...Jim Crow Laws In the years 1870-1950 all colored people had to follow the Jim Crow laws. Jim Crow laws were laws enforcing racial segregation in the southern United States. The Jim Crow laws consist of different schools, entertainment, freedom of speech, health services, housing, Libraries, marrige, transportation, socialization, and many other things for African Americans to follow. The main separations are schooling,health services, and transportation. For example, Jim Crow laws were created for a “separate but equal” treatment. Colored people had to have their own schools because the white children did not want to go to school with colored kids. And if a white person married a colored person their family would technically disown them. Most African Americans had to have a very bad health condition in order to go to the hospital. Most babies had to be born in houses. Colored people would have to do their job perfectly or they would get fired. Blacks would have to call all whites miss or mister. Even children would have to call whites miss or mister. Even the schools were different....
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...African American History April 13, 2013 Final Paper Laws of Jim Crow (Final) The Jim Crow laws were as discriminatory as it gets when it came to race, as it separated what it considered inferior races from the white race. George agrees with other historians that Jim Crow was not a real person but one of fiction (6). Jim Crow laws were created in the late 1800’s and lasted until the 1960’s. Louisiana did not pass the first Jim Crow law until 1890, even though racial segregation and discrimination had their start much earlier. Soon after, other southern states passed similar laws prohibiting blacks from being seated with whites on railway cars. After studying the history of Jim Crow, Kantrowitz believed that the Jim Crow system was based on the assertions that whites believed themselves to be superior to blacks intellectually and morally. Sexual relations between blacks and whites were also a big issue because many whites believed that the mixing of races would produce a mongrel race and would destroy the fabric of America (35-38). On the other hand, George conveys that the main idea behind the Jim Crow laws was two-fold because Jim Crow was established to keep blacks separate and to make them believe that they were an inferior race (9). Jim Crow had the law on its side because no matter what, the law made it clear that discrimination against the blacks in the Southern states was okay. Many whites did not have a personal problem associating with blacks, as long...
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...Movement refers to the political, social and economical struggle of African Americans to gain full citizenship and racial equality. The movement held many nonviolent protest against racial segregation and discrimination in America especially in the South during the 1950s and 60s. Although African Americans began to fight for equal rights during the days of slavery, the quest for equality is still going on today. Every since the European settlement whites enslaved and oppressed people of color. When the slaves were freed by the 13th amendment that abolished...
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...Christine Venuti Themes in Modern History Prof. Matthew Shaughnessy November 9, 2012 Based on the history of prison labor in 20th century U.S. South, should local governments be allowed to privatize incarceration in their individual states? According to theologian James Crone and legal scholar Michelle Alexander, what are the socio-cultural ramifications of such actions? Back in the late 1800’s blacks were dehumanized and were made a mockery. James Crone, in his book, talks about how blacks or people of color would be lynched or would be threatened to be lynched just for walking the wrong way or giving a wrong look. The superior whites would hold events to watch a black man be hung and burned. Thousands of whites would attend including men, women, and children. Crone called it a family affair. Children would collect chopped off body parts as souvenirs and postcards would be made from pictures of the burning human and sent to relatives with quotes such as “this was our barbeque last night.” It was unjust to treat any human being that way let alone to treat just one race that way because they looked different. Mobs of white Americans would stop a black person and use violence on them just because they could and they knew they would get away with it. Lynchers were always mysteriously unknown to churches and police authority but very well known in the media. Whites turned the other way when it came to a black person back then. The lynching tree represented white power...
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...African Americans have felt discriminated over many centuries starting with slavery. They have experienced segregation and unethical treatment from people around them. Race and racism, two highly talked about topics, are never completely out of the news. The most controversial topic recently is related to the many blacks that have been shot by police officers, which have led to death or serious injures. This has happened numerous times across the United States. I do believe that African Americans deserve to be treated equally and the police officers taking part in these acts need to be held responsible for their actions. One of the first recorded incidents of racial discrimination towards African Americans was the action of slavery. Slaves were forced to work against their free will. Even though slave life depended on the slave holder, all conditions were not tolerable for a human being. Life as a slave meant working sunup to sundown six days a week, having food sometimes not suitable for an animal to eat, and living in a shack with dirt floor (“Slave Life”). This all took place while the slave holders enjoyed cracking the whip. After slavery took place for a long period of time, Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President, issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863 (Balser). The proclamation declared that “all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free (Balser). As you can imagine, African Americans felt a feeling beyond anything...
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...Journey to attain Equality and Civil Rights African-Americans have been fighting to end segregation and discrimination ever since slavery began. The “isolation” on which they endured to attain civil rights and equality was crucial at this point in time. In relationship to their work to end slavery, the technology, politics, military, culture, and society played a huge role. This role was persistent when African Americans were slaves and when they began to break free from being known as property. At times, the ending of isolation had resulted of periods of tension and struggle. African Americans have worked hard to end segregation through the non-violent strategies of sit-ins, boycotting, and their massive resistance to give in to their freedom (Bowles, 2011). The enduring fight and struggles to end racial discrimination plus attain equality and civil rights have, and will continue to be an ongoing battle for existing and future African-Americans. The strategies that African Americans used to end this discrimination have been influential and will be forever known in history as strong individuals because they endured beatings, were thought of as property, and had to fight for any type of rights but they still fought for freedom and against the injustice of slavery. The fight for slavery started many years before the first slaves came to the United States. The history of slavery in the United States even dates back to the early fourteenth century (The Gale Group, 2000.Slavery. Para...
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...and not even to a nation struggling with the perils of racism and equality, but to generations of people who share in a dream and strive for freedom; a dream that many still dream today. Even though we are closer now than at any point in history, we have yet to experience the freedom of which Dr. King dreamed. Racism is not a problem only in America, most every nation deals with racial issues on some level. Though none of us could ever forget the tragedy of the Holocaust, we tend to forget that it was racially motivated. Hitler’s goal was to exterminate the Jewish people. “Anne Frank was murdered by the Nazis in Bergen-Belsen [concentration camp] for being a Jew, just one of over one million Jewish children to be killed in the Holocaust” (Melchior). The Holocaust, while the most prominent, is not the only example of ethnic cleansing that the world offers. Darfur, the Sudan, Croatia, and Kosovo, just to name a few, have all dealt with this racial horror. South Africa, as well, deals with racism. As the political power shifts toward black South Africans, white South Africans face continual racial violence (Russell). By taking a broad look, it would appear that even though America is a relatively young nation, we have greatly overcome racism when compared to the majority of the world. Though it has been nearly 150 years since President Lincoln delivered the Emancipation Proclamation, a black man is still not free in America. Certainly, no longer bound with the chains of slavery...
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...An incident in 1892 involving an African American man Homer Plessy refused to sit in a Jim Crow car breaking a Louisiana law. In 1890 the law was put into play providing for “equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races” on its railroads. Plessy brought before Judge John H. Ferguson of criminal court for New Orleans, who upheld the law. The law later challenged by the Supreme Court on the grounds that it conflicted within the thirteenth and fourteenth amendment. The court later said that the law did not conflict with the Thirteenth amendment. The Court avoided discussion of the protection granted by the clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that forbids the states to make laws depriving citizens of their “privileges or...
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...Michael Cain ELA2603 - Administrative and Personnel Law Professor Zara Sette August 17, 2012 Abstract The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the nation's benchmark civil rights legislation, and it continues to resonate in America. The basic tenants of this legislation prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin and other protected classes as amended. Passage of the Act ended the application of "Jim Crow" laws, which had been upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, in which the Court held that racial segregation purported to be "separate but equal" was constitutional. The Civil Rights Act was eventually expanded by Congress to strengthen enforcement of these fundamental civil rights (United States Senate - Committee of the Judiciary). In the 1960s, Americans who knew only the potential of "equal protection of the laws" expected the nations political leaders and the courts to fulfill the promise and guarantee of the 14th Amendment. In response, all three branches of the federal government, as well as the public at large, debated a fundamental constitutional question: Does the Constitution's prohibition of denying equal protection always ban the use of racial, ethnic, or gender criteria in an attempt to bring social justice and social benefits (National Archives, 2012)? The simple answer is no. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 In 1964 Congress passed Public Law 88-352 (78 Stat. 241). The provisions of this civil rights...
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...the role and qualities of a consensus leader under the guardianship of Jongintaba Dalindyebo of the powerful Thembu Regent. He later attended the Methodist primary and secondary institutions modeled after British schools at which he was introduced to western cultural values; he later received a B.A in correspondence at the University of South America and also a B.S in law from the University of Witwatersrand. In 1944 the African National Congress (ANC) was establish. He became their key negotiator, beginning his life’s journey of promoting the eradication of Apartheid in a nonviolent manner and establishing equal opportunities’/ privileges’ of all individuals in South Africa. He stood for the abolishment of the 1948 Afrikaner-dominated National Parties policy which allowed South Africa’s racial segregation that classified individuals according to their racial groups which banned them from living together, dictated where one could live, what school one could attend, where they could work, where they could be hospitalized and even the place of burial. In 1952 he organized the Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws where him and fellow members committed nonviolent but illegal acts of using and entering all white only establishment, toilets and striking,. They were later found guilty for "statutory communism" and banned...
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...Advocacy Groups - an association of individuals or organizations who unite to actively support or defend an idea, usually to influence policies or resource allocations through media campaigns, public presentations, publicity, and legislative lobbying efforts; GROUP WHO TRY TO RAISE AWARENESS AND INFLUENCE POLITICS AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION advocacy groups are broader. interest groups are more specific. for example an environmental group would be an advocacy group and a group to save the rainforest would be an interest group. Amicus Curiae - “Friend of the Court.” A brief filed in a lawsuit by an individual or group that is not party to the lawsuit but that has an interest in the outcome. SOMEONE, NOT BELONGING TO ANY PARTY, VOLUNTEERS TO OFFER INFORMATION TO ASSIST IN A CASE, WHICH IS WHY IT MEANS FRIEND OF THE COURT Astroturf - refers to political, advertising or public relations campaigns that are designed to mask the sponsors of the message to give the appearance of coming from a disinterested, grassroots participant (i.e. fake grassroots); FAKE GRASS/FAKE SUPPORT; OPPOSITE OF GRASSROOTS; Creating the impression of public support by paying people in the public to pretend to be supportive. Bundling - A tactic in which PACs collect contributions from like-minded individuals (each limited to $2000) and present them to a candidate or political party as a “bundle,” thus increasing the PAC’s influence. Checkbook Membership- send in money to be a member A checkbook member is...
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...Racial discrimination existed in ancient times, but its modern form is from the beginning of the period of primitive accumulation of capital, so far, in the world of racial discrimination still exists in certain areas. Racial has always been a matter of concern in the Europe and the United States. Because the vast majority of black people were deprived of equal treatment rights due to their skin color. Of course includes Indians, indigenous peoples of Oceania, Europe's former colonial immigrants, ethnic minorities and foreign workers in Asia "tribal people" and caste group, are victims of racial discrimination past and present. Racial discrimination insults to human dignity, so it repeatedly condemned by the international media and international organizations. November 20, 1963, "United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination," declares the first time, to quickly eliminate all racial discrimination in the world. November 30, 1973, by the United Nations' International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, "once again clearly announced that those who commit acts of apartheid organizations, institutions or individuals, that is a crime, bear international crimes (“International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination” Introduction) Following paragraphs would explore those racial issues from the WW II period, especially for Africans; address the root of racial issues; discover what...
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...An outsider’s understanding of Mao requires a feat of imagination, first to recognize the nature of his supremacy. Mao had two careers, one as rebel leader, one as an updated emperor. He had gained the power of the latter but evidently retained the self-image of the former. Because authority in China came form the top down, as was recognized even in the mass line, once the CCP had taken power its leader became sacrosanct, above all the rest of mankind, not only the object of a cult of veneration but also the acknowledge superior of everyone in the organization. Such of the CCP had been put together by Mao that it could be regarded as his creation, and if he wanted to reform it, that was his privilege. Only if we regard him as a monarch in succession to scores of emperors can we imagine why the leadership of the CPP, trained to be loyal, went along with his piecemeal assault on and destruction of them. Mao also seems to have had in mind the idea that student youth could be mobilized to attack the evils in the establishment and purge China revisionism. It would be a form to manipulate mass movement, which his experience told him, was the engine of social change. (387) The Cultural Revolution, like the Hundred Flowers Campaign and the Great Leap Forward, turned out to be something he had not envisioned. Allowing for many variations, the purge rate among party officials was somewhere around 60 percent. It has been estimated that 400,000 people died as a result of maltreatment...
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...of history, and forces of human undertaking. Today, American society is faced with a residential, geographic phenomenon among urban and suburban communities that disadvantages African American citizens through the discriminatory denial of residential and economic freedom, a Constitutional promise that is guaranteed to all Americans. Modern America is confronted with a socially and geographically segregated society structured on the hierarchies of race, having the greatest consequences for African American communities, the most segregated racial group in American society. The Great Migration of the early twentieth century was a symbolic beacon of hope for African Americans leaving their homes in the rural South to a new land of promise in the urban North. While this migration created vast amounts of opportunity for African Americans that could have not existed in the Jim Crow-era South, the movements of these people would carry the racial divisions and hostilities of society to the level of a national plight. Northern whites implemented various practices in order to manipulate urban housing markets in the effect of restricting the residential mobility of African Americans and to confining African Americans to undesirable urban neighborhoods, and therefore setting the nature of race relations in northern communities and leading to the national development of twentieth century urban ghettos. In effect of this mass migration, racially motivated actions of individual American...
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...03-Banks.qxd 1/30/04 4:52 PM Page 57 3 Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System ETHICAL BACKGROUND It is generally agreed that discrimination based on ethnic origin is morally wrong and a violation of the principle of equality. The equality principle requires that those who are equal be treated equally based on similarities, and that race is not a relevant consideration in that assessment (May and Sharratt 1994: 317). In other words, it is only possible to justify treating people differently if there exists some factual difference between them that justifies such difference in treatment (Rachels 1999: 94). Equality is a nonspecific term that means nothing until applied to a particular context. Thus, in a political context, equality means equal access to public office and equal treatment under the law, and equal treatment extends to equality in terms of job hiring, promotion, and pay. Race refers to groups of persons who are relatively alike in their biological inheritance and are distinct from other groups (American Anthropological Association 1997: 2). Ethnicity is a cultural phenomenon referring to a person’s identification with a particular cultural group (Hinman 1998: 403). Race is socially constructed, and the notion that persons “belong” to a particular race was developed in the last century based on the belief that there was a biological basis for categorizing groups of people. Biologically, however, the term race has no meaning, yet society...
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