...dates from the early 20th cent., when the first organized efforts were made to find alternatives to wars in nation-state international behavior. Two schools of thought quickly developed. One looks to strengthened international law and international organizations to preserve peace; the other emphasizes that nations will always use their power to achieve goals and sees the key to peace in a balance of power among competing states. With increased importance attached to a theoretical understanding of the whole international system, there has been a growing use of concepts and modes of analysis developed in the natural sciences in an attempt to improve the verifiability and applicability of theories. International relations is the study of relationships between nations. When analyzing international relations three general levels refer the complexities of world politics: individual, state and the international system. Individual- The individual level of analysis focuses on decisions made by individual people that go on to shape foreign policy. This type of analysis will involve examining the traits, desires and ideals of the individual, and the impact that they had on decisions that affected world...
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...A Sociological Perspective on Drugs and Drug Use Erich Goode, Professor of Sociology at SUNY Stony Brook From: Drugs in American Society, Chapter 1 ©1972 Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0-394-31323-2 SOCIAL CONTEXT AND HUMAN MEANING What can a sociologist tell us about drug use that we do not already know? If there is anything particularly distinctive about the sociologist's view, it is his emphasis on social context. It might appear that this concept seeped into the public consciousness long ago, that it is a banality. But if this were so, the stupendous blunders committed every day by drug researchers and commentators would not occur. If the concept were really understood, a large part of the drug problem would also be understood. The social context of drug use powerfully influences—indeed, it might almost be said determines—at least four central aspects of the drug reality, aspects that traditionally have been presumed to grow directly out of the chemical and pharmacological properties of drugs themselves, independent of human intervention. These four aspects are drug definitions, drug effects, drug-related behavior, and the drug experience. The sociological perspective stands in direct opposition to what might be called the chemicalistic fallacy—the view that drug A causes behavior X, that what we see as behavior and effects associated with a given drug are solely (or even mainly) a function of the biochemical properties of that drug, of the drug plus the human animal...
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...What is Sociology of Education? Posted on December 27, 2010 by Sitwe This essay will firstly define education and sociology then it will define what sociology of education is and come up with a suitable definition on sociology of education from various definitions. This suitable definition will be discussed further because it speaks much of what goes on in education system. Peter Snelson (1974) defines education as a condition of human Survival. It is the means where by one generation Transmits the wisdom, knowledge and experience Which prepares the next generation for life duties And pleasure. This definition on education helps us to act with more insight and more intelligence in molding the youth in an acceptable manner. We can give a sound academic mission to the youth by teaching them survival skills such as carpentry, pottery, basketry and other survival skills which can better their lives. Human beings not only acquire new skills but also form the society. To this effect parents and teachers should work hand in hand in order to help the youths themselves have knowledge and in coming up with relevant ways it’s a matter of assisting them. By teaching the young ones, knowledge is transmitted from one generation to the next. This simply enlightens us that education is a continuous process. The statement “sky is the limit” helps us to have a wide knowledge about all aspects of education. Education prepares individuals to do things it is their responsibility to do them. For instance...
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...framed in science. And while science is usually thought of to have no opinion about questions of right and wrong, Hobbes would argue otherwise. He wanted to move moral and political philosophy into the realm of science, where answers can—and should— come from science and reason, and away from the monopoly over human values held by religious texts. Furthermore, he called for a powerful, civil authority to combat what he called “the state of nature (Leviathan).” It may seem normal to define morality and science as entirely separate from each other, that is, to say that science can help explain why we may value certain things, but it can never determine what we should value. However, Hobbes sees an overlap between facts and values and attempts to use empirical answers to help figure out philosophical problems. This idea of applying facts to issues of good and evil rests upon the notion that questions such as “What is truly worth living for?...Or even dying for?” “What is morality?” and “What is a ‘good’ life?” have answers. Hobbes would say that they do, and with good reason. Questions like “What food is healthy?” or “What exercises are best?” are much like moral questions because it is difficult to find an exact answer due to the many different, correct ideas about which food or exercise is better for you than the other. There will always be some matter of opinion. Still, scientific facts are useful to find which foods are poisonous, and which exercises could be dangerous, in the...
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...this type of punishment, in particular, Algeria, Tajikistan, Sri Lanka, Laos, Russia and others. They cite the following reasons: possibility of a miscarriage of justice, absence of addressing the causes of crime, contradiction to the international law standards. In the modern globalized world the international community faced faces with the active development of global problems such as terrorism, drug trafficking, corruption, etc. These problems stimulate the constant debate about the necessity to toughen penalties for dangerous criminals, in particular, people discuss the need for of the death penalty in states, where the law does not provide it as capital punishment. The Russian Federation is one of these states. It is the largest country in the world, and many criminal elements from neighboring less prosperous countries penetrate on its territory, they commit serious crimes in Russia and its citizens also organize or take part in crimes, the most dangerous crimes concern the high level of corruption . In this regard, the discussion on the introduction of the death penalty in Russia is very important. In my opinion, the study of the national peculiarities of this question is very interesting, so let us consider this issue in detail. On the one...
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...Callanta Dr. Gloria Guevara Politics 101 28 February 2013 Political Power Power has been something mankind has endlessly fought for from our very beginning. And though we’ve come a long way from war-waging territorial disputes to form the great countries we have now, it’s something we still use greatly today whether it be something small such as being head of household or head of the company. In this paper I will be discussing possibly the greatest power there is: political power. To start, let’s define what power is. Power in relation to politics is the driving force of politics. Without power our governments could not function. In politics, power has many sources which include a large population, thriving economy, united society and wise leadership. Political power is usually seen as national wealth or even military spending and it is never equally distributed. (Magdstadt 3,4) So now, what is politics? Politics is puzzling and for the most part goes unrecognized, but most of us can see it when it is put to the test. We as a community select a certain few and empower them, (Magdstadt 3) so that they can convey what it is that we want, and who can provide us with what we need. People can participate in politics, by voicing their opinion on how things should be enforced. They can do this by participating in elections or partaking in a referendum when they believe something should be changed. (Magdstadt 274, 280) This affects public interest because politics is first and foremost...
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...entity; the whole planets population is concerned by environmental troubles. Each living entity on the planet may affect the environment. In order for individuals to preserve the planet, assistant in resolving environmental problems, and attain sustainability of the planet as it grows, a person should know the fundamental principles of environmental science. Environmental science may be described as the study of human connections with the environment. It is the interdisciplinary subject that blends knowledge from several disciplines such as geography, biology, chemistry, physics, geology, economics, cultural anthropology, sociology (particularly demography, the study of populations), natural resource management, engineering, agriculture, law, ethics, and politics (Berg & Hager, 2009, p1.4). Science and Technology effect the Environment Science and technology affect environmental challenges and resolutions in today’s culture. Science and technology both support humanity by assisting in the advancement of new innovations for surviving, but likewise presents damaging and harmful consequences to the environment. Science and technology aided in creating fossil fuels to power vehicles and gas. Fossil fuels are damaging to the environment, as it is used; it gives off greenhouse gases contaminating the environment. In today’s culture, new technologies between many fields have been made and are used on an everyday basis. The progressions...
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...of the Nigerian society are interested in the political future of the nation. However, this interest is approached from various dimensions. A major interest in the Nigerian polity is the relationship between religion and politics. The Nigerian society is religiously pluralized and this significantly influences political decisions and policies of the nation. On the other hand, there are people who hold the strong opinion that this relationship should not be stressed and that religion and politics should be allowed to operate separately without one interfering with the other. Those who hold this view argued essentially from the position that religion mixed politics is mostly like to imbibe various vices associated with politics. Also that politics may not be properly and dispassionately played if mixed with religion. 1.2. DEFINITION OF TERMS For a better appreciation of the objectives of this paper, it is perhaps good for us to attempt definitions of some key terms 1.2.1. Religion The Oxford Learners Dictionary explained religion as the belief in a super human controlling power that is entitled to obedience and worship. It goes further to state that it is a particular system of faith and worship that one is entitled to. 1.2.2. Politics Politics is about the...
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...The Ideology of the Tea Party Movement Tuinei, Alex Salt Lake Community College Abstract In the last few decades there has been no political movement comparable to the Tea Parties. The Tea Party Movement is unique because it is entirely grassroots and desires to change American politics from the bottom-up. The mainstream media and the Democratic leadership as well as some establishment Republicans all misunderstand and grossly underestimate the movement. They have labeled it a movement of extreme right-wing nuts that are angry at having a black President, or don't want to pay taxes, or cling to guns and religion (Avalon, 2010). They are wrong. In fact, the Tea Party Movement is a mainstream awakening that has been long overdue and will not wither and die within a couple years as some predict. The Tea Party groups are a loose and decentralized coalition of libertarians, conservatives, disenchanted independents and moderate democrats. Tea Partiers are not a concentrated group of ideologues but a diverse collection of regular groups that are alarmed at the direction of the country. Stimulus Package was the start of it all and was further amplified by hidden taxes built into cap'n'trade and healthcare reform. (Murphy, 2008) American history remembers and teaches about that memorable night on December 16, 1773 the British Parliament passed The Tea Act. This turns out to be the final straw in a series of unpopular policies and taxes that where imposed by Britain on her American...
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...Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Connection to Technology and Science 4 Definition of Technology 4 Historical Developments of Technology 5 Political and Legal Influences 6 Economic Questions and Considerations 7 Psychological Considerations and Sociological Effects 9 Cultural Context and Media Influence 11 Environmental Implications 20 Moral and Ethical Implications 20 Conclusions 21 References 22 Appendices 0 Abstract This report is about Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), It will explain what the technology is, how it developed from the observation of pea plants by a humble gardener at a monastery in Czechoslovakia in the middle of the 19th century to become the science of genetic engineering. The report will examine the influences the technology of GMOs has had on the political and legal systems where they have been introduced and how those political and legal systems are trying to reach some agreement on how to best use this technology. The report discusses the economic questions and implications, the psychological considerations, sociological effects, and the environmental, moral and ethical implications of genetically modified organisms. This report will also explain how the media has influenced the acceptance of some GMOs and the rejection of other and examine this technology and its cultural context. Connection to Technology and Science The emerging science/ technology of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is...
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...consistently expands and deepens, so does the need for more democracy which some perceived of suffering from a deficit in the Union. Since 1989, the revival of regional identity has strongly been felt and regionalist and micro-nationalist movements have gained in political strength, representation and size; they have achieved a certain notoriety. Across the community, those movements question the nature of the nation-state, which they often view as obsolete, and present challenges both to the larger state they are part of and to the European Union. To answer the question of whether contemporary regionalist and micro-nationalist movements threaten democracy in Europe or present it with new opportunities, this essay is firstly going to define the main concepts in order to have a clear understanding of what they represent. It will then explore how...
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... Police Operations The plight of the police officer’s of today are ever changing, as the criminal element, adapts to the changes around them to circumvent the system, officers must make necessary changes in everything the force does just to keep up with the criminal elements seeking to take down and destroy every law abiding citizen they come across. These changes begin in the community and carry on throughout the field of operations, to include areas of computer crimes, and technology departments especially developed for use by agencies like the police department to outfit the new age officer who is without a doubt pitted against one of the most dangerous predators ever know to mankind, the un-know, un-examined and oftentimes miss-understood minds of man himself. Officers today are the face of an agency that defines what it means to feel safe, protected, and for the most part reasonable calm, living in the United States of America. To be in Law Enforcement is to be in one of the most stressful and demanding occupation available. The fight against crime is one that will always need to be waged and must be won. The danger of wagging war on crime is however, costly; but one that must be paid. The primary goal of the police departments across our great country is to stay ahead of crime and the criminal. Dangers associated with becoming a Law Enforcement officer are grave, each and every officer, must keep in mind that they may be called upon on any given day, to...
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...Dwight Waldo, 1913-2000 James D. Carroll; H. George Frederickson Public Administration Review, Vol. 61, No. 1. (Jan. - Feb., 2001), pp. 2-8. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-3352%28200101%2F02%2961%3A1%3C2%3ADW1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V Public Administration Review is currently published by American Society for Public Administration. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/aspa.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more...
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...International Security Lecture 1 March 30th, 2015 The politics of security knowledge What is international security? We could start thinking about the security council of the UN But also about the invasion of Afghanistan (chapter 7 UN in order to secure the international security) We can also think about security in terms of the invasion of Iraq in 2003. This was a unilateral act of war, but sure it can also mean other things We can think of the national security agency, the agency in charge of spying all the signals and communications to a certain extent. What’s interesting about the NSA, it is seen as a threat to the security of the privacy. Lately, with the reports of the UN development programme, we start talking about HUMAN security (not military security, but rather the security of individuals, having a livelihood that’s acceptable). Whether security is international or not, it can be a rather confusing word The protection of values we hold dear. We search for it, we pursue it, we achieve it, we deny it to others. * what is to be secured? Is it the security of states? Or individuals? * What is the actual threat that we’re facing? Primarily to be dealing with military threats, or are there other types of threats we are facing. Essentially contested concept A concept that ‘inevitably’ involves endless disputes about their proper uses on the part of their users – Walter Gallie There can be ambiguity (one persons freedom-fighter is the other’s...
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...THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF NIGERIA SERMON CRAFT FOR ELDERS By REV DR. OKEKE O NDU WHAT IS SERMON? Sermon is the principle of giving voice to the written word of god so that god will act to bless the believers. “Bless the LORD ye his angels that excel in strength, that do his commandments, hearkening unto the VOICE OF HIS WORD”. Psalm 103:20 “And they went forth and PREACHED EVERYWHERE and while the Lord worked with them and CONFIRMED THE MESSAGE BY THE SIGNS that attended it, AMEN Mark 16:20 “He sent his word and healed them and delivered them from their destructions” Psalm 107:20 The art of preaching is popularly called Sermon. God is ready to confirm sermons that say exactly what he wants his people to hear and be healed. How do we know what God wants the pastor to preach. To get the right message the Preacher like his brethren Apostles, evangelists etc. The PREACHER must listen to God, He must tarry with the Lord, He must get a message from him. This process of getting a message from God is what is called SERMON PREPARATION. To prepare a sermon, the preacher must bear in mind THREE ACTIVITIES that must be done. These three activities are studied in our Theological Seminaries as: 1.Hermeneutics, 2. Exegesis, 3. Homiletics A sermon should have the following in whatever order. The acronym is THECIA RESEARCH OR FACT FINDING SKILL 1. THEME/TEXT (Caption of the message) 2. HERMENEUTICS: Meaning of the theme or text 3. EXEGESIS: Other Related Bible references 4....
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