...Jean Jacques Rousseau and Human Freedom The eighteenth century society as well as the twenty-first societies is enchained into a system of thoughts where people are looking forward to the fulfillment of their good and needs at the expense of others. Freedom allows them to put themselves into a sort of unlimited quest of happiness where the strongest (based on financial stability) accomplish their goods and fulfill their need, but the weakest strive to. The Philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau as a part of the society went “out the box” and put himself as an active observer. He also fought to preserve the freedom and equality of all human beings. Financial stability more precisely money, affects people both positively and negatively of the psychological...
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...I’m Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and I’m a 18th century philosopher who pioneered the Romanticism sensibility. I was born in Geneva in 1712 and my mother died 9 days after I was born. My father abandoned me and my older brother when I was 10, and my older brother also ran away when I was young. lived under the care of my uncle. I converted to Catholicism and hiked around Europe on foot. (Cartoon Packet 95) I didn’t have much education as a child, and had many short term jobs throughout my teenage years. Later, I also became secretary to the French ambassadors in Vienna. I have worked on people more freely expressing their emotions rather than being restrained and polite. I worked with Denis Diderot and contributed many ideas to his Encyclopédie....
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...Jean- Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher of the Enlightenment era, whose main belief was that the progression of science and art caused moral corruption. He also believed humans were good by nature as well. I basically disagree with both of his philosophies, because people would still be corrupted without progression in science. I do however agree with Rousseau’s belief in education and the importance of it. The tragic burning of the library of Alexandria by the Caliph Umar destroyed valuable knowledge at the time. Umar believed that the books in Alexandria were blasphemy to the Koran, and that the Koran was the only book needed. If the library contained the holy book it was deemed as unnecessary and seen as a sign of mercy. This event I believe...
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...Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in city of Geneva, on 28th of June 1712. Rousseau`s mother died a week after his was born and his father blamed him for her death. He, then, was orphaned at the age of 10 because his father left Geneva to avoid imprisonment. Rousseau brought up by his devout Christian aunt and uncle, which spurred his hatred of authority and the church. Even though Rousseau had never received formal education, his love of literature and creative imagination were developed at a young age. In the Confessions, Rousseau mentioned that he went to Paris to become a composer and musician in his young adulthood, but he was discouraged and laughed by the other famous musicians at the time. At the same time, Rousseau became a close friend of fellow philosophe Diderot. As he mentioned in his autobiography, the reason why he was so...
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...Research Paper The following paper will focus on the philosophers of Greece and philosophies from the Enlightenment period. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement which took place during the seventeenth and eighteenth century. As a historical category, the term "Enlightenment"refers to an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas . It is one of the few historical categories that was dominated by the people who lived through the time period. "The Enlightenment” focused more on the use of reason and secularism. The Enlightenment had its ties in several areas, including science, questions about religion and travel literature. All people being equal was a new concept to the Enlightenment people. Equality would...
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...Maria Montessori Shadaya Cox University of Scranton Abstract This paper is about Maria Montessori and all she did to expand Early Childhood Education. She opened the world’s eyes to education for both normal and mentally deficient people. She paved the way for women in a male dominant world. She was also the first woman in Rome to get her medical degree at the University of Rome. Maria Montessori was an Italian woman born in 1870. She was born during "a time of extreme repression of women in Italy as elsewhere" (Bloom, Martin. "Primary Prevention and Early Childhood Education: An Historical Norte on Maria Montessori." ProQuest Education Journals (n.d.): n. pag. Print.). Maria was "a woman who wanted to shape her own destiny and life" (Peltzman, Barbara Ruth. "The Montessori Method. The Origins of an Educational Innovation." (n.d.): n. pag. Print.). She is known for being the first woman to receive a medical degree from the University of Rome. Initially, she was not admitted to the school because of her gender. Her own father was against the idea of hew pursuing a male dominant career path. Nonetheless, he still escorted her to and from classes each day, as it was ill advised for attractive young girls to be seen alone in public. Montessori drew on the writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau was a "Swiss educator who worked with culturally deprived children" (Bloom, Martin. "Primary Prevention and Early Childhood Education: An Historical Norte on Maria Montessori." ProQuest...
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...which stresses that social interaction is fundamental in the role of physical, cognitive and social development, and ecological systems theory, which integrates a holistic approach to encompassing the key individual and environmental influences on child development. The focus of the discussion is a comparative analysis of a theory from each of these approaches. A Discussion of the Theories of Bronfenbrenner and Vygotsky According to Berk (2013), there are three basic questions to consider in the area of child development. “Firstly, is the course of development continuous or discontinuous? Secondly, does the rate of development differ among children? And thirdly, what roles do genetic and environmental factors have in development?” This paper considers Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems...
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...´ ´ ETAT PRESENT WHAT HAPPENED TO THE CATHOLIC NOVEL? TOBY GARFITT MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD The idea of a specifically Catholic novel arose during the nineteeth century. The often anti-Catholic agenda of the philosophes and the libertine novel had been counterbalanced by writers such as Rousseau and Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, who sought to reveal God through the wonders of the natural world. But it was Chateaubriand’s Atala (1801) that inaugurated the new genre of the Catholic novel as a riposte to the dechristianization associated with the Revolution. Chateaubriand was more partial to the epic, however, and in this he was followed by Bonald, who appreciated the scope that the epic afforded for the depiction of ‘le merveilleux chretien’, including angels.1 An interesting ´ twentieth-century representative of this tradition is Patrice de La Tour du Pin, ´ whose three-volume Somme de poesie (1946 – 63) charts the progression from lyrical poetry in a neo-Romantic vein, through a process of kenosis or selfemptying (which involves a shift towards prose in the second volume), to the ´ ´ creation of a new theopoesie.2 Epic poetry continued to offer a means of exploring religious and scientific ideas throughout the nineteenth century (Quinet, Hugo, Bouilhet), but there was already a backlash by the 1820s, and, as the novel rapidly established itself as the major literary genre, a number of Catholic sub´ genres developed. The ‘Avant-propos’ to Balzac’s Comedie humaine expresses nostalgia...
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...Logic Main article: Logic Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. Arguments use either deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is when, given certain statements (called premises), other statements (called conclusions) are unavoidably implied. Rules of inferences from premises include the most popular method, modus ponens, where given “A” and “If A then B”, then “B” must be concluded. A common convention for a deductive argument is the syllogism. An argument is termed valid if its conclusion does indeed follow from its premises, whether the premises are true or not, while an argument is sound if its conclusion follows from premises that are true. Propositional logic uses premises that are propositions, which are declarations that are either true or false, while predicate logic uses more complex premises called formulae that contain variables. These can be assigned values or can be quantified as to when they apply with the universal quantifier (always apply) or the existential quantifier (applies at least once). Inductive reasoning makes conclusions or generalizations based on probabilistic reasoning. For example, if “90% of humans are right-handed” and “Joe is human” then “Joe is probably right-handed”. Fields in logic include mathematical logic (formal symbolic logic) and philosophical logic. Metaphysics Main article: Metaphysics Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, time, the relationship...
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...centuries. This period of time is regarded as the period of the Enlightenment. A few of the major figures of this particular “movement” were Rene Descartes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant. They altered the way in which the social world was viewed and helped pave the way for other classical social theorists to explain the individual’s role in society. Karl Marx, Alexis de Tocqueville, Henri De Saint-Simon, and Emile Durkheim are only the names of a few classical social theorists who set out to explore the role of an individual within society. These men believed that Reason, along with the application of a scientific approach, would be able to positively change the world and break through to a new form of power and authority. Although the ideas and theories of these men give rise to far greater advancement in sociological theory, there is a failure in intuition, and thus, a failure of the classical sociological element. The first section of this paper includes an explanation of classical sociology along with an overview of the theories associated with some of the greatest sociologists of this time. The next section of this paper explores reasons and explanations for the failure of classical social theory and interpretations to why before-mentioned theories were compromised. The final section of this paper summarizes some of the conclusions drawn about the failure of this particular ideology. I. Classical Sociology/Theories Explained Classical sociology...
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...Students learn the format of the AP test, essay rubric and essay structure. ▪ Students take a full-length AP test for comparison purposes in the spring. Reading: The Scarlet Letter – Nathaniel Hawthorne Writing: Answer the following question in one paragraph. Use quotes from the novel as evidence. Some readers believe that the elaborate decoration that Hester embroiders on the scarlet letter indicates her rejection of the community’s view of her act. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your position using evidence from the text. (test grade) Writing: Write a well-developed essay addressing the following prompt. Document all sources using MLA citation. Compare Hester to a modern day person who has been shunned. Provide at least two research sources for the other person. (project grade) Reading: “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” Jonathan Edwards Analyzing: SOAPSTONE and cannons of rhetoric Reading: Teacher Introduction Essay Writing: Students and teacher evaluate where each student’s writing is and where it needs to be by analyzing students’ introductory...
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...Approach The Fairness or Justice Approach The Common Good Approach The Virtue Approach Question 3 We all have to make decision on daily basis. It appear everyday in our life, force us to deal with it in our job… So what should we think when a moral issue show up? What should we consider? What to think and what to do? These question going to analyse the problem, shape a framework for ethical decision making by these four step: Get the facts. Evaluate Alternative actions. Make a Decision and Test it Act and reflect on the outcome. QUESTION 1 Ethics and feelings is not the same thing. Feeling is the most important thing for a person decided what he/she should do. French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote in the 18th century: “What I feel is right, what I feel is wrong is wrong.” For example, when On the other hand, feeling have it own dark...
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...HISTORY 4C: WESTERN CIVILIZATION: 1715-PRESENT Description of the Course: This course surveys the history of Europe from the beginning of the 18th century until the end of the 20th century. We will study major political, economic, social and intellectual developments that affected European societies during that time period and changed lives of people throughout the world. Major themes of the course will include the French and Industrial Revolutions, emergence of ideologies such as liberalism, nationalism and socialism as well as their practical impact on politics and culture, the rise and fall of European global dominance, wars and revolution of the 20th century. Goals of the Course: I. Understanding Historical Heritage of our Civilization: The major purpose of this course is to familiarize you with heritage of the western civilization and help you understand significance of its impact on contemporary world. This class will aim to illustrate how the past impacts people’s lives in the present and how our actions, ideas, and self-image are shaped by historical developments. II. Acquiring Critical Thinking: History consists of more than just memorization of names, dates and narratives of historical events. Although knowledge of factual information is imperative, it is important to realize that history is interpretation of facts, trends and ideas. Therefore, neither professor nor Teaching Assistants will give you “right” or “wrong” answers. Instead, another major...
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...Name Professor Course Date Why does Mills think that Utilitarianism provides the foundation for Justice and why does Rawls reject it? Introduction The concept of utilitarianism is one that has engulfed the philosophical arena with an obscene number of arguments that support and/or criticize it. Generally, utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics that defines an action as one that ensures maximum utility. Other schools of thought would like to put it as the concept of “maximizing happiness while reducing suffering” (Mills 3).In as much as utilitarianism has continued to receive applause from people and the political scene, other divergent scholars has come up with other theories that seek to compromise the philosophies under which the concept of utilitarianism operates. As a result, utilitarianism has become subject to contradictions from other theories in the field of ethics. The thinking class in other fields of utilitarianism characterizes in as a quantitative yet reductionist approach to ethics (Mills 3). Over time, the concept of utilitarianism has received ideological threats from; deontological ethics which does not assign moral worth to an action based on its consequences, virtue ethics that solely deals with action and habits that results to happiness, pragmatic ethics and other forms of ethics that backs the idea of consequentialism. In a nut shell, the concept of utilitarianism as defined by political philosophers and in relation to justice is becoming...
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...QUEEN OF APOSTLES PHILOSOPHY CENTRE JINJA (PCJ) CRITIQUE OF THE NOTION OF AUTONOMY IN KANT’S MORAL PHILOSOPHY AN UNDER GRADUATE DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE OF ETHICS AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF UGANDA MARTYRS UNIVERSITY (UMU) NKOZI, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN PHILOSOPHY BISIMWA MUNYALI EVARISTE MARCH 2011 1 DEDICACE This work is dedicated in a special way to: My ever loving and caring God, My family and the community of the Missionaries of Africa. 2 DECLARATION I………………………………………………………..have read the rules of Uganda Martyrs University on plagiarism and hereby state that this work is my own. It has not been submitted anywhere else for any qualification. I have acknowledged the secondary sources used in this work. NAME OF STUDENT…………………………………………………………. SIGNATURE…………………………………………………………………… DATE: …………………………………………………………………………… SUPERVISOR………………………………………………………………….. SIGNATURE…………………………………………………………………… DATE: ………………………………………………………………………….. 3 ABSTRACT The importance of a philosophical study dealing with moral issues, especially the principle of autonomy is indisputably great. It is a common agreement that morality is located within the scope of duty. Kant corroborates this held agreement by stating the categorical imperative which every human is obliged to act upon. He conceived this categorical imperative as the moral law which all those who claim to be moral beings have to live on. However, he also affirmed...
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