...IPv6 Jeremy Odom NT1430 Mr. McClain April 8, 2013 IPv6 What does IPv6 stand for? What exactly is IPv6? IPv6 stands for Internet Protocol version 6. IPv6 is the next generation internet protocol that is in the making of taking over the current internet protocol which is IPv4 or Internet Protocol version 4. Continue reading to learn more about IPv6. “The current version of the Internet Protocol IPv4 was first developed in the 1970s, and the main protocol standard RFC 791 that governs IPv4 functionality was published in 1981. With the unprecedented expansion of Internet usage in recent years - especially by population dense countries like India and China. The impending shortage of address space (availability) was recognized by 1992 as a serious limiting factor to the continued usage of the Internet run on IPv4. With admirable foresight, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) initiated as early as in 1994, the design and development of a suite of protocols and standards now known as Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), as a worthy tool to phase out and supplant IPv4 over the coming years. There is an explosion of sorts in the number and range of IP capable devices that are being released in the market and the usage of these by an increasingly tech savvy global population. The new protocol aims to effectively support the ever-expanding Internet usage and functionality, and also address security concerns. IPv6 uses a128-bit address size compared with the 32-bit system...
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...IPv6 Abstract Due to the overwhelming global response to the release of the internet there has been a diminished capacity of available network addresses. Although the internet community was aware of this as early as the late 1980s it was not until the mid 1990s that they developed a solution known as IPv6 or Internet Protocol version 6. This updated version boasts many advantages but the transition process has been slow and there are many obstacles to full deployment. However, IPv6 must be deployed soon since there will be no address space left within IPv4. As access to the internet increases and a greater number of networks are created there is a need to create more address space on the web. Forecasters have predicted there will be a total depletion of IPv4 addresses sometime between 2010 and 2012 (Bradner, n.d.). However, there is relief in sight for the address exhausted IPv4 system, Internet Protocol version 6. This newer version has vastly expanded address space and new features to simplify the address assignment process. Although it was designed in the 1990s this system is still considered “new” and in 2008 was used less than 1% in internet enabled hosts in any country (IETF Tools, n.d.). In the late 1980s it became evident that there was a crunch on the number of addresses the IPv4 could assign. No one could have predicted that the internet would have gained the widespread popularity and accessibility that it has over the past three decades. However, in...
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...IPv6 Protocol Text from presentation Sl2: Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest revision of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 1998 (RFC2460) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. Sl3: Every device on the Internet must be assigned an IP address in order to communicate with other devices. With the ever-increasing number of new devices being connected to the Internet, the need arose for more addresses than IPv4 is able to accommodate. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, allowing 2128, or 340×1036 addresses (340 undecillion addresses). IPv4 (32-bit address) allows only approximately 4.3 billion addresses. Sl5: The main advantages of IPv6: * Larger address space * Stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) * Simplified processing by routers * Jumbograms Sl6: SLAAC IPv6 hosts can configure themselves automatically when connected to an IPv6 network using the Neighbor Discovery Protocol via Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) router discovery messages. When first connected to a network, a host sends a link-local router solicitation multicast request for its configuration parameters; routers respond to such a request with a router advertisement packet that contains Internet Layer configuration parameters...
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...IPv6 First I would like to state that I have a bit of a beef with IPv6 and the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) for developing it the way they did. I’m not saying that I am smarter than they are or that a new version of the internet protocol isn’t very very needed, but why does the IPv6 format have to be hexadecimal. Numerical digits were working just fine and were pretty easy to memorize. Now network engineers have to find a way to either memorize or securely record eight four digit hexadecimal octets. I mean why not throw some wingding characters in the mix too and while you’re at, let’s throw some different colors in. Could they make it any more difficult to remember? When it comes to Secret, Top Secret, TS/SCI, and above networks how are the network engineers supposed to build, maintain, and expand their networks at the same pace as with IPv4? I mean you can’t write the Secret IP’s or subnets down, well you’re not supposed to anyway. Of course they will have classified documents and network diagrams and notebooks, but that kind of stuff would have to be kept in a safe and you would have to go through a whole process just to take a look at your books. With all that said, I will have to give them credit for developing an IP format that will have a ton more addresses and will take so much longer to exhaust and is much more secure than its predecessor. Ok, with that part out of the way let’s take a look at the history of IPv6. The need for a new version...
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...Brett Baker NT1430 Research Paper In this paper I am going to tell you about IPv6 and IPv4. Also going to let you know aout DHCP and a sample configuration for DCHP. We will look at the differences and the similarities between IPv6 and IPv4. Also will be looking at how DHCP can be configured in Linux. In the next couple paragraphs, you will see these listed. IPv4 is the fourth version of Internet protocol which uses 32 bit addressing whereas IPv6 is a next generation internet protocol which uses 128 bits addressing. IPv4 allows 4,294,967,296 unique addresses whereas IPv6 can hold 340-undecillion unique IP addresses. IPv4 address notation: 239.255.255.255, 255.255.255.0. IPv6 addresses are denoted by eight groups of hexadecimal quartets separated by colons in between them. An example of a valid IPv6 address: 2001:cdba:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652. (http://tianrunhe.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/compare-and-contrast-ipv4-and-ipv6/) When a DHCP client system connects to the network, dhclient requests a lease from the DHCP server and configures the client's network interface(s). Once a DHCP client has requested and established a lease, it stores information about the lease in a file nameddhclient.leases, which is stored in the /var/lib/dhclient directory. This information is used to reestablish a lease when either the server or the client needs to reboot. The DHCP client configuration file, /etc/dhclient.conf, is required only for custom configurations. The following dhclient...
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...IPv4 vs. Ipv6 Internet Protocol (IP) is a set of technical rules that defines the network computer connections. There are two primary types of IP. Versions IP 4 and IP 6 IPv4 is the first version of IP to be the most used worldwide. This IP manages most of today’s internet traffic. There are over 4 billion IPv4 addresses, yet there are still not enough IP addresses for the world so something new had to be found. IPv6 is the next version of the growing and improving Internet Protocol. This was deployed in 1999. This new version meets the world’s IP addressing requirements for a very long time. The main difference between IPv4 and IPv6 are number of IP addresses each version contains. There are approximately 4,000,000,000 IP addresses in IPv4, which is 32bit. IPv6 has over 340,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 possible IP addresses because IPv6 is 128bit. Both versions work together with the Internet, but most all new IP addresses added to the Internet all come from IPv6 rather than IPv4 now because of the faster speeds and more options. IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long (4 bytes). The addresses are defined by host portion. The IP addresses are depended on address classes. In the 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses are available to the world; take the example IP address in the format 0000.0000.0000.0000 where each 0 could actually be a number from 0-9. IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long (16 bytes). Basic network architecture is defined as 64 bits and also hosts 64bits...
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...Introduction to IPv4 & IPv6 IPv4 is the fourth version of Internet protocol which uses 32 bit addressing whereas IPv6 is a next generation internet protocol which uses 128 bits addressing. 32 bits long (4 bytes). IPv4 is a classful logical addressing scheme using three primary address classes: Class A, Class B, and Class C. The class of the address is determined by the first number in the IP address. The total number of IPv4 addresses is 4, 294, 967,296. Address type: Unicast, multicast, and broadcast. IPv4 expressed in dotted decimal notation. The new concepts and new implementation of old concepts in IPv6 include the following: * Larger address space (128-bit vs. 32-bit) * Autoconfiguration of Internet-accessible addresses with or without DHCP (without DHCP it’s called stateless autoconfiguration) * More efficient IP header (fewer fields and no checksum) IPv4 allows 4,294,967,296 unique addresses whereas IPv6 can hold 340-undecillion (34, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000) unique IP addresses. 128 bits long (16 bytes). Basic architecture is 64 bits for the network number and 64 bits for the host number. Often, the host portion of an IPv6 address (or part of it) will be a MAC address or other interface identifier. Address type: Unicast, multicast, and broadcast and anycast. IPv6 expressed in colon hexadecimal notation. DHCP servers in Linux can be configured to use IPv6: * Step 1: configure a fixed IPv6 address on your ethernet...
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...IPv6 is inevitable Ever wonder how a computer reaches out to another computer? Ever wonder why it’s called an email address? The quick answer is that computers, much like our homes, have an address; better yet, an IP address. This is how a computer’s “mail” (data packets) is delivered. These addresses are right now known as IPv4 addresses. And much like real world addresses, they can be broken down the same way we do with addresses of apartment complexes and high rise buildings. But much like the limits of real world addressing, IPv4 is near reaching its limit. This will eventually lead us into the realm of IPv6. IPv4 is the current form of addressing being used for the Internet and TCP/IP data traffic. It consists of five classes (A, B, C, D, E), and uses a 32-bit structure broken down into four 8-bit octets. IPv4 gives up to 4.3 billion addresses. However, as we will find out later, that is quickly reaching its limit due to rapid growth of the internet. IPv6 a new form of addressing that uses a 128-bit address structure. This will greatly expand the possible number of users. The IPv6 address format uses hexadecimal addressing separated by colons instead of dotted decimal. It can give up to 340 undecillion addresses (340 with 36 zeros). But, it is not backwards compatible with IPv4. Currently, the number of vacant IPv4 addresses is down to 5%. Europe’s RIPE NCC (Reseaux IP Eutopeens Network Coordination Centre) expects to allocate the last of its addresses by midyear....
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...how computers communicate over a network. There are currently two versions: IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6 (IPv6). IPv4 was the first version of Internet Protocol to be widely used, and accounts for most of today’s Internet traffic. There are just over 4 billion IPv4 addresses. While that is a lot of IP addresses, it is not enough to last forever. IPv6 is a newer numbering system that provides a much larger address pool than IPv4, amongst other features. It was deployed in 1999 and should meet the world’s IP addressing needs well into the future. The major difference between IPv4 and IPv6 is the number of IP addresses. There are 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses. In contrast, there are 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374, 607,431,768,211,456 IPv6 addresses. IPv6 has many advantages compared with the older Internet protocol IPv4. The most useful advantages of IPv6 are address space extention, and simplified header format for efficient packet handling. Processing packets of IPv6 by routers is easier than processing packets of IPv4, because the hardware program knows in advance that the coming header is static in length. Thus the packet processing speed increases. There are three types of address in IPv6: anycast, unicast and multicast. In IPv4 there are unicast, broadcast, and multicast address. The anycast address is an additional address to IPv6, for sending the packet to the nearest node in the group, according to the routing protocol measure of distance...
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...IPv4 VS IPv6 IP (short for Internet Protocol) specifies the technical format of packets and the addressing scheme for computers to communicate over a network. Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source. IP by itself can be compared to something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but there's no direct link between you and the recipient. TCP/IP, on the other hand, establishes a connection between two hosts so that they can send messages back and forth for a period of time. There are currently two version of Internet Protocol (IP): IPv4 and a new version called IPv6. IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet Protocol. IPv6 will coexist with the older IPv4 for some time. IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) is the fourth generation of the Internet Protocol (IP) used to identify devices on a network through an addressing system. The Internet Protocol is designed for use in interconnected systems of packet-switched computer communication networks. IPv4 is the most widely deployed Internet protocol used to connect devices to the Internet. IPv4 uses a 32-bit address scheme allowing for a total of 2^32 addresses (just over 4 billion addresses). With the growth of the Internet it is expected that the number of unused IPv4 addresses will eventually run out because every device including computers, smartphones...
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...the versions of IP that was the most widely used would be one, they are mistaken. The most widely used version of IP is version four which is where the name “IPv4” comes from. When you use IP today, you’re using IPv4. This version number is carried in the appropriate field of all IP datagrams. It was originally designed for internetwork a tiny fraction of the size of our current Internet, IPv4 has proven itself remarkably capable. Various additions and changes have been made over time to how IP is used, but the core protocol is basically the same as it was in the 80’s. Even though IPv4 is so amazing and so widely used development of a new IP has been underway since the mid 90’s. This eventually came up with IPv6 or otherwise known as IP Next Generation or IPng. IPv6 was created to supplement and eventually replace IPv4 in the next coming years. So many devices...
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...before the IPv6 and these datagrams are similar in many ways but also differ in more ways than one. IPv6 came out in the year 2004 and still uses many of the features that made IPv4 so successful. IPv6 is supposed to become the new standard over the older version of IPv6, but it is tough for v6 to take its spot when v6 cannot support everything v4 does, basically v6 cannot connect to a v4 system. Some differences are that it is stated that the IPv6 is more secure than the IPv4, the address size went from 32 bits in the IPv4 to 128 bits in the IPv6, extensible protocols are more flexible in the IPv6, IPv4 and IPv6 are not compatible, the IPv4 will not be able to support additional nodes or support for applications, and the threats are different for the IPv6 than the IPv4. One reason why IPv6 is considered safer is that it uses 128 bits for its address which is also in hexadecimal. Having a bigger address means it takes longer time to find the address and having it in hexadecimal makes it even tougher to figure out. IPv6 also supports IPsec, which supports better security while sending data across the TCP/IP Network. IPv6 is considered safer because of the IPsec where in IPv4, there are many compatibility issues and without having the IPsec enabled, it can be a security fault. IPv6 includes security-orientated functionality by default whereas the IPv4 does not. Now some people might differ that the IPv6 is not more secure than IPv4 because of the poor allocation of the IPv6, the main...
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...Ipv4 vs Ipv6 The IPv4 came before the IPv6 and these datagrams are similar in many ways but also differ in more ways than one. IPv6 came out in the year 2004 and still uses many of the features that made IPv4 so successful. IPv6 is supposed to become the new standard over the older version of IPv6, but it is tough for v6 to take its spot when v6 cannot support everything v4 does, basically v6 cannot connect to a v4 system. Some differences are that it is stated that the IPv6 is more secure than the IPv4, the address size went from 32 bits in the IPv4 to 128 bits in the IPv6, extensible protocols are more flexible in the IPv6, IPv4 and IPv6 are not compatible, the IPv4 will not be able to support additional nodes or support for applications, and the threats are different for the IPv6 than the IPv4. One reason why IPv6 is considered safer is that it uses 128 bits for its address which is also in hexadecimal. Having a bigger address means it takes longer time to find the address and having it in hexadecimal makes it even tougher to figure out. IPv6 also supports IPsec, which supports better security while sending data across the TCP/IP Network. IPv6 is considered safer because of the IPsec where in IPv4, there are many compatibility issues and without having the IPsec enabled, it can be a security fault. IPv6 includes security-orientated functionality by default whereas the IPv4 does not. Now some people might differ that the IPv6 is not more secure than IPv4 because of the poor...
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...IPv6 Address Type - Multicast Overview: As part of your assigned readings and material covered in class lecture, you have learned about IPv6 address types, including unicast and multicast addresses. For this assignment, you will expand your knowledge of the use of multicast addresses compared to the use of broadcast addresses in IPv4. Required Resources: Textbook and lecture notes Internet access Research Resources: • IPv6 multicast address – overview o http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_IPv6MulticastandAnycastAddressing.htm • IPv6 subnet scanning RFC o http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5157.txt Deliverables Perform additional research to understand the use of multicast addresses in IPv6 protocol compared to IPv4 broadcast addresses with emphasis on: o Neighbor discovery o All nodes address o All routers address Describe the process of neighbor discovery including the use the all nodes address for achieving the same result as the IPv4 ARP protocol. Include the IPv6 multicast address for all routers and all hosts. Perform research to determine: o Are you able to perform subnet “scanning” by simple sending an ICMP echo packet to the “all hosts” multicast address? Similar to the concept of sending an ICMP echo packet to the broadcast address on an IPv4 subnet. o Provide an estimate of how long it would take to scan, through a tool similar to NMAP, an entire /64 IPv6 subnet to find every possible host, not using the multicast “all host” address. Use...
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...Matthew Reece 8/22/2015 IPv6 address type- multicast There is are several differences between ipv4 and ipv6 below I will break them down a bit IPV4 is 32 bit over 4 octets doesn’t have built in security uses broadcast and bits extend from 2^32 power IPv6 is 128 bits over 8 quadrats has built in security doesn’t use broadcast and bits extend from 2^128 power Those are the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6 next we get into a function of IPv6 which is unique it’s called multicast Neighbor Discovery Neighbor Discovery uses ICMPv6 messages to manage neighboring node interaction. Neighbor Discovery replaces ARP, ICMP Router Discovery, and ICMP Redirect and provides additional functionality. Neighbor Discovery Messages All functions of Neighbor Discovery are performed with the following messages: * Router Solicitation IPv6 hosts send Router Solicitation messages to discover IPv6 routers present on the link. To prompt IPv6 routers to respond immediately, hosts send multicast Router Solicitation messages rather than waiting for a periodic Router Advertisement message. * Router Advertisement IPv6 routers send Router Advertisement messages either periodically or in response to the receipt of Router Solicitation messages. Router Advertisement messages contain the information required by hosts to determine what the link prefixes are, what the link MTU is, whether or not to use address autoconfiguration, and the duration for which addresses created through address...
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