...Experimental Design 1 Experimental Design Bashaer Alkhafaji University Of Michigan- Dearborn Experimental Design 2 Question: Which paper towel absorbs water the most? Personal Relevancy and Description of subject area: Paper towels are very useful when it comes to cleaning up spills. In addition, paper towels can be used to dry hands, wipe tables, and etc. (Paper towels) There are so many uses for paper towels that Americans last year “spent nearly $2.3 billion on paper towels” (Wilbert, 2003). The reason why Americans prefer paper towels than cloth towels is because they can be thrown away, unfortunately “sending 3000 tons of paper towels to landfills each day” (Wilbert, 2003). Imagine how many trees were cut down to meet consumer needs. According to the Business and the Environment, “270,000,000 trees are flushed down or thrown into the garbage” (2006). As a teacher, I want to teach my students to be more eco-friendly and to save money. Students have a tendency to overuse paper towels and waste not only money spent on paper towels, but also trees that were cut down to make paper towels. I want to show them how much paper towels they really need by doing an experiment of which paper towel absorbs water the most. Also, this experiment will show them that the most absorbent paper towel will hold enough water without over using it in a minor spill. Hypothesis: Bounty paper towels will absorb more volume of water, then other brands of paper towels in a time frame...
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...radiation will reflect it to your eyes, making the material look like the color of the light and giving it a lighter. It naturally follows then that if a surface absorbs most of the light hitting it, the surface heats up quickly. Black or dark colored materials and objects give off and absorb in heat the fastest. The reason for this is that lighter colors have a greater Albedo, which means, they reflect more light. Instead of thinking of dark colors as absorbers of heat, darker colors are actually better absorbers of light. Darker colors absorb comparatively more light. Since light is energy, an absorption would increase a materials temperature. Hence, darker colors become better radiators of heat. It is important to note that an object appears white if it reflects all colors and black if it absorbs all colors. Naturally there are different degrees of color and therefore degrees of absorption. So, too, the type of material will affect its relative heating. An object with a dull black (non-reflective) finish will absorb the most energy and reflect the least. When a black object is illuminated by white light, all wavelengths are absorbed and none are reflected. As a result, the object...
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...[pic] Water and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Graduate Studies Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron Student Name: Lina M.A Tamimi Supervisor: Dr. Jack Mustaklem 2014 Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron ✓ Introduction Samples can be analyzed spectrophotometrically for iron by forming the reddish-orange tris complex of iron (II) and 1,10-phenanthroline, C12H8N2 (see below). This complex absorbs light in the visible region rather strongly with a maximum absorbance occurring around 510 nm. The absorption of light by this complex follows the Beer-Lambert law over a wide concentration range. In this experiment the iron content of an unknown will be determined by comparing the absorbance at a specific wavelength of an unknown solution to that of standards. Beer-Lambert law ( A = abc Where: A ( is the absorbance (in absorbance units) at a specific wavelength; a: is the absorptivity at a specific wavelength; when expressed in units of L/mol-cm it is the molar absorptivity (ε); c: is the concentration of the absorbing species, usually expressed in units of mol/L; b: is the pathlength of the sample through which the light beam passes, usually expressed in units of cm. ✓ Procedure a) Preparation of solution : 1) Prepare a standard iron solution containing about 0.0702 g of iron per 1000 mL by first calculating the required amount of pure ferrous ammonium sulfate [Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2C6H2O]...
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...Paper towel rolls are an everyday household item and it sold in almost every grocery store. There are not many manufactures of paper towels, Bounty, Brawny, Scott, Viva, Sparkle, Kleenex and each store typically has their own generic brand as well. Each of the companies who sell paper towels also can chose the quantities they sells them at, the most common are 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24. There is a very inelastic demand for paper towels since there are not many substitutes for them except individual paper towel squares. Just about every grocery store sells paper towels, Walmart, Target, Save a lot, Safeway etc. Paper towels are in an oligopoly market because there is only a select few sellers, and even with the small number of people selling the...
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...Western Governors University INT1 Task 3 Paper Towel Absorbency A. Project Plan I am conducting an experiment to determine which, paper towel brands: Bounty, Viva, Great Value, or Sparkle is the most absorbent for everyday spills. I will be testing how much water each paper towel absorbs from 60 milliliters of water. · Problem Statement I will measure the amount of water, in milliliters, that each paper towel absorbs from a beaker. The independent variable is the different types of similar sized paper towels. The dependent variable will be the millimeters of water in the beakers. Which paper towel brand soaks up, meaning leaves behind the least amount of water, the highest amount of the 60 milliliters of water? I will test the absorbance of each brand of paper towel by placing each paper towel into the same amount of water for 15 seconds and then remove each paper towel allowing it to drip for 15 seconds. After measuring the water left behind in the pan I will compare the average of 3 trials for each brand to determine which paper towel brand absorbs the most water. · Relevance of my testable question This experiment is important to the real world because that every household has spills to clean up and there are many options at different price ranges to choose from. Knowing which paper towel brand absorbs the most liquid will help every day families make the decision of the best paper towel to buy for their home. · Literature Review: I found 2 projects...
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...INT1 Task 3 Do more expensive paper towels absorb more water than less expensive products? By: Gregory M. Herrin Project design Plan When consumers are in the store to purchase paper towels, there are numerous options and brands to choose from; all claiming to be the best product with the most absorbency. How does a consumer choose the best option for the best price? The goal of this experiment will be to determine if higher priced paper towels are more absorbent than the less expensive paper towels on the market. Four relatively common brands will be tested for their water absorbency: Viva ($0.049/square foot), Bounty ($0.046/square foot), Brawny ($0.044/square foot) and Sparkle ($0.024/square foot). Ultimately, the experiment should show which of the commonly used household paper towels is more water absorbent and if price equals value for these products. Literature Review A number of experiments have been completed to demonstrate and/or test the absorbency of paper towels. Len Penzo dot Com, a personal finance blog, completed an experiment on which brand of paper towel was the best value. They tested six different brands of paper towels for absorbency and scrub strength: Sparkle, Bounty, Bounty Basic, Scott, Shoppers Value, Viva and Kirkland Signature. To measure the absorbency, the paper towels were dipped into glasses of water until saturated and then the water squeezed from the towels was measured. To measure the scrub strength, the towels were wrapped...
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...INT 1 TASK 3 * Which Paper Towel Will Absorb The Most Water? By Rachel Martin Project Design Plan The paper towel experiment is a project that determines which paper towel brand will absorb the most amount of water in a given time period. Literature Review There are many different brands of paper towels in the supermarkets. They are claim to be the best or have the best absorbency over their rivals. There have been many experiments involving the absorbency of paper towels. Samantha P. tested four different brands of paper towels, which were Bounty, Scott, Sparkle and Western Family. Her prediction was that Bounty paper towels would be the most absorbent based on research on the internet. The constant in the experiment was the size of each paper towel and the amount of water. The manipulated variable was the different brands of paper towels and responding variable was the amount of water left over after experiment. The results indicated that Sparkle brand paper towels were actually the most absorbent, which rejected her hypothesis that Bounty was the most absorbent. (Samantha P., 2000) Kalix Martin tested four brands of paper towels for absorbency: Bounty, Target store brand, Viva, and Brawny. Martin’s hypothesis was that Bounty would be the most absorbent of the four paper towels. The constant in this experiment was the size of the bowls, the same amount of water, the same...
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...A child’s ultimate goal in life is to create the person s/he is to become (Montessori, 2012). There are intrinsic and universal powers within a child that are rudimentary in his/her arduous task of self-construction. Montessori identified these elements as: the human tendencies (1966, 2007a, 2007b), the planes of development (2007a), the absorbent mind (2007a), and the sensitive periods (1966). This paper will give an account on how these elements come together in a child’s life, and how, with the understanding of this concepts, the adults – parents, carers and educators alike – can prepare a favourable environment most suitable for the optimal formation of man. It will also provide examples of the unfolding of this process of growth and development. Montessori (2012) identified three planes of development which are grouped into six-year cycles: birth to age six, age six to 12, and age 12 to 18 (Montessori, 2012). The second plane, childhood, is peaceful and stable, while the first and third planes, the absorbent mind and adolescence, respectively, are periods of dramatic changes and creative transformations. Montessori believed that the first stage of growth is the most important one because “(a)t no other age has the child greater need of an intelligent help, and any obstacles that impedes his creative work will lessen the chance he has of achieving perfection” (2007a, p26). According to Montessori (2012), a child’s mind possesses unique powers, present only in...
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...INT1 Task 3 Page 2 Project Design Plan This experiment asks the question, “What paper towel is more absorbent for the price per sheet?” Will the more costly paper towels absorb a bigger spill therefore giving the consumer reasoning on buying the higher priced paper towel? This experiment will examine the absorbency of three different brands of paper towels and then compare the results to the price of the product to find the absorbency value. First, we will purchase one roll from three different brands of paper towels from the same store at retail price. It’s important to purchase the products at full cost or note what the normal price is from the same store since different stores may have different prices. Different brands of paper towel rolls come with different amounts of sheets as well as sizes, so it will be important to have all the sample sizes the same for accurate results. The results will be drawn up after the controlled experiment is finished. The experiment will consist of taking an individual sheet from each brand of paper towel and spread it over a container and using a medicine dropper or eye dropper filled with water, squeeze drops onto the paper towel one at a time until the water starts to leak into the container below. Each drop will be counted up to the point where the water leaks into the container. This will be done three times with each brand...
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...AMERICAN JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH VOL. 8, NO. 1 (2009) Cyanine Dyes: Fine Structures in Their Absorption Spectra Anna Zarow and Yeung-gyo Shin Department of Chemistry/Physics Kean University 1000 Morris Avenue Union, New Jersey 07083 USA Received: October 13, 2008 Accepted: May 19, 2009 ABSTRACT Absorption spectra were studied for two series of 3 cyanine dyes with varying length of conjugated hydrocarbon chains. Fine sturctures in absortpiton spectra were analyzed to –8 determine its concentraion dependence as the concentraion of dyes were changed from 10 M to –4 10 M. In all 6 dyes studied, ratios of minor peaks to the major peak remained constant within the experiemntal error. These results indicate that the origin of the absorption fine structure is due to the electronic coupling, an intramolecular process, rather than the aggragates formation, an intermolecular process. I. INTRODUCTION cm‾ . This observation is not accordance with Particle in a Box estimation nor a state of the art computational method [7-9] which predict the absorption spectra of these dyes to be consist of a smooth single peak. One possible explanation of the caused for the splitting is attributed to the ability of the dye molecules to form dimmers or trimers as mentioned in “Experiments in Physical Chemistry”. This explanation is very attractive one since resonance structure prevalent throughout the molecule implies extensive -electron network that forces the molecule to be planar. More...
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...The Paper Towel Experiment. I remember watching certain television commercials when I was kid about the absorbency and strength of paper towels. They seemed to always focus on people trying to wipe up large amounts of water and most of being dumped onto the floor or wet paper towels being stretched out and weight being applied and falling through immediately. Ultimately it was the thickest and newest paper towel that wiped up all the water without spilling any and held the weight. Even as a child I felt this was completely staged and new that major parts of the research was not shown. As an adult, I just choose what I feel is a reasonable brand and wipe away at home without any thought about the value or absorbency of what I am using. With this thought in mind I decided to test four different brands of paper towels to see which one was the most absorbent. I would test the hypothesis that a thicker and coarser paper towel did in fact absorb more water. I first looked to some previous tests to see what steps they took in their testing. The first test I found dipped the paper towels into water and squeezed the towels into a glass (Penzo, nd). While this test seemed to be a good ideal, I felt for the purpose of my test I wanted to find how much water the towel held, not how much I could squeeze out of it. I also found a test that used weight as the measure of absorbency. Consumer Reports weighed each dry towel, wet them, strained them across a pan to remove excess...
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...Kayleigh Lanning Biology 101 Dr. Lazar June 10, 2013 In this lab the objective was to measure the absorbance of different wavelengths of light through pigments. First we separated the major pigments found in leaves of green plants then we transmitted different wavelengths of light through each major pigment. Activity one dealt with solubility of several pigments. The information given to conduct this experiment was that a chlorophyll a pigment will turn a blue/green color, a chlorophyll b will be a yellow green, carotene will be a deep yellow and xanthophyll will be a pail yellow. We were also given the fact that the most soluble pigment would be at the top of the chromatography paper. While separating the pigments, my group hypothesized that if we tested the pigments for solubility, then carotene would be the most soluble. The independent variable would be the comparison of the different pigments, and the dependent variable would be the solubility. In this experiment we used chromatography paper, spinach leaves extract, a lead pencil, a metric ruler, a paintbrush, one large beaker, 5-7 mL of solvent consisting of 10% acetone in petroleum ether and a paper clip. It was also important that we had access to a fume hood. The first thing we did was gather the materials. Then we got the ruler and using the lead pencil drew a line about 15 mm from the bottom of the chromatography paper (the long side of the page). After we did that we got the spinach leaves extract and with...
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...Cobalt(II)Chloride. The ratio was 5 to 10. I diluted 5 milliliters of Cobalt(II)Chloride with 5 milliliters of distilled water into test tube 1. After I took 5ml of test tube 1 and applied it too test tube 2, which had 5ml of distilled water. I repeated this process with test tube 3 and test tube 4 and test tube 5. The concentration levels of the Cobalt(II)Chloride decreased along each test tube, you could tell since each test tube became a lighter shade of reddish pink. The reason to this was because I needed to determine the wavelength and absorption of the colored solution in each solution. The absorption spectrum(absorption spectra) is used to measure the absorption of radiation as a frequency or wavelength due to the interaction of the substance with the sample. It is used as tool to determine the presence of a particular substance and the quantity of the substance present in the sample or samples, as in this case I have 5 test tubes. The absorption spectrum for cobalt(II)chloride with the color red has a wavelength of 680nm(nanometers). This means that the solution did not absorb a lot of the color red. From the graph we can see that green was absorbed the most which had a maximum wavelength of 551nm(nanometers). Since the green was mostly absorbed, it was not reflected through the sample when hit with light. The absorbance of the cobalt(II)chloride is found first because with that we are able to find out the concentration level by using the formula M1V1=M2V2. For each test tube...
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...Advantages of Nonwoven Gauze Over Woven Gauze |SN |PARAMETER |UNIT |WOVEN Gauze |SPUNLACE NONWOVEN N GAUZE |Advantage | |1 |Liquid absorbency time |Sec. |< 10 |< 5 |Faster absorption of liquids | | | | | | |/ exudates | |2 |Absorbency Capacity |% |1200 (approx.) |1500 (approx.) |More absorption capacity | |3 |Feel | |Less Soft |Soft |Softer feel keeps patient | | | | | | |more comfortable. | |4 |Chemical processing | |Done |Not required |No requirement of chemical | | |Sizing,de-sizing,scouring| | | |processing makes nonwoven | | |, bleaching | | | |fabric free of impurities. | | | | | | |Hence, the chances of | | | | | | |presence of...
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...Problem Statement Which of the leading brand paper towels is more absorbent; Brawny, Bounty, Sparkle, or Scott? Relevance of Testable Question The relevance of this test question is to determine which brand of leading paper towels is the best most absorbent. Consumers want to use the product that is most effective at meeting their needs. A more expensive product may actually be more cost effective if you can use less of it than a brand that costs less. Literature Review Many experiments have been conducted to test the strength and absorbency of paper towels. While the steps of the experiment vary from test to test, all of experiments are testing the same two factors; how much water can each paper towel brand absorb and how strong are each of the paper towels. Below I have reviewed the process and results from three experiments that are similar to the one I will be using. In the first experiment, the tester uses five brands of paper towels to test for absorbency, using paper towels of the same size to ensure the accuracy of the results. He draws a two inch circle in the center of a sheet of paper towel from each brand represented and placing the paper towel in an embroidery hoop to maintain stability. He then drops fifteen drops of water into the center of the circle draw on the paper towel, repeating the process for each brand, and measures the amount of time it takes the paper towel to wick the moisture outside of the circle. This test concludes that...
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