...Sharikah al Mufawadah Sharikah al 'Inan Al 'Inan: Unequal capital contribution Chart-1 Schematic Summary of Islamic Financial Contracts Sharing-cum-selling Principle (Declining Partnership -DP) MU‘AWADAT: EXCHANGE CONTRACTS tkhan@qfis.edu.qa Sharikah al Mufawadah Sharikah al 'Inan Al Abdan: Human effort-based Al wujuh: Reputation-based Sharikah al Mudharabah Al mufawada: Equal capital contribution Voluntary: e.g., jointly purchasing a building for renting Sharikah al Aqd (Contractual Partnership) Sharikah al 'Inan *These categories violate the general rule of trading, i.e., either the price or object of sale should be present at the time of the contract. In these cases, however, the price and asset specifications are fully made, as well as the time of the actual exchange is also determined. The cases are in common practice in the Muslim communities. **Discussed by only a few Islamic scholars and that too only in case of durable assets and currencies Sharikah al Mufawadah Investment Auctioning Output sharing DP with Management DP without Management Profit sharing Musharakah-based DP Mudharabah-based DP Sharikah al Amwal Sharikah al Abdan Sharikah al Wujuh Profit Sharing Revenue sharing Durable Assets Participation Musaqa Muzara‘a Output (Revenue) Sharing Involuntary: e.g., due to inheritance Voluntary: e.g., jointly purchasing a building for renting Sharikah al milk (Partnership based on joint Ownership) Temporary or Ongoing Musharakah ...
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...Introduction Unlike conventional economics which focuses on profit maximization, the Islamic economic system aims at the “study of human falah achieved by organising the resources of earth on the basis of cooperation and participation (Akram Khan, p.55).” In other words, the Islamic economic system aims at attaining Allah s.w.t’s pleasure, while pursuing economic activities within the boundaries of the Islamic shariah. The Islamic shariah puts a heavy importance on the well being of the community and social justice. Thus, this also means the prohibition of interest. The prohibition of interest is one of the main factors that put Islamic economics in distance with the conventional economics. Because of this difference in nature, Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) have different types of contracts as practiced by conventional financial institutions. One of the types of contracts entered by IFIs is the Ijarah contract. Ijarah contracts are also known as Islamic leasing. Basically, this study is done in order to understand more the nature of leasing according to Islamic principles, and at the same time, the differences of ijarah with conventional leasing. In addition, this study also aims to identify the types of ijarah practiced by IFIs in Malaysia and also to see how Malaysian IFIs disclosed their ijarah financing in comparison to their counterparts in Bahrain IFIs. This is because as one ummah, it is important to have a standardized standard that is Shariah compliant...
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...RISK MANAGEMENT IN ISLAMIC BANKING AND FINANCE: THE ARAB FINANCE HOUSE EXAMPLE Bilal A. Fleifel A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Business Administration Cameron School of Business University of North Carolina Wilmington 2009 Approved By Advisory Committee Howard Rasheed Cetin Ciner William H. Sackley Chair Accepted By DN: cn=Robert D. Roer, o=UNCW, ou=Dean of the Graduate School & Research, email=roer@uncw. edu, c=US Date: 2010.01.21 15:02:51 -05'00' ________________________ Dean, Graduate School TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. vii DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES...............................................................................................................x GLOSSARY .............................
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...whole scenario was the relative stability of Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs). In the last decade, IFIs have witnessed an impressive growth and have begun to make an impact on the current financial setup. This paper aims to highlight the basic foundation of Islamic financial system and the development of different markets and institutions. It will then point out certain issues and challenges facing the Islamic Financial Institutions. HISTORY Early History: The history of Islamic Financial system goes back to 1,000 – 1,500 AD, during which the Middle Eastern tradesmen would engage in transactions based on Shariah. During that time, the Ottoman Empire Arabs had good trade relationships with the Spanish, and they established their financial systems without interest, based on profit and loss sharing basis. As time went by, Middle Eastern and Asian regions became important trading partners for European companies such as the Dutch East India Company, as a result of which European banks started to spread their branches in these countries, which typically were interest-based. Thus the conventional financial institutions became more dominant as Western countries started to play an important role in world economy. Although, credit unions and co-operative societies based on profit and loss sharing system continued to exist, their activities were focused on very small geographical areas. Islamic Banking Practice, Early Initiatives: Islamic Finance started to grow radically in the...
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...[pic] [pic] Bangladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries of the world. The people of this country are deeply committed to Islamic way of Life as it is mentioned in Quran and Sunnah. But it is not possible for the people to establish and design their economic lives in accordance with Shariah. The very objective of Shariah is to promote the welfare of the people that lies in safeguarding their faith, their life, their posterity and their wealth. In this regard to establish a banking world that run according to Shariah, the concept of Islamic Banking Arise. Its establishment in Bangladesh on 13th March 1983, named Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL). The definition of Islamic Bank, as approved by the General Secretariat of the OIC- “An Islamic Bank is a Financial Institution whose statutes, rules and procedures expressly state its commitment to the principles of Islamic Shariah and to the banning of the receipt and payment of interest on any of its operation.” This paper is an attempt to evaluate the Different Modes Investment of Islamic Bank Bangladesh Ltd. (IBBL) in terms of productivity and effectiveness. [pic] There are mainly two objectives behind the preparation of this report such as primary objectives and secondary objectives. These are discussed as under: The initial Objective: The initial objective of preparing this report is to fulfill the partial requirements of the BBA program and to represent the ‘General Banking System’, ‘Investment mechanism’...
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......................................10 3.1 A world shaped by Riba.................................................... 10 3.2 What is Riba? ................................................................. 11 4. The Misunderstanding of Riba............................................20 4.1. Religious reformism and capitalism ................................... 20 4.2 The Islamic Reformers ..................................................... 23 4.3 The followers of Reda ...................................................... 27 4.4 The misunderstanding of Riba an-nasiah today.................... 28 4.5 Equating Riba to interest in a loan ..................................... 33 4.6 Islamic Banking .............................................................. 34 4.6.1 Islamic Banks are banks ............................................. 34 4.6.2 Murabaha: what it is and what it is not ......................... 38 4.6.3 How the Islamic Bank’s version of the contract of Murabaha came into being ................................................................. 41 4.6.4 The danger of making principles out of contracts............ 46 4.7 The Stages of the “Islamisation” process ............................ 48 4.8 On the methodology of modernism .................................... 49 5. Understanding Paper Money ..............................................54 5.1 Paper money backed by gold and silver .............................. 54 5.2...
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...Benefits The idea of Islamic banking was initiated and brought up by some economists who were conscious about socio economic development of Muslim nations based on Islamic principles. It was based on noble vision and objective of Islamic banking base on profit and loses sharing principle. The foundation of Islamic banking theory that they proposed was based on mudaraba and musharakah contracts as mechanism to operate Islamic banking system. “The early contributions on the theory of Islamic banking were only discussed as part of the subject in Islamic economic system. For example, the book by Qureshi on Islam and the Theory of Interest (Qureshi (l946)) which looked upon banking as a social service that should be sponsored by the government like other public institutions such as public health and education.2 His view was based on the point that the bank could neither pay any interest to account holders nor charge any interest on loans advanced. He also suggests the possibility for both Islamic banks and entrepreneur to create a partnership. No mention was made of profit-sharing.” Other economists were come up with different ideas at earlier stages such “the principle of mudarabah was appealed systematically by Uzair (l955). His main contribution lay in suggesting mudarabah as the main premise for 'interest less banking'. However, his argument that the Islamic bank should not make any capital investment with its own deposits rendered...
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...1.0 INTRODUCTION Islamic financial system are being developed in the implementation and practice in our country today .System Islamic finance in Malaysia accounted for Islamic banking, interbank money market, Islamic insurance, or takaful, Islamic capital markets and financial institutions that provided alternative sources of funding . Islamic jurists consider seriously the core in the tradition Istinbat al-Ahkam (legal formulations) to address current issues such as the question of the driver legal-illegal, usury, gharar maslahah and maqasid syar`iyyah. However, in doing this, they are always taking a balanced approach between theoretical and practical aspects of compliance with Sharia principles and the `urf al-iqtisadiyyah (custom economic...
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...of Mudarabah & a new approach to equity financing in Islamic finance Salman Ahmed Shaikh International Association of Islamic Banks 1. July 2011 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19697/ MPRA Paper No. 19697, posted 19. September 2011 12:50 UTC A Critical Analysis of Mudarabah & A New Approach to Equity Financing in Islamic Finance Journal of Islamic Banking & Finance, ISSN 1814-8042 By Salman Ahmed Shaikh Project Director, Islamic Economics Project islamiceconomicsproject@gmail.com www.islamiceconomics.viviti.com Abstract Financial intermediation serves a valuable purpose, but it can also be structured using equity modes of financing. This can relieve the financee and increase diversity of entrepreneurial undertakings as in debt based commercial financing, there is little room for diversity with obligatory and stipulated servicing of debt. Using Islamic equity modes of financing poses the challenge of the agency problem and moral hazard. The extent of this agency problem in Mudarabah and its impact on economic payoffs between counterparties is analyzed in this study with a simulation model. Based on review of alternate solutions proposed, the author presents two possible covenants which could make Mudarabah mode of financing more acceptable and widely usable in financial intermediation. This would also further the egalitarian objectives of an Islamic economic order. Keywords: Interest free economy, Islamic Economic System, Mudarabah, Agency Problem, Moral Hazard...
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...Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies, 1-2 (2007), pp. 38-53 Islamic Microfinance: A Missing Component in Islamic Banking Abdul Rahim ABDUL RAHMAN 1. Introduction Microfinance means “programme that extend small loans to very poor people for self employment projects that generate income in allowing them to take care of themselves and their families” (Microcredit Summit, 1997). The World Bank has recognized microfinance programme as an approach to address income inequalities and poverty. The microfinance scheme has been proven to be successful in many countries in addressing the problems of poverty. The World Bank has also declared 2005 as the year of microfinance with the aim to expand their poverty eradication campaign. The main aim of the paper is to assess the potentials of Islamic financing schemes for micro financing purposes. The paper argues that Islamic finance has an important role for furthering socio-economic development of the poor and small (micro) entrepreneurs without charging interest (read: riba’). Furthermore, Islamic financing schemes have moral and ethical attributes that can effectively motivate micro entrepreneurs to thrive. The paper also argues that there is a nexus between Islamic banking and microfinance as many elements of microfinance could be considered consistent with the broader goals of Islamic banking. The paper, first, introduces the concepts of microfinance, and presents a case for Islamic microfinance to become one of the components of Islamic banking...
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...January/February 2009 Volume 25, Number 1 The Evolution Of Islamic Finance In Southeast Asia: The Case Of Malaysia (1) Rika Nakagawa, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is threefold: to explain why the Islamic financial system was introduced in Malaysia; to outline how the Malaysian government has promoted this system; and to analyze the development of the Islamic financial system with a specific focus on the banking sector. In Malaysia, the first Islamic bank, Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd., was established in 1983. One turning point of the Islamic financial system in the country was the Financial Sector Master Plan presented by the central bank in 2001. The government, in accordance with the plan, has taken a strong initiative in the development of an Islamic financial system. As a result, the country has succeeded in promoting a comprehensive Islamic financial system, banking and insurance sectors and capital markets. In the banking sector, this paper reveals that the profit-sharing system does not seem to be popular in this country although the reward system is central to Islamic Finance. In order for further development of the Islamic financial sector, the reasons why the percentage of contracts under the profit-sharing system is small need to be analyzed. Keywords: Islamic Finance in Malaysia, Financial Sector Master Plan, New Economic Policy, Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd., Islamic Banking Scheme INTRODUCTION I n the globalized economy,...
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...Farhan Ilyas Islamic banking is banking or banking activity that is consistent with the principles of sharia and its practical application through the development of Islamic economics. The Basic Difference between Capitalist and Islamic Economy Islam does not deny the market forces and market economy. Even the profit motive is acceptable to a reasonable extent. Private ownership is not totally negated. Yet, the basic difference between capitalist and Islamic economy is that in secular capitalism, the profit motive or private ownership are given unbridled power to make economic decisions. Their liberty is not controlled by any divine injunctions. History of Islamic Banking: Since the beginning of the 18th century, banking has been conducted on an interest-based system of lending money to those in need. With no other alternative available, people had no choice but to borrow money at often high interest rates. This lead to the formation of an unfair system that brought unnecessary hardship on people It was this need for a fair financial system that brought about the birth of Islamic banking in the mid-1970s. Its objective was to provide a financial alternative that was fair, transparent and above all, a source of economic upliftment for all those in need Islamic banking, enlightened with the guidance of Islamic Shari‘ah principles, emerged as an alternative financial system that neither gave nor took interest, thereby introducing a fair system of social justice and equality...
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...BWBS3043 ISLAMIC BANKING MANAGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS BIL 1.0 2.0 CONTENT Islamic Contracts in Islamic Bank INTRODUCTION OF THE SELECTED BANK 2.1 2.2 2.3 Background of Affin Bank Berhad Background of Islamic Affin Bank Berhad Background of RHB Islamic Bank Berhad PAGE 2 5 5 6 7 8 8 12 15 17 18 47 3.0 LOAN AND FINANCING SERVICES 3.1 3.2 Affin Bank Berhad Services Affin Islamic Bank Berhad Services 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3 Trade Financings Contracts Financing RHB Islamic Bank Services 4.0 Comparison of Products between Conventional Bank and Islamic Bank 4.1 Affin Bank Berhad and Affin Islamic Bank Berhad 19 20 5.0 References Page | 0 BWBS3043 ISLAMIC BANKING MANAGEMENT 1.0 ISLAMIC CONTRACTS IN ISLAMIC BANK Definition It involves a contract between the seller and its buyer for the sale of goods at a price that includes an agreed profit margin, either a lump sum or percentage of the purchase price. The seller will purchase the goods that requested by buyer and will sell them to buyer with a mark-up. Contracts Murabahah (cost-plus financing) Mudharabah (profit sharing) Contract with one party providing 100 per cent of the capital (Rabb al-Mal) and the one party (the mudharib) providing its expertise to invest the capital and manage the investment project. Profits generated are distributed according to a pre-determined ratio, but it like the capital itself that cannot be guaranteed. The provider of capital was the losses, who have no control over the management of the...
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...principles Islamic (and especially its values). The global economy is linked to investment-oriented traditional finance is, in fact, came "in agony" due to expansion of the crisis caused by the "Collaterized Debt Obligations", structured bonds strongly infected with quote consisting of the notorious subprime mortgages, the primary cause of bankruptcies of known banks, until some time ago considered insecure. Paradoxically, to better withstand this crisis are not sophisticated products financial engineering of Western production, but the Islamic bond, the traditional sukuk, bonds that are compatible with the dictates of Sharia, very less sophisticated, but certainly safer, since in accordance with the QURANIC principle which prohibits investing money in financial firms tied to events of a uncertain. It is reasonable, therefore, to think that many Western financial institutions, are evaluating new and alternative financial instruments such as "Islamic Observant”, even in the face of an increasingly pressing need for a new system Financial more "ethical" and linked to the real economy. In truth, many banks already (in the United Kingdom, for example), even before this crisis, evaluated and then, later, successfully implement systems of Islamic finance within their organizational structures, through the creation of Islamic Windows. The contractual figures that represent the realization of legal technique PLS are the murabaha 'igara the 'Istisna (contract) and the salam...
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...Handbook on Islamic SME Financing Islamic Banking Department State Bank of Pakistan The Team Name Designation Contact Mr. Pervez Said Director Pervez.Said@sbp.org.pk Mr. Imran Ahmad Senior Joint Director Imran.Ahmad@sbp.org.pk Ms. Fatima Javaid Regulating Officer Fatima.Javaid@sbp.org.pk TABLE OF CONTENTS S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Background Introduction Prudential regulations for SME Financing Importance in light of Strategic Plan for Islamic Banking Industry Scope of Islamic Banking over Conventional Banking in current Financial crises Proposed Products for Islamic SME Financing Need for Risk Management 7 Murabaha Financing Transaction Structure Accounting Treatment Risk Management 12 12 15 15 18 20 18 21 24 25 26 27 29 30 31 31 33 34 35 35 38 39 40 PARTICULARS Page No. 1 2 4 9 11 8 Ijarah Based Financing Basic Rules Accounting Treatment Risk Management 9 Salam Based Financing Basic Rules Accounting Treatment Risk Management 10 Diminishing Musharaka Basic Transaction Structure Accounting Treatment Risk Management 11 Istisna Financing Flow of Transaction Accounting Treatment Risk Management 12 Project Financing Handbook On Islamic SME Financing BACKGROUND One of the important characteristics of a flourishing and growing economy is a blooming SMEs sector. Small and medium enterprises play an important role in the development of a country. SMEs contribute to economic growth in various ways like...
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