...inferior to the Christian man. From the earliest days of Muslim practice, to the period of Muslim rule in Spain, to present-day society, Christians and Muslims have struggled to coexist in a frenzied world. Through arguments seen in Muslim Spain, as well as arguments seen by Fundamentalist Christians such as Franklin Graham today, it is clear that the modern-day Fundamentalist...
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...Translation in Moving Ideas Between Islam & the West Papers: * The Arabs entered Al-Andalus with a great army under the leadership of Tarik Bin Ziad during the Umayyad days. Using such military force, the Arab government controlled Spain for 9 centuries. * The Arabs called Spain “Al-Andalus” because they entered Europe from the west side through Andalusia. * The conquest (takeover) by the Arabs in Spain was not achieved due to using force only, but also due to the coming of a new civilization that invaded all walks of life (social classes). * Within few years, the civilization in Al-Andalus became the richest and most important civilization. It flourished between the 8th and 15th century. * Although the Arab-Islamic Spain seemed to be a strong & unified power, however, this was partly true. There were many fractures in the structure of the nation. * Some remarkable aspects in Al-Andalus: calm & beautiful nature; richness in natural resources. Such aspects helped the Arabs develop a new rich civilization. * The social life in Al-Andalus was very active in such a way that it had no parallel in history, except perhaps in USA where different races thrived & flourished side by side. * The Islamic culture was divided from various sources, but remained near in its essential maintaining. * A new culture was born in Al-Andalus. It was composed of many different elements: Arabs, Muslims, Greeks, Byzantium, Chinese, and Europeans. ...
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...sixth century. The Celts mixed with the peninsula’s residents, the Iberians resulting in a new people known as the Celtiberians who spoke a form of the Celtic language. By the nineteenth century B.C.E., the region in southwestern Europe was known as Hispania and the inhabitants learned Latin from Roman settlers, traders and soldiers. Soon after the people in Hispania learned Latin, a new language was created as a mixture of the Celtiberians language and classical Latin (Penny, 2002). The new language became known as Vulgar Latin which developed into modern Spanish. Vulgar Latin was similar to classical Latin but implemented many words from other languages. Spanish started as a native language dialect spoken in the Castilian region of Spain. After many years of conquest, exploration and forced conversion, the people in the region spread the language to a worldwide vernacular. The Spanish language belongs to the Indo-European...
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...is told it is only from the view point of Christianity however, the story of medieval Europe from an Islamic point of view is in many ways far more vital to the true history. Early Islam was a powerful force in Europe that revived old and created new cities. As the Muslims moved into a Spain under the Visigoths, they took control in a swift and fairly bloodless invasion in 711 and even reached as far as southern France by 719. The ruling Umayyad family in Muslim Spain, al-Andalus, was slaughtered and all but one had died out by the year 1031. The Muslim faithful stayed in the al-Andalus area and in the eleventh century Europe saw a large number of Muslim converts bringing a new and highly advanced Islamic culture to Europe. The main city of Cordoba was the headquarters of all things “high-tech”. Cordoba had grand mosques, libraries, hospitals, paved streets, street lamps, schools, homes with running water, all things that cities like London and Paris would not see for another 700 years. Some of the early Muslims in Cordoba pioneered medicine with pharmacology along with astronomy and philosophy. Most notably a philosopher/astronomer named Averroes whose translation of Aristotle from Greek to Arabic to Latin shocked the world at the time. As time went on the Muslim rule weakened and the Christians in the north took advantage. They launched a re-conquest of southern Spain from the Muslims; by 1013 they had taken the city of Cordoba. Muslim rule was weak and split into smaller...
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...The Jewish people settled in Spain for a long period of time, with significant proof from as early as 300 C.E., though likely earlier, before they were expelled in 1492. The unpredictable mass expulsion of this seemingly well integrated assiduous people was simply stimulated by the king’s foolish greed accompanied by the intensified nationalism felt by those who had just been inspired by the power of the Roman Catholic Church through the First Crusade against the Muslim Moors. It was the religious zeal of not only the Church and the Queen but also of the masses that really caused the expulsion of the Jewish people from Spain. Of course, the official justification for exiling the Jews was because they were counterproductive to the Church’s ultimate goal – they attempted to prevent the Marranos from severing their ties with Judaism. Anti-Semitism began soon after the beginning of Christianity with the inherent hatred toward Jews simply because they have differing theological and religious practices are not Christian, not because they are specifically Jewish. Anti-Judaism began with the crucifixion of Christ – it became commonly believed that the Jewish people were responsible for the crucifixion which caused initial discriminatory writings against the Jews as a people, as well as societal misunderstanding and distrust. The Jewish people were exposed to severe persecution under Visigoth control in the Mediterranean and more Christian control in Spain. It is therefore not surprising...
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...of Al-Andalus or Muslim Spain. Many historians David Fintz Altabé, Mark R. Cohen, Henry Kamen, Erin Morris, Mary Elizabeth Perry, Rukhsana Qamber, Saey, Tina Hesman Saey, Matthew E. Falagas, Effie A. Zarkadoulia, George Samonis, Hugh Kennedy and Maya Soifer, with their different views have tried to solve the mystery to what exactly happened? What were the conditions in Al-Andalus? Did people of different religious faiths coexisted at that time under Muslims’ rule? What caused the massacre and conversion of Jews and Christians into Islam? What led to the Spanish Inquisition? This paper is focused on the Spanish Inquisition, its causes and its consequences which includes the conquest of Spain by Muslims, the co-existence of Muslims, Christians and Jews, the fall of Al-Andalus leading to the Spanish Inquisition and the expulsion of Muslims from Spain beginning in 1478. This paper will also distinguish between religion and the wrongdoings of men, staining it for their ulterior motives. This paper will include different views of historians and their arguments about all of the incidents stated above. The central argument of this paper is, history of Al-Andalus, through many historians is biased; with little evidence, many of historians blames Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, for the eradication of Muslims from Spain, whereas Muslims (Almohads) did in fact, exterminate Jews in communities and forced Christians to convert to Islam. Muslims entered Spain in 711, overthrowing the...
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...What were some of the contributions that Islamic culture made to European culture? · bought palm trees with him to spain · 11th century cordoba attract zeriab from bagdad brought ideas with him. 7:30 · islamic element of influence came form spain. perserved greek idea when it was forgotten in west · librarys schools, running water in houses, paved streets. modern medicine. · toledo main atristomical center of world 11th century 50 year . all this would not reach europe if wasnt for toledo · 9th century tunis conquers sicily and muslim influences from sicily to europe · jew christians paid taxes for freedom of worship · bought literatue science ag and water work to sicily · norman king roger ii passionate about muslim culture. church built by muslim craftsman · 1139 muslim from cordoba to come to sicily by roger ii. book of roger single best work of geography . arabs know world was round . european didnt. How were they disseminated into Europe? · al-Andalus land of vandals 500 muslims dominate spain cordoba capital. · smaller muslim kingdoms competed for intellectual achieve ments poet scientists. · split into 23 city states · What was the convivencia? · muslim jews christians translate text in to arabic then spanish and latin. required religous tolerance. · "living together". art science and worship · people from all over europe came to toledo. michael scott responsibe of sending islamic ideas to europe · church of san roman was a christian church...
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...it’s empire. The world associates Spain with barbarism and terror for their treatment of the native Indians of the New World. Their history was no longer respected and agonized. Spain is now seen as a country with dark past and terror. The world focused more on the Spanish treatment of the native rather than the early development of democracy in Spain....
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...EXPLORATION JIMA JARQUIN MIAMI DADE COLLEGE In the 1400s Ming China was the most powerful, richest, and most advanced society in the world. Silks, spices, and ceramics were goods that Eurasia desired and were provided by China. Islamic empires were also very powerful the Ottomans set in during the 1400s and 1500s, and took over the center of commerce and trade routes between Europe and Asia. There was no strong, centralized political authority. A world where the kings where weak, violence, robbery, rape, death would occur with to much frequency. What led to the Age of European Exploration and Conquest? Many factor such as Religion, gold, ivory and spices, as well as adventurous voyagers from different...
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...Chapter 15 Study Guide In 1200, the Middle East and north Africa were dominated by two powerful empires: Byzantine and Islamic caliphate. By 1400, this structure was in disarray: • Byzantine was in decline, pressed by invading Ottoman Turks. Constantinople fell to Turks in 1453, ending empire. • By 1200s, the Muslims had fallen to Mongols. Arabs never able to unite the entire region again. Decline of Islamic caliphate: decline of caliphate and its economy was gradual and incomplete – not at all like the dramatic fall of Rome • authority of caliphate declined, landlords seized power, peasants became serfs on large estates • agricultural productively declined, tax revenues declined • Arab and Middle Eastern traders lose ground: European merchants began to exercise control of their turf and challenge the Arabs in other parts of the Mediterranean. Still, Arab and Persian commerce remained active in Indian Ocean. • The emerging Ottoman Turks expanded into southeastern Europe, and the power (both politically and militarily) was frightening to other people in other areas, such as western Europe. A Power Vacuum in International Leadership • Turkish rulers unable to reestablish Islamic position in international trade. Turks scornful of Arabs (though both were Muslim), did not promote trade, especially maritime trade, as vigorously as in past. • Turkic expansion was important well into 17th century, but real focus was on conquest...
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...conquer the Peninsula from the Visigoths because they were not well liked by the minorities such as the Jews and Hispano-Romans. Within three years the Muslims were able to take over almost all of the Peninsula except for the northern regions where they remained under Christian Rule. In 755 al- Dākhil reached al- Andalusia and set up the capital in Córdoba. In Córdoba they were able to set up an economic capital that was rich in trading a goods, there was able harmony between the three main religions, Christians, Jews, and Muslims. In 1031 the Umayyad Caliphate was destroyed and al- Andalusia was broken up into smaller kingdoms all around the Iberian Peninsula, slowly they lost their lands to the Christians during the Reconquista. The last Islamic kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula was Granada which came to home the Alhambra, which is still standing today and is a pinnacle to the...
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...Truth About April Fool's Day And Muslim Representative Method of Scientific Inquiry By Muhammad Tariq Ghazi MMG (Muslim Media Group) http://www.indianmuslims.org/jsp/articles/articles.jsp An email often goes around that warn Muslims again April Fool observation by claiming that this tradition originates from the event of Christians victory over Muslims in Andalusian Spain. It proposes that Europeans made fool of Muslims by introducing Liquor and Tobacco to them and thus gradually weaken them through its indulgence. The author busts the myth with correct version of history and common sense and explain the origin of April Fool's Day. I never knew that 1 April 2007 would be a day of reckoning, in a dubious style though. As a child I might have played the fool on the fool's day by saying what I would believe was funny to someone I loved - like my brothers and sister. Nobody stopped me from those innocent escapades, for they were perhaps as innocuous, or as harmful, as watching an occasional movie - ordinarily at an interval of six-seven months - like Sohrab Modi's "Pukar", or Mehboob Khan's "Humayun", or Nanubhai Vakil's "Hatim Tai". But in later years the April fun did not amuse us older children any longer as we found the annual practice very boring. Gradually I realized that not many people around me were taking April Fool's Day seriously: rarely anyone would try to make fun of gullible peers. This year, however, the day of fools dawned out of blue. I was astonished to know...
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...Al-Andalus Arabic Lit 1121 Al-Andalus Al-Andalus was referred to as the areas of the Iberian Peninsula which were occupied by the Moors between 711-1492 AD. The Iberian Peninsula is the south western most part of Europe including Spain, Portugal, and France. The Moors were Muslim people of Arab descent who invaded or settled Al-Andalus from Northern Africa. Before the Moors came to the Iberian Peninsula, Spain was ruled under the Visigoths. Their kingdom quickly fell apart when the Moors first came to what is now referred to as Spain. When the Moors came they were actually welcomed and did not have much trouble taking over due to the worsening environment the Visigoths reign had established. Abd ar-Rahman the 1st was the founder of the Umayyad dynasty of Cordoba. He was the grandson of the tenth Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. At the age of 16, He fled his home city of Damascus due to the Abbasid revolt, which over threw the existing Umayyad caliphate. He fled from Damascus and made his way west to what was once land of the far reaching Umayyad Dynasty. It took him several years to reach Northern Africa because he was still being targeted by the newly established Abbasid dynasty. Al-Andalus had been conquered in the time of Abd ar-Rahman’s grandfather. However Abd ar-Rahman was not very sure how they would feel about him taking the thrown for himself. He was welcomed by the people and grew a large following, because most people thought he had been killed along...
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...What was the short term significance of Granada? The conquest of Granada was the first hostile step to secure the ‘pre-eminent monarchy’ . Although the short term significance of the campaign brought many potential benefits such as economic wealth this is rather an understatement as the sources suggest that much wealth gained was given back as a means of religiously securing Granada in favor of the church. Likewise political and foreign policy can be seen to be exaggerated with unification of the people been limited for self interest seen in the source of the the Marquis de Cadiz, as well as Columbus’s wild achievements been exaggerated for his personal gain to continue his adventures across sea. Although the army seems to have dominated the battlefield this is out of touch with the back up the crown received from other Moors and the sources such as the Muslim contemporary that would want to present the Crown as ruthless barbarians in presenting their efficiency as unmatchable to gain sympathy for Muslims. Despite these short term areas allowing space for questioning in reliability and factual contradictions the religious short term significance seems rather valid given that's the sources suggest a constant religious motive particularly in Ferdinand’s speech where he denies any financial desires but rather to spread Christianity. Moreover this can be represented by the betterment of the relationship of the church and the crown. Therefore religion should be seen as the most...
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...The Latin American silver then was sent to Europe. Some Europeans would then trade with Spaniard merchants. Spain mainly bought goods from Asia, like Indian spices and silk from China. The biggest beneficiary of New World silver was China and India because of the European demand of their goods. Mercantilism was the economic idea that governments encouraged the restriction of imports from other countries in order to improve tax revenues. Spain, Portuguese, England, France, and Holland were the main countries that claimed and colonized new land. Cotton was one of the major items in global trade. Cotton was grown and picked in the New World by slaves, then sent to the Old World as a raw material. Then the Old World would make them into textiles and ship them back as manufactured goods. The Atlantic trading system economically helped the New World. Colonies got new markets and cheap labor. But in Africa populations decreased rapidly because of the high demand of slaves. Socially in the New World the gap between social...
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