...------------------------------------------------- Solar panel | | Solar PV modules (top) and two solar hot water panels (bottom) mounted on rooftops | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or heating. A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells. Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, a solar inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring. The price of solar power, together with batteries for storage, has continued to fall so that in many countries it is cheaper than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the grid (there is "grid parity"). For example in 2015, an average home in Europe or the...
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...com/locate/eneco A model of competition in the solar panel industry Unni Pillai a,⁎, Jamison McLaughlin b a b College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, 257-Fuller Road, Albany, NY-12203, USA Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t We develop a model of competition in the solar panel industry. Solar firms manufacture panels that are differentiated both vertically and horizontally, and compete by setting quantities. The equilibrium of the model is consistent with a set of stylized facts that we document, including variation in prices, markups and market shares across firms. We calibrate the model using a new dataset data on prices, costs and shipments of leading solar companies, as well as solar sales in four leading markets. The calibrated model is applied to evaluate the impact of a decline in the price of polysilicon, a key raw material used in the manufacture of solar panels, on the equilibrium price of solar panels. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Article history: Received 12 June 2012 Received in revised form 14 May 2013 Accepted 20 May 2013 Available online 14 June 2013 JEL classification: L19 Ł13 O30 Keywords: Photovoltaics Competition Polysilicon 1. Introduction The electricity generation sector is the leading contributor of greenhouse gas emissions. Most plans to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions view solar photovoltaics as an electricity generation technology...
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...Efficiency of Solar Photovoltaic Research and developemnt in Solar PV industry Anushka Pal Riga Technical University Table of Contents Introduction: 4 Efficiency of solar cell 5 Factors affecting PV cell efficiency 14 Temperature 14 Dust 16 Solar irradiance 17 Losses in a solar cell 19 Optical losses 20 Collection losses 21 Resistance losses 21 Metal/semiconductor contacts 21 PV market 21 Cost analysis for PV 23 Parameters that can improve the efficiency of solar cell 30 Conclusions 31 Table of Figures: Figure 1 Best research cell efficiency 5 Figure 2 Measured efficiencies for LFC and PERC cells on p-type silicon 7 Figure 3 Progress in the conversion efficiency of HIT solar cells 8 Figure 4 Output power trends of single-sided HIT and bifacial HIT double modules throughout the year 9 Figure 5 Efficiency ratio of solar cells from a pilot solar series (300 cells). 11 Figure 6 Effect of temperature on PV cell characteristic. 14 Figure 7 Temperature effect on PV efficiency. 15 Figure 8 Effect of dust on PV cell power output. 16 Figure 9 Effect of irradiance on PV characteristic 17 Figure 10 PV module efficiency by different irradiation level 18 Figure 11 Energy output of PV for low radiation under 400 W/m2 18 Figure 12 PV power generation related to irradiance in a day 19 Figure 13 Photons with energy lower than the band gap energy...
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...PV StatuS RePoRt EUR 24807 EN - 2011 The Institute for Energy provides scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of community policies related to energy. Special emphasis is given to the security of energy supply and to sustainable and safe energy production. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy Contact information Address: Via Enrico Fermi 2749 TP 450 21027 Ispra (VA) Italy E-mail: arnulf.jaeger-waldau@ec.europa.eu Tel.: +39 0332 789119 Fax: +39 0332 789268 http://ie.jrc.ec.europa.eu www.jrc.ec.europa.eu PV Status Report 2011 Research, Solar Cell Production and Market Implementation of Photovoltaics July 2011 Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy, Renewable Energy Unit Via Enrico Fermi 2749; TP 450 I – 21027 Ispra (VA), Italia EUR 24807 EN Legal notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use, which might be made of the following information. The report does not represent any official position of the European Commission, nor do its contents prejudge any future Commission proposals in any areas of Community policy. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/ JRC 64900 EUR 24807 EN ISBN 978-92-79-20171-4 ISSN 1831-4155 doi 10.2788/87966 The report...
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...Essay 1 Energy Independence 9/28/2011 Persuasive Writing Charles Mountin Thesis Statement America needs to achieve energy independence and reduce its dependence on foreign oil. Abstract The United States need to lower its dependence on foreign oil. The U.S. dependence on foreign oil has created a huge trade deficit that puts billions of U.S. dollars into the hands of countries that are not U.S. allies. This dependence also could lead to an economic downturn if there is another spike in oil prices. The U.S. needs to find alternatives to foreign oil that are environmentally sound and U.S. made to achieve energy independence. America needs to find new energy sources and better energy conservation to meet its future energy needs. As of now America is far too dependent on foreign oil for its main energy source. Many experts say that the world is at peak output for oil right now and will be decreasing into the future. Right now the world has about 6.7 billion people, but by 2050 the estimate for world population is more than 9 billion people. That means we need a lot more oil than we now produce and our production capacity is already almost at its peak. If are still powering our cars, factories, and homes with oil when oil starts to run out we will be in a lot of trouble. In 2008 when oil supplies were near capacity the price of gas shot up to over $4.00 a gallon and I could barely keep up with my bills because of the extra money spent on gas. The price spike also...
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...any satellites. Normally, if they do not have a counter pull, they should have been dragged into the sun by the gravitational pull. These gravitation pulls of the sun and the counter pulls of the planets are called centrifugal forces. The planets revolve round the sun in their own specific orbits. These planets could be arranged in an order based on their distance from the sun. The nearest to the sun is Mercury and the next is Venus. Third comes the Earth. Later in the same order come Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Pluto is the most distant planet. If the are arranged in the order of size, the order would be ; 1. Jupiter, 2. Saturn, 3. Neptune, 4.Uranus, 5. Earth, 6. Venus, 7. Mars, 8. Pluto and 9. Mercury. The solar system has a diameter of 17,900 million kms. The nine planets can be grouped into two groups: 1. Small but high density planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars and 2. big but low...
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...energy is a capacity or the abilty to do a work. What is a renewable energy? A Renewable energy is an energy that can be renewed or be used again also it might be like it is recylcled ,the main point is it releases less cabondioxide and other greenhouse gasses, which is very good for the envoriment and it prevents global warming too! There is Non Renewable energy too, which is the direct opposite to Renewable energy! Types of Renewable energy They are: Hydropower, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy etc. Solar Energy Solar energy is the energy from the Sun. It produces heat as well as light and together it produces electricity! You might be surprised if you knew that you are using solar energy everyday! For e.g. for showers, cleaning and heating up your home! Solar panels produce electricity and save energy for our homes. Solar energy is natural and renewable as it comes from the Sun. Wind energy Wind energy is a form of solar energy. It is also natural like solar energy. Wind energy is useful and wind turbines produce lots of electricity.Wind turbines or wind mills as they were called has become the most use of producing energy in many countries. Wind turbines are located Renewable Energy! Do you know what is a renewable energy is? First you should know what energy is ! What is energy! An energy is a capacity or the abilty to do a work. What is a renewable energy? A Renewable energy is an energy that can be renewed or...
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...Various other models predict the nation's vulnerability. Bangladesh is the nation most vulnerable to global climate change in the world, according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. This is based on the analysis of impacts of major climate events that occurred around the world in the twenty-year period since 1990. The reasons are complex and extremely intertwined. Located at the bottom of the mighty GBM river system (comprising the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna), Bangladesh is watered by a total of 57 trans-boundary rivers coming down to it: 54 from neighbouring India and 3 from Myanmar. The country, which has no control of the water flow and volume, drains to the Bay of Bengal over 90% of the total run-off generated annually. Coupled with the high level of widespread poverty and increasing population density, limited adaptive capacity and poorly funded, ineffective local governance have made the region one of the most adversely affected in the planet. There are an estimated one thousand people in each square kilometre, with the national population increasing by 2 million people each year. Almost half the population is in poverty (Purchasing Power Parity of $1.25 per person a day). Hence these people do not have the ability to respond to a natural disaster and the government cannot help them.[2] Effects[edit] It is projected that, by 2020, from 500 to 750 million people will be affected by water stress caused by climate change around the world...
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...is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.” Renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency exist over the world. Compare to other traditional energy resources like fossil fuel, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. The rapid development of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and the technological diversification of energy resources, would provide a sustainable and stable supply of energy and a significant growth in economy for the world in a foreseeable future. History of Renewable Energy Prior to the development of coal in the mid 19th century, nearly all energy used was renewable. The oldest known use of renewable energy, in the form of traditional biomass to fuel fires, dates from 790,000 years ago (K. Kris, 2013). The second oldest usage of renewable energy is using the wild to drive ships over water. This can be traced back 7,000 years ago, to ships on Nile (The Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy and Sustainable Living, 2013). Moving into the time of recorded history, the primary resources of traditional renewable energy were human labor, animal power, water power, wind and firewood (traditional biomass). By late 19 century, people concerned of running out of coal, so they promoted experiments with using solar energy. The development of solar engine continued until...
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...Ken Hayes EDU-450-O101 Classroom Engagement and Management August 11th 2013 Shica Little A case studies a student's disruptive behavior. I’d like to take make a case study of a person I shall call Max. Now Max is a student who is normally a good student but has a I think I know everything type attitude so sometimes he becomes a disruption for he likes to show off to the class with his storehouse of knowledge and can sometimes test the teacher’s patience. In this case study I shall go through the behavior cycle as listed in our textbook, “Lee Canter’s Classroom Management for Academic Success.” For instance the first part of the cycle mentions using explicit directions or to communicate your instructions clearly and that a teacher cannot afford be vague when issuing directions in what he/she would like to have the class do. In this case, the teacher tells the class to go to their seats and begins to work on their worksheet on the planet Saturn. Max starts out going to his seat but stops to make a commentary on Debbie’s attire and then gets to his seat and then starts his assignment but then stops his work and starts to tell the class all he knows about Saturn. Now according to the text he did do what he was told but he did it his way and on his time frame. This is because the teacher did not give explicit enough instructions. A sample of this would be, class, go directly to your seats to not talk and get to work on your worksheet on the planet...
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...Executive Summary We are launching “Power Plastic” as a subsidiary of “Konarka Technologies” in India, it’s unique technology is based on patented photo-reactive materials made from conductive polymers and organic nano-engineered materials, this allows Power Plastic to provide alternative and new lightweight, flexible, and cheap material that converts indoor and outdoor light into electricity, our product is much more versatile than traditional solar panels, which will utilize in our marketing strategy. We are targeting India’s middle-Class segment, rural & remote areas which lack basic power grid infrastructure, we are expecting to utilize India’s policy shift towards more clean and renewable energy, which lead India to be among the top 5 countries in the world in terms of renewable energy capacity. Our positioning strategy is based on the competitive values Plastic Power brings as opposed to the conventional solar products currently available in the market, though competition would be fierce with industry leaders who have been operational in India for the past 2 decades, posses governments support whether in access to land or allocation of government subsidies to their customer base, in addition showcase many success stories despite the many challenges faced. Our objective in terms of market share is to 5% for the next 12 years, targeting 80m households; our overall marketing budget is 24 million US Dollars. Macro-environmental Factors India, due to its fast...
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...Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) By: Adriana Zavala They are many myths about the Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights), named after the Roman goddess of dawn, Aurora, and the Greek name for the north wind, Boreas, by Pierre Gassendi in 1621.The Lapps or the Saami people that were a closely related race of the Finns’ who lived in Lappland, in what is officially Northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway traditionally believed that the Aurora Borealis “were the energies of the souls of the departed. When the fires blazed in the skies, people were to behave solemnly, and children were admonished to quiet down and be respectful of the fires. It was believed that whoever disrespected the fires incurred bad fortune, which could result in sickness and even death” The Lapps believed these fires to have magical effects; Lappish shaman drums often have runes illustrating the fires to connect their energy. The lights were believed to have a serene effect on arguments, and the time of the fires was beneficial to problem solving. The Lapps also had a belief that if you whistled under the Aurora Borealis, then the lights would take you away with them (1). An American history on the Aurora Borealis took as an event. After the battle of Fredricksburg, the Aurora Borealis could be seen. The army took is it as God’s sign to show that he was on their side throughout the battle. It is very unusual to see the Aurora Borealis in Virginia (2). The Aurora Borealis is seen in many ways. One as a diffuse...
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...Mass of the Planets and the Sun | Rank | Name | Mass (kg) | 1 | Sun | 1.9891 x 1030 | 2 | Jupiter | 1.8986 x 1027 | 3 | Saturn | 5.6846 x 1026 | 4 | Neptune | 10.243 x 1025 | 5 | Uranus | 8.6810 x 1025 | 6 | Earth | 5.9736 x 1024 | 7 | Venus | 4.8685 x 1024 | 8 | Mars | 6.4185 x 1023 | 9 | Mercury | 3.3022 x 1023 | 10 | Moon | 7.349 x 1022 | 11 | Pluto | 1.25 x 1022 | Volume of the Planets and the Sun | Rank | Name | Volume (cubic km) | 1 | Sun | 1.409 x 1018 | 2 | Jupiter | 1.43128 x 1015 | 3 | Saturn | 8.2713 x 1014 | 4 | Uranus | 6.833 x 1013 | 5 | Neptune | 6.254 x 1013 | 6 | Earth | 1.08321 x 1012 | 7 | Venus | 9.2843 x 1011 | 8 | Mars | 1.6318 x 1011 | 9 | Mercury | 6.083 x 1010 | 10 | Moon | 2.1958 x 1010 | 11 | Pluto | 7.15 x 109 | PLANETS | DISTANCE FROM THE SUN | Mercury | 57,910,000 km | Venus | 108,200,000 km | Earth | 149,600,000 km | Mars | 227,940,000 km | Jupiter | 778,330,000 km | Saturn | 1,429,400,000 km | Uranus | 2,870,990,000 km | Neptune | 4,504,000,000 km | Pluto | 5,913,520,000 km | PLANETS | RADIUS | Mercury | 2,439.7 km | Venus | 6,051.8 km | Earth | 6,371.00 km | Mars | 3,389.5 km | Jupiter | 69,911 km | Saturn | 58,232 km | Uranus | 25,362 km | Neptune | 24,622 km | Sun | 695,508 km | DISTANCE OF THE PLANETS FROM THE SUN RADIUS OF THE PLANETS Assignment in nsci 211b – 10b Submitted by : Amago, angelo submitted to: ...
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...obvious enthusiasm was infectious as he talked about the impact of Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter. Images of the impacts on Jupiter, taken with several different instruments, were presented. Unfortunately, no one commented on what the Jovian impacts told us about Jupiter's structure. Duncan Steel narrated a chilling segment on the deleterious global effects which would result from the impact of a several kilometer diameter object with New York City as the bullseye. David Morrison commented on the probabilities of death by impact. He noted that there are few professionals working in locating near-Earth objects which might threaten us. A few results from probes sent to Halley's Comet in the mid-1980s, during its last passage through the inner solar system, were presented. Several proposed methods for deflecting objects on a collision course with the Earth were highlighted with attractive animations and interviews with folks like Edward Teller. David Morrison underscored some of the holes in current defense strategies. Statistics such as...
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...Energy, Fossil Fuels & Alternative Energy 22 July 2012 In order to understand how energy is converted from one form to another we must first define energy as the ability to do work and “Energy can never be destroyed. Energy can be converted from one form to another but the total energy remains constant (Integrated Science)”. Now that we have defined energy we can go further as there are two types of energy. The first type of energy is Kinetic energy, and is related with motion. Examples of Kinetic energy would be wind, water, machines, and even thermal energy. Our second form of energy is potential energy or energy waiting to be used. To types of potential energy would be fossil fuels or nuclear. Within these two types of energy it can be converted into the same 5 different forms of energy: (1) Mechanical Energy: energy from machines; (2) Chemical Energy: energy produced through a chemical reaction (3) Radiant energy: energy in the form of radiation or in the absence of matter (4) Electrical energy: derived from electromagnetic interactions and (5) Nuclear: energy produced by a nuclear reaction. Energy can go from one type of energy to another through energy transfer and most energy becomes mechanical energy. An example of this would be a power plant. The plant first burns coal (Potential energy converted to kinetic energy) to boil water that in turn spins turbines that produces electricity. All the energy is transferred to the other but only 40% of the...
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