...the topic of blood disorders. I am going to explain iron deficiency and anemia, sickle cell anemia and thrombocytopenia. I am going to describe each disorder, the cause, and symptoms of patients in scenarios and how to prevent the disease. I am also going to discuss the purpose of plasma, red blood cells and platelets. Plasma is the fluid that is in the blood stream outside of cells. Plasma helps to protect someone from infections or blood disorders. Blood plasma is collected by spinning a tube of fresh blood in a centrifuge. The tube contains an anticoagulant that keeps the blood from thickening. When blood is put in the spinner the blood cells fall to the bottom and the plasma is left at the top and is drawn off. Blood plasma carries amino acids, sugars, fats, salts, minerals, anti-bodies, clotting proteins, hormones and proteins that help maintain the body. The Red blood cells deliver oxygen throughout the body to tissues and comes back as carbon dioxide for the lungs. Red blood cells come from the bone marrow. Platelets also known as thrombocytes are present in the blood. They work with other substances to form clots to stop bleeding. Platelets play the main roll in hemostasis which is the body’s natural prevention to blood loss. The first scenario I was given was iron deficiency anemia. Anemia is when the body lacks healthy red blood cells. Iron is what keeps blood cells healthy if your body does not get enough iron it will produce less blood cells or blood cells that...
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...CASE STUDY 1 – THE CHILDREN WITH LEAD POISONING A physician working for the US Public Health Service moves to Los Angeles to assume the directorship of an inner-city health care facility for the disadvantaged. Over a period of time, she notices that an unusually large number of children brought to clinic are experiencing joint pain, difficulty walking and excessive salivation. Some have had seizures. Also many of their parents note that the children’s personalities have changed, with normally outgoing children becoming shy and withdrawn. The physician decides to investigate the situation and contacts the CDC, which sends an epidemiologist to assist her. They obtain more complete medical histories for 15 children, ranging from 6-15 years of age and perform blood and urine tests on each. In addition to the signs and symptoms already noted, the children frequently report numbness and tingling in their limbs; they perform poorly on hearing, vision and intelligence tests; their lab results how reduced RBC counts and traces of lead in blood and urine. All of these children live in the same housing project, play together in the same neighborhood and contribute a little to the family finances by salvaging scrap metal from a closed manufacturing plant nearby and selling it to recyclers. When the epidemiologist inspects the site, he finds paint peeling from the factory walls and dust on the floor composed in large part of pulverized paint chips. Analysis of the paint chips and dust...
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...Case Study # 1: Anemia Jyothi Malaickal Grand Canyon University Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Client’s Health NRS 410V January 24, 2015 Case Study # 1; Anemia Anemia is a one of the most common blood condition that affects over 3 million people in the United Sates of America. Nursing case studies benefits the nursing professional in the process of diagnosis, treatment, planning and nursing interventions of patient that they care. It helps the nurses for critical thinking and also to resolve the health problems of patient’s. In the case study provided Ms. A. presents with symptoms of Iron deficiency anemia. Anemia is a medical condition where quality and quantity of hemoglobin and red blood cells (RBC) are decreased, which in turn decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood to the body parts, tissues and organs. The normal level of hemoglobin in male and female are different. In men hemoglobin level less than 13.5gram/100ml and in women hemoglobin level less than 12.0gram/100ml is considered as anemia. The most common causes for anemia are RBC destruction, bone marrow dysfunction, acute, chronic blood loss, and nutritional deficit (Bryan &et al, 2012). Here the author explains and assesses Ms. A. and her presented signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia which is a common type of anemia affects young women of reproductive age. Signs and Symptom of Iron Deficiency Anemia Malnutrition...
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...abnormal values: hemoglobin = 8 g/dl when standard values in females are 12-17g/dl, erythrocyte = 3.1 x 10/mm normal value is 3,5-5.5x10/mm, hematocrit = 32% normal when is between 36%-46%, reticulocyte count = 1.5% normal values are between 0.5-1.5%, and RBC smear abnormal. Given laboratory results for hemoglobin, reticulocyte hematocrit and erythrocyte count are bellow the normal value in a healthy individual and are the general presentation of anemic state. A client with anemia has tissue hypoxia because of the decreased oxygen-carrying volume of the blood. In contrast, a patient with polycythemia has increased blood viscosity and volume attributable to the increase in the number of RBCs (Banasik 269) Ms. A case explanation shows that she has iron-deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), it’s a frequent seen condition, in which there is a decline in iron concentration in blood and hemoglobin Levels. IDA is triggered by insufficient consumption of iron, insufficient storing of iron, extreme iron loss, or some mixture of these situations. The red blood cells (RBCs), that develop whitish (hypochromic) and tiny...
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...and fatigue, is iron-deficiency anemia. Iron deficiencies have been found to occur frequently in athletes and young adults who exercise excessively. Iron deficiency is common in those who exercise frequently because of the amount of iron that is expelled from the body through excessive sweating (Wouthuyzen-Bakker & Assen, 2015). Iron-deficiency anemia is common in vegetarians because of the lack of animal proteins consumed. Meats, including fish, red meats, and poultry, help the body absorb iron. Without consuming meat or supplementing iron through other foods or vitamins iron levels are often low in vegetarians (Beck, Conlon, & Kruger 2014). Fatigue and cold intolerance are common symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia (Lewis, Dirksen & Heitkemper, 2014). A full history and physical exam should be done for this patient in order to detect any other underlying causes. The patient should be assessed for other signs and symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia such as heart palpatations, shortness of breath, headaches, paleness, or pruritus. A complete blood count should also be done on this patient to determine the levels of serum ferritin (Callachand, 2015). One pharmacologic treatment option for iron-deficiency anemia is an oral iron supplement. By taking supplemental iron the patient will get the amount of iron needed to maintain normal blood levels that she is not getting from her diet. There are also alternatives which are called sodium ferrous gluconate and iron sucrose, these are...
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...Anemia Jinal patel Grand Canyon University Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Clients' Health NRS-410V April 17, 2016 Anemia is defines as a condition which body don’t have healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the tissue of our body. There are different type of anemia which have different causes. While look at Ms. A’s sign and symptoms she complain of menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea for 10-12 years, lightheadedness, increased respiratory rate, and heart rate which point towards Iron deficiency Anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is common type of anemia in which blood lake healthy red cells which are provide oxygen to tissue of our body. It can cause by insufficient iron in our body. Due to low iron our red blood cell lake hemoglobin which enable oxygen supply. Her Hbg: 8g/dl, Hematocrit: 32%, Erythrocyte: 3.1 x 10/mm, RBS smear with microcytic and hypochromic cells, Reticulocyte count: 1.5%, considering her sign and symptoms Ms. A should be further evaluated for her condition and should be treated for her Iron deficiency anemia. Iron is very important for all existing beings because it is very important for different metabolic processes which includes oxygen transportation, synthesis of DNA, and transport of electron (Harper, 2012). Any condition of bleeding or blood loss can cause iron diminution. Hemoglobin represent 2/3 of body iron in red blood cell which are circulating in our body. Every gram of hemoglobin contains about 3.47mg iron, 0.5mg of iron...
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...Pica behavior because your body is supporting for two persons and without all the nutrition’s your body needs to support you and your baby it is going to start craving unusual things. As reported by the bump pregnant women get strange cravings for things that are edible but sometimes can be dangerous for the baby health like dirt, clay, and chalk. B. Main Point Two – Now that I have tell about the three main reasons for Pica disorder. Next I am going to tell you about the causes, symptoms, and complication associate with the behavior. 1. According to heathatoz Iron deficiency is the leading cause of pica or a result of it. Because some substances, such as clay or dirt, are believed to block the absorption of iron into the bloodstream, it was thought that low blood levels of iron could be the direct result of pica. However, some studies have shown that pica cravings in individuals with iron deficiency stop once iron supplements are given to correct the deficiency or in some cases the pica behavior don’t stop because the individuals is use to eat that certain substance. 2. In some cultures, nonfood substances are believed to have positive health effects. Among the south some African American believed that ingesting a particular kind of odd colored clay is believed to promote health and reduce morning sickness during...
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...Iron deficiency anemia is a condition where the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Iron deficiency is also known as too little iron. Lily’s body needs iron to produce hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the part of the red blood cells that give blood its red color. Hemoglobin also carries oxygenated blood to the body. That is the main reason why Lily is tired all the time. Vegetarians, frequent blood donators, infants and children, and women are all risk factors for iron deficiency anemia. It is caused by a poor iron diet; the body doesn’t absorb the iron well, long-term slow blood loss, and rapid growth. Lily shows some of the common symptoms for iron deficiency anemia, pale skin color and unusual food cravings such as her hot dog, bread, and pasta only diet. Other symptoms include “blue-tinged or very pale whites of eyes, blood in the stools, brittle nails, decreased appetite (especially in children), fatigue, headache, irritability, and shortness of breath, sore tongue, and weakness”. ("Health Central", 2012). Lily can prevent iron deficiency anemia by including more iron in her diet. It’s important that Lily’s mother tries to include more sources of iron. Milk is not a good source of iron. Good sources of iron include chicken, fish, eggs, turkey, soy beans, spinach, prunes, raisins, and oatmeal. It is also important to not overload her body with iron. Iron accumulation can damage the liver. Complications can arise from iron deficiency anemia. Complications...
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...suggested that patients with iron deficiency could also be more susceptible to infections than those with a normal iron status[7–9]. In fact, iron is a fundamental nutrient for humans, but also a key element for bacteria growth[10–13]. Essentially, free iron in circulation promotes the release of siderophores by various bacteria, which in turn, allows the latter to compete with the host for the existing free iron. To enhance bacterial growth, the iron complexes formed are thus incorporated by receptor-mediated endocytosis[14, 15]. Moreover, evidence also suggests that a second mechanism exists for acquiring available iron in the bloodstream, through the secretion of hemolysins[16]. Iron metabolism is extensively altered by inflammation. In fact, sequestration of this element normally occurs in response to an acute inflammatory reaction, which might represent part of a defense mechanism of the human body[10]. For patients admitted to the ICU, two correlations have been established for sepsis: a direct correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) and ferritin concentrations and an inverse correlation between CRP concentration and transferrin values in the first day of hospitalization[17]. Furthermore, Fernandez et al have demonstrated, in a small sample of ICU patients, that functional iron deficiency measured by reticulocyte hemoglobin content is associated to worst outcomes such as ICU acquired infections and higher length of stay[18, 19]. Iron is essential for...
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...scientists have looked for a way to fortify iodized salt to combat iron-deficiency anemia, which affects some two billion people, as well as vitamin A deficiency, which afflicts at least 100 million children in poor countries and is the leading cause of blindness among them. Canadian researchers have now developed practical way to double- and triple- fortify salt, which might also be more acceptable to people than genetically modified foods in tackling malnutrition. Adding iron to iodized salt is a simple idea that has proved difficult to execute. The chemicals are incompatible: when mixed together, iodine vaporizes and iron degrades. After more than a decade, Levente Doisady, a chemical engineer at the University of Toronto, finally solved the problem by borrowing a technique from the food industry referred to as microencapsulation. The process involves spraying iron particles with stearine, a vegetable fat, which creates a protective coat and prevents the iron from reacting with the iodine. Encapsulating the iron, however, was only part of the solution. Diosady’s team also had to change the appearance of the iron particles-which are dark brown and much smaller than salt grains. “The iron can’t look like mice droppings in the salt,” Diosady’s said. “This is important in developing countries where food contamination is a problem.” So to make the iron resemble salt, Diosady first sprays the microscopic iron granules with maltodextrin, a modified food...
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...Iron Deficiency Anemia Gretchen Tai see Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 281 Pathophysiology Professor Patton 29 May 2015 Iron deficiency anemia is a common easily treated condition that occurs if you don’t have enough iron in your body. The word "anemia" usually refers to a condition in which your blood has a lower than normal number of red blood cells. Red blood cells are responsible for the transport of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide (a waste product) from your body. In iron deficiency anemia, the red cells appear abnormal and are unusually small (microcytic) and pale (hypochromic). The pallor of the red blood cells reflects their low hemoglobin content. There are four common causes associated with Iron deficiency anemia. The first one is decreased intake of iron in your diet. This mostly affects infants less than six months old because their diet consists of mostly breast milk and breast milk is a poor source of iron. For adults we can increase our diet with foods that are rich in iron like red meat, pork, seafood, beans, dark leafy vegetables to name a few. We should also take a vitamin C supplement or eat more foods rich in vitamin C such as broccoli, grapefruit, kiwi, oranges, and strawberries. These foods can aid in the absorption of iron. The second cause is increase demand that the body has for iron when a child or adolescent is going through a rapid growth there is an expansion of blood volume. Another example of this would be when a woman...
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...of doctors when prescribing drugs for Iron Deficiency anemia Research paper presented to SPPSPTM, NMIMS In partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree B.Pharm + MBA (MBA PharmaTech) By Dishali Shah A073 Academic Year 2015 - 2016 Statement by candidate This is to submit that this submission report is my report entitled “Prescription behavior of doctors when prescribing drugs for Iron Deficiency anemia” represents my ideas in my own words and where others’ ideas have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have followed all the principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/ data/ fact / source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be a cause of strict disciplinary action by the School and can also evoke penal action from the sources, which have thus not been properly cited, or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed. P. Score________% Signature of Student Name of Student SVKM’s NMIMS Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-400056. SHOBHABEN PRATAPBHAI PATEL SCHOOL OF PHARMACY AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT, SVKM’s NMIMS 2 Certificate The work described in this report entitled “Prescription behavior of doctors when prescribing drugs for Iron Deficiency anemia” has been carried out by Ms. Dishali J....
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...The Santa Barbara Institute for Medical Nutrition & Healthy Weight Let Food Be Your Medicine Too John La Puma, MD FACP Medical Director Athlete and Sports Nutrition Questionnaire Please complete prior to your visit, and bring to your appointment. What is your primary goal here today in your visit? What would make this visit successful for you? Please list any medical conditions you have been told you have by a physician. List all. Specifically, has a doctor ever told you that you have any of the following? __ Iron Deficiency Anemia __ Eating Disorder Syndrome ___Stress Fracture __ Diabetes __High Blood Pressure __ Irritable Bowel Females Only: Do you consider your menstrual cycle to be regular? Yes ______ No _______ If not, explain: What vitamins, minerals, supplements and medications do you take? List all, including occasional ones, and frequency Medical Office & Appointments 805-284-2238voice 123 West Padre Street, Suite B www.ChefMD.com Santa Barbara CA USA 93105 www.DrJohnLaPuma.com Are you allergic to any food or medication? If so, please name. How many times per day do you eat? Name the three most common places you eat: Please list any foods you avoid and why: Overall, how satisfied are you with your current level of athletic performance? Do you have any personal goals for body composition or body weight? If Yes, what are they, and why? Have you experienced any recent weight changes within the last year? Yes _____No___ Medical Office & Appointments 805-284-2238voice...
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...Anemia Statistics for Patient Populations To help explain the prevalence of anemia, the education kit provides statistics related to anemia of chronic disease and other at-risk patients. Older Adults & the Elderly Fatigue, weakness and other anemia symptoms can be misconstrued as normal signs of old age, but neither anemia nor these symptoms are a natural part of aging and should receive meticulous medical attention. · 10% of persons aged 65 and older have anemia1 · 50% of nursing home residents have anemia2 · Anemic elderly are twice as likely tbe hospitalized for falls3 Cancer Patients Cancer and its treatment can cause anemia by interfering with the body's production and regulation of red blood cells. · 80% of chemotherapy patients have severe anemia4-6 · 550,000 people die from cancer each year7 Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Anemia is a common and early complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and worsens as the disease progresses. An estimated 65 million American adults with hypertension8 and 17 million with diabetes9 are at increased risk for CKD and subsequently anemia. · 26 million Americans have chronic kidney disease10 · 28% of mild CKD patients are anemic11 · 87% of severe CKD patients are anemic11 Critically Ill Patients Many factors contribute tanemia in critically ill patients including trauma, surgical blood loss, inflammation and nutritional deficiencies. · 50% of patients in the intensive care unit are anemic12 · 75% of long-stay...
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...Case Study 1 Iron Deficiency Anemia Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is the result of not having enough iron in the body. It is the leading cause of anemia worldwide; commonly caused by nutritional deficiencies. (Iron Disorders Institute, 2015). Red blood cells (RBC) use iron for development, without enough iron the blood is unable to effectively carry oxygen. The information below will compare the diagnosing process of IDA with the information provided in the case study regarding Ms. A. and; confirming the diagnosis IDA. Causes The body stores iron and when the reserves are low it is referred to as IDA. This occurs when the body is not able to replace the RBCs and iron as fast as the body is losing it. Another contributor is the body is not absorbing the iron or the body can absorb the iron but the consumption of iron rich foods is inadequate. Other causes of IDA is loss of iron from bleeding. Bleeding can be a result of heavy menstrual cycles, stomach & esophageal cancer, varices in the esophagus from liver cirrhosis, peptic ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding and from prolonged use of aspirin and other anti inflammatory medications. (Mayo Clinic, 2015). Rational: Ms. A states, “menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea has been a problem for 10-12 years”. She also reports taking 1000 mg of aspirin every 3-4 hours for six days while menstruating. (GCU, 2015). Symptoms Symptoms of IDA can start out being mild with little or no symptoms at all. Mild symptoms include: irritability, fatigue...
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