...investigation the police found that there were 38 people who witnessed the crime, but only one called for the police. One couple said they assumed that the police had already been called and moved their chairs closer to the window to watch. The attack lasted about 35 minutes. If someone would have called the police sooner Kitty may have survived and the perpetrator could have been caught. The Genovese incident created interest in the Psychological world. Two psychologists, John Darley of New York University and Bibb Latané of Columbia, set out to understand the forces that caused the bystanders not to react. They hypothesized that one of the major forces present in this case was the bystander effect which is a tendency for individuals to delay in assisting those who need help assuming that other individuals will help. John Darley and Bibb Latané decided to test their hypothesis. They proposed that the reason no one took steps to help is they thought that someone else had called for help. Darley and Latané could not reenact the events that lead to Kitty Genovese’s murder for experimental purposes. Rather, they designed an experiment that would mimic an...
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... Introduction The bystander effect is a social psychological sensation that alludes to cases in which people don't offer any method for help to a victimized person when other individuals are available. The likelihood of assistance is contrarily identified with the amount of bystanders. At the end of the day, the more noteworthy the amount of bystanders, the more improbable it is that any of them will offer assistance. A few variables help to clarify why the bystander effect happens. These variables include: ambiguity, cohesiveness and diffusion of responsibility. The bystander effect was initially showed in the laboratory by John Darley and Bibb Latané in 1968 after they got to be intrigued by the subject after the homicide of Kitty Genovese in 1964. These researchers dispatched an arrangement of experiments that brought about one of the strongest and most replicable impacts in social brain science, Bibb Latané and Judith Rodin (1969). In a common examination, the member is either alone or among a gathering of different members or confederates. A crisis circumstance is arranged and researchers measure to what extent it takes the members to mediate, in the event that they intercede. These experiments have discovered that the vicinity of others restrains helping, often by an extensive edge. Case in point, Bibb Latané and Judith Rodin (1969) organized a test around a lady in pain. 70 percent of the individuals alone got out or went to...
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...diffusion of responsibility, people are less likely to intervene and come to the assistance of someone because they feel less responsible (Garcia, Weaver, Darley, & Moskowitz, 2002). If you witnessed an accident that happened right in front of you, would you drop the something that you are doing to go help? Some people would say yes, and some would say no. There is no right or wrong answer to this, but people think that “yes”, you should drop whatever it is that you are doing and go and help that person or persons that are in trouble. This is the “Bystander Effect”. Psychologists have done studies showing that you as a person, whether or not you should interfere would be determined by on the number of bystanders that were present of the incident. When an emergency situation transpires, witnesses are more than likely going to react a little differently whereas just in an “accident”. The difference between and accident and an emergency is pretty simple and basic, emergency is when somebody would be in desperate need of assistance and an accident is something that didn’t mean to take place or happen. When being involved in a bigger crowd when an emergency takes place, it would mean that no single person would have to take that big of a responsibility. In a series of classic studies, researchers Bibb Latané and John Darley found that the amount of time it takes the participant to take...
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...portrayal of her neighbors as being fully aware of what was transpiring but completely unresponsive. This went on to become a psychological paradigm and an stimulus on psychologist to investigating the effect of bystanders on individuals willing of helping others. Bystander Effect refers to the tendency for individuals to be less likely to help other person in need when other bystanders are present, or believed to be present, as compared to when they are alone (VCE psychology unit 1 and 2 textbook). And pro-social behaviour is any behaviour intended to help or benefit another person, group or society. One of the classic experiments is conducted by John Darley and Bibb Latané in 1964 called Bystander Apathy Experiment to investigate the influence group size displays the probability of reactions to the incident. The aim of the current study was to conduct a series of experiments to investigate the influence of Bystander Effect on pro social behaviour. The independent variable was the the number of people that present when the accident happens. The dependent variable was the likelihood of the witnesses to help. It was predicted that the the participant aged 15 to 30 from Facebook would more likely to help when they were alone or only few witnesses present rather than it’s in crowded situations. Method： Participants 50 individuals (28 males,22 females) from Facebook aged between 15 and 30 were asked to volunteer to participant in an experiment. Material A survey Procedure ...
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...What is Bystander Effect The bystander effect is the somewhat controversial name given to a social psychological phenomenon in cases where individuals do not offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present. The probability of help has in the past been thought to be inversely proportional to the number of bystanders. In other words, the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that any one of them will help. In a series of classic studies, researchers Bibb Latane and John Darley found the bystander effect. In one experiment, subjects were placed in one of three treatment conditions: alone in a room, with two other participants or with two confederates who pretended to be normal participants. As the participants sat filling out questionnaires, smoke began to fill the room. When participants were alone, 75% reported the smoke to the experimenters. In contrast, just 38% of participants in a room with two other people reported the smoke. In the final group, the two confederates in the experiment noted the smoke and then ignored it, which resulted in only 10% of the participants reporting the smoke. Another great example of the bystander effect is a study done by Robert Thornberg (2007). In his study, he observed real- life emergency situations in a classroom. In one incident he describes, a group of 5th graders are coming back from their break and putting away their jackets. One student, Chris, is lying on the floor holding his arm and is crying...
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...Description: The behavior under consideration in this paper is the murder and sexual assault of Catherine ‘Kitty’ Genovese. This behavior may be manifested in a number of ways by a variety of individuals for a number of different reasons; such as violent attacks on women. While technically defined as a crime by the state or federal statutes the behavior in question is also regarded as deviant, norm-violating and immoral. It is the purpose of this paper to first describe the murder and sexual assault of Catherine ‘Kitty’ Genovese and then to relate it to two chapters in the textbook entitled ‘It’s a Crime: Woman and Justice” by Roslyn Muraskin. In addition to that I will also examine the fact that thirty-eight witnesses heard or watch the thirty-five minute killing of Ms.Genovese and not one of them assisted or called for help until after she was dead. The murder was committed on the early morning of March 13, 1964 at about 3:15am in the New Gardens section of Queens in New York. Catherine, who was also known as Kitty had just gotten off of work, where she was a manger at a bar. She parked her car in a Long Island Railroad parking lot about 20 feet away from her apartment. As she began to lock her door to her car, she noticed a figure in the dark that was moving quickly toward her. Becoming alarmed she began to walk quickly and then ran as she realized the stranger was following her. She must have thought that since the entrance to her building was so close...
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...feL82809_ch01_002-047.indd Page 2 8/2/10 9:46 PM user-f465 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Psychology /Users/user-f465/Desktop feL82809_ch01_002-047.indd Page 3 8/2/10 9:46 PM user-f465 /Users/user-f465/Desktop Key Concepts for Chapter 1 MODULE 1 What is the science of psychology? ● What Psychologists at Work are the major specialties in the field of The Subfields of Psychology: Psychology’s Family Tree psychology? ● Where do psychologists Working at Psychology PsychWork: Licensed Social Worker work? MODULE 2 What are the origins of psychology? ● What are the major approaches in contemporary psychology? ● What are psychology’s key issues and controversies? ● What is the future of psychology likely to hold? A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future The Roots of Psychology Today’s Perspectives Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Psychology Matters Psychology’s Key Issues and Controversies Psychology’s Future MODULE 3 What is the scientific method? ● What role Research in Psychology do theories and hypotheses play in The Scientific Method psychological research? ● What research Descriptive Research methods do psychologists use? ● How do Experimental Research Psychological Research psychologists establish cause-and-effect relationships using experiments? MODULE 4 What major issues confront psychologists conducting research? Research Challenges: ...
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...http://content.yudu.com/Library/A2nagu/SocialPsychologyAron/resources/3.htm Chapter 2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.) |Topic |Question |Factual |Conceptual |Applied | | |Type | | | | | |Multiple Choice |1 |2 | | |Introduction | | | | | | |Essay | | | | | |Multiple Choice |6,19,21 |9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,18 |3,4,5,7,8,17,20 | |Social Psychology: An | | | | | |Empirical Science | | | | | | |Essay |240 | | | | |Multiple Choice |24,28,36,41,54,59,73,74,75, |27,29,31,33,34,35...
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...enquiry and ethical considerations. Contents Introduction Goals of Psychological Enquiry Steps in Conducting Scientific Research Alternative Paradigms of Research Nature of Psychological Data Some Important Methods in Psychology Observational Method Example of an Experiment (Box 2.1) Experimental Method Correlational Research Survey Research Example of Survey Method (Box 2.2) Psychological Testing Case Study Analysis of Data Quantitative Method Qualitative Method Limitations of Psychological Enquiry Ethical Issues An idea that is developed and put into action is more important than an idea that exists only as an idea. – Gautam Buddha 22 Psychology Key Terms Summary Review Questions Project Ideas Introduction You have read in the first chapter that psychology is the study of experiences, behaviours, and mental processes. You may now be curious to know how psychologists study these phenomena. In other words, what methods are used to study behaviour and mental processes? Like all scientists, psychologists seek to describe, predict, explain and control what they study. For this, psychologists rely on formal, systematic observations to address their questions. It is the methodology that makes psychology a scientific endeavour. Psychologists use a variety of research methods because questions about human behaviour are numerous and all of them cannot be studied by a single method. Methods such as observation, experimental, correlational research, survey, psychological...
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... Introduction On a March night in 1964, Kitty Genovese was attacked by a maniac as she came home from work at 3 A.M. Thirty-eight of her Kew Gardens neighbors came to their windows when she cried out in terror – but no one came to her assistance. Even though the attack, which resulted in her death, lasted more than half an hour, no one even so much as called the police. . . . The thirty-eight witnesses to Kitty 3 4 FOUNDATIONS AND PRINCIPLES Genovese’s murder did not merely look at the scene once and then ignore it. Instead they continued to stare out, fascinated, distressed, unwilling to act but unable to turn away: they were neither helpful nor heroic, but their behavior was not indifferent or apathetic either. (Latané and Darley 1976: 309–10) This is one of the most famous of social psychology’s stories, told and re-told in social psychology textbooks ever since. The question of why nobody came to Kitty’s aid was first raised in a report, just after the incident, in the New York Times,...
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...Manual to Accompany The Longman Writer Rhetoric, Reader, Handbook Fifth Edition and The Longman Writer Rhetoric and Reader Fifth Edition Brief Edition Judith Nadell Linda McMeniman Rowan University John Langan Atlantic Cape Community College Prepared by: Eliza A. Comodromos Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New York San Francisco Boston London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid Mexico City Munich Paris Cape Town Hong Kong Montreal NOTE REGARDING WEBSITES AND PASSWORDS: If you need a password to access instructor supplements on a Longman book-specific website, please use the following information: Username: Password: awlbook adopt Senior Acquisitions Editor: Joseph Opiela Senior Supplements Editor: Donna Campion Electronic Page Makeup: Big Color Systems, Inc. Instructor’s Manual to accompany The Longman Writer: Rhetoric, Reader, Handbook, 5e and The Longman Writer: Rhetoric and Reader, Brief Edition, 5e, by Nadell/McMeniman/Langan and Comodromos Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Instructors may reproduce portions of this book for classroom use only. All other reproductions are strictly prohibited without prior permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Please visit our website at: http://www.ablongman.com ISBN: 0-321-13157-6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 - D O H - 05 04 03 02 CONTENTS THEMATIC CONTENTS...
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...TITLUL CURSULUI: CURS PRACTIC – LIMBA ENGLEZĂ Fundamente de gramatică şi vocabular Limba engleză - “English for Social Sciences” Curs pentru învăţământ la distanţă Asist.univ. DANIELA NICULESCU- ZDRENGHEA [pic] 2005 INTRODUCERE 1.Coordonatorul cursului este asist.univ.Daniela Niculescu-Zdrenghea, titular la Facultatea de Psihologie a Universităţii Titu Maiorescu, autoare a numeroase traduceri a numeroase studii de specialitate. 2.Tutorii : asist.univ. Mihaela Ştefănică, asist.Daniela Niculescu. CURSUL 1.Introducere □ 111 este un curs de un semestru şi este cotat cu 3 credite. 2.Prescriere □ Cursul constă în prezentarea unor modalităţi de comunicare şi interpretare în limba engleză. 3.Conţinut □ În acest curs vor fi studiate prin intermediul unor fişe – numerotate de-a lungul cursului – modalităţi de comunicare în limba engleză, structuri gramaticale, topică, prin numeroase exemplificări utile studiului individual. 4.Obiectivele cursului □ Cursul de limba engleză pentru învăţământ la distanţă îşi propune să sedimenteze elemente de limba engleză dobândite în formarea preuniversitară a studentului ID, elemente lingvistice şi de interpretare necesare unei deschideri a studentului ID către lumea ştiinţifică internaţională. Pentru o analiză gramaticală şi interpretarea de texte, sunt folosite tematici cu predilecţie din psihologie (inclusiv psihologie...
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...Bibliography Index Acknowledgments About the Author Cover Copyright About the Publisher v 1 13 43 87 126 157 178 205 211 225 241 INTRODUCTION I can admit it freely now. All my life I’ve been a patsy. For as long as I can recall, I’ve been an easy mark for the pitches of peddlers, fundraisers, and operators of one sort or another. True, only some of these people have had dishonorable motives. The others—representatives of certain charitable agencies, for instance—have had the best of intentions. No matter. With personally disquieting frequency, I have always found myself in possession of unwanted magazine subscriptions or tickets to the sanitation workers’ ball. Probably this long-standing status as sucker accounts for my interest in the study of compliance: Just what are the factors that cause one person to say yes to another person? And which techniques most effectively use these factors to bring about such compliance? I wondered why it is that a request stated in a certain way will be rejected, while a request that asks for the same favor in a slightly...
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...Contents Preface Acknowledgments Introduction 1 BRAIN POWER Myth #1 Most People Use Only 10% of Their Brain Power Myth #2 Some People Are Left-Brained, Others Are Right-Brained Myth #3 Extrasensory Perception (ESP) Is a Well-Established Scientific Phenomenon Myth #4 Visual Perceptions Are Accompanied by Tiny Emissions from the Eyes Myth #5 Subliminal Messages Can Persuade People to Purchase Products 2 FROM WOMB TO TOMB Myth #6 Playing Mozart’s Music to Infants Boosts Their Intelligence Myth #7 Adolescence Is Inevitably a Time of Psychological Turmoil Myth #8 Most People Experience a Midlife Crisis in | 8 Their 40s or Early 50s Myth #9 Old Age Is Typically Associated with Increased Dissatisfaction and Senility Myth #10 When Dying, People Pass through a Universal Series of Psychological Stages 3 A REMEMBRANCE OF THINGS PAST Myth #11 Human Memory Works like a Tape Recorder or Video Camera, and Accurate Events We’ve Experienced Myth #12 Hypnosis Is Useful for Retrieving Memories of Forgotten Events Myth #13 Individuals Commonly Repress the Memories of Traumatic Experiences Myth #14 Most People with Amnesia Forget All Details of Their Earlier Lives 4 TEACHING OLD DOGS NEW TRICKS Myth #15 Intelligence (IQ) Tests Are Biased against Certain Groups of People My th #16 If You’re Unsure of Your Answer When Taking a Test, It’s Best to Stick with Your Initial Hunch Myth #17 The Defining Feature of Dyslexia Is Reversing Letters Myth #18 Students Learn Best When Teaching Styles Are Matched to...
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... Bibliography 225 Index 241 Acknowledgments About the Author Cover Copyright About the Publisher INTRODUCTION I can admit it freely now. All my life I’ve been a patsy. For as long as I can recall, I’ve been an easy mark for the pitches of peddlers, fundraisers, and operators of one sort or another. True, only some of these people have had dishonorable motives. The others—representatives of certain charitable agencies, for instance—have had the best of intentions. No matter. With personally disquieting frequency, I have always found myself in possession of unwanted magazine subscriptions or tickets to the sanitation workers’ ball. Probably this long-standing status as sucker accounts for my interest in the study of compliance: Just what are the factors that cause one person to say yes to another person? And which techniques most effectively use these factors to bring about such compliance? I wondered why it is that a request stated in a certain way will be rejected, while a request that asks for the same favor in a slightly different fashion will be successful. So in my role as an experimental social psychologist, I began to do research into the psychology of compliance. At first the research vi / Influence took the form of experiments performed,...
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