknowledgment packet, acknowledgment packet UDP – User Datagram Protocol Internet Layer – Defines the protocol being used IP- Internet Protocol, defines the addressing being used to identify the source and destination of data packets sent over an IP netwrok ARP – Address resolution Protocol, IP to MAC IGMP – Internet Group Message Protocol multicasting – when one host sends data to many destination hosts multicasting address – the address used to send a multicast data packet network interface layer – defines how the host connects to the network hex – hexadecimal, base 16 Ipv4 – The older IP version currently being used on the internet class A, B, C, D, and E – the five classes of IPv4 non internet routable IP address - IP address not routed on the internet RIRs – Regional Internet registries, IANA-designated governing organizations responsible for IP address allocation by geographical location ARIN – American Registry for Internet Numbers subnet mask – Identifies the network/ subnet portion of an IP address classful – the IP and subnet addresses within the same network supernetting – allows multiple networks...
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