...John Locke's contributions in Philosophy and political views are followed and practiced even to this day. Locke’s ideas influenced religion, economics, political change, theories of knowledge and the human understanding that led to governmental and social improvements. John Locke believed in political reform. John Locke is one of the most influential authors and political philosophers in history. His ideas and views have influenced such momentous commodity such as the American constitution. Many of Locke’s ideas were used in the creation of the United States Constitution. John Locke was a British philosopher and medical researcher. Locke was born to Agnes Keene and John Locke on August 29, 1632, in Somerset, England. His father was a Puritan lawyer, who served as a Captain during the English civil war. Locke’s schooling began at Westminster School in 1647. He earned the title of King’s Scholar, which prepared him for the next phase of his education at the Christ Church in Oxford in 1652. He studied literature, physical science, medicine, politics, and natural philosophy. In 1656 he continued for his Master of Arts degree. In 1665 at Oxford, Locke encountered Lord Ashley, a notable statesman looking for medical treatment. After a friendship formed, Ashley invited Locke to join him in London as his personal physician. Locke agreed and left for London in 1667, where he lived for the next eight years. This was the beginning of Locke’s deep political interests, which was...
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...The Social Contract Theory of John Locke Paper University of phoenix Finance and Budgeting in Justice and Security AJS/532 Matthew O’Deane November 20, 2013 The Social Contract Theory of John Locke Paper My paper evaluates the Social Contract Theory of John Locke, and how his principles are even within the criminal justice system, and private security situations nowadays. This paper shall also in great detail debate whether or not Locke’s’ values and beliefs pertain to criminal justice as well as private security venues. A summary will be presented to identify key dissimilarities of the social contract theories, recognize key any principles connected with Locke’s social contract theory, label how these codes are instilled within the United States Bill of Rights, recognize how these principles show within the criminal justice system and security organizations of present, and lastly define independence in regards to personal rights and proper principles, and commitments. “A social contract is a voluntary agreement in which mutual benefit occurs between and for individuals, groups, government or a community as a whole. According to Locke, the State of Nature, the natural condition of mankind, is a state of perfect and complete liberty to conduct one's life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others (Kelly, Martin. (2012)).” This doesn’t mean that it is a state of authorization: a citizen isn’t...
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...In John Locke's A Letter Concerning Toleration, he contends that government has no authority over people who neglect their souls, health, and estate (406). From Locke's perspective, government's only aim is to protect one's property. By making laws that protect the property of the people from the harm of others, a government makes its citizens more autonomous. However, government's authority to establish laws comes from the consent of people who forfeit some of their natural rights (Locke, 304). In a sense, people have to give up some of their right in order to achieve greater autonomous. Because Locke believes that each person is his or her best judge of what he or she wants, as long as a person does not damage other's body or property, government should not interfere with his or her life. With regard to the relationship between government and religion, Locke states that "the care of souls does not belong to the magistrate" (Locke, 405). Put simply, government should not coerce anyone into a certain religion or belief because the purpose of government is to protect people's property. Even though the only authority that religious groups have is to care for one's soul, religious groups should not force other people to believe in their doctrines because each individual has the freedom to choose his belief. Although Locke admits that there is only "one true way to eternal happiness," he believes that no man knows which path is right(Locke, 407). As the result, no one, not even...
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...Leadership and Ethical decision making Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission First of all this is an assignment what is very interesting again. As a foreigner this was a totally new topic for me. While reading and researching everything I learned about a lot of new stuff. I had to research everything since some of this stuff I never heard of or if I heard about them it was in another language. First I am going to start off my paper with telling the back ground behind Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, No. 08-205, 558 U.S. 310 (2010), is a U.S. constitutional law case dealing with the regulation of campaign spending by organizations. The United States Supreme Court held that the First Amendment prohibited the government from restricting independent political expenditures by a nonprofit corporation. The principles articulated by the Supreme Court in the case have also been extended to for-profit corporations, labor unions and other associations. In the case, the conservative lobbying group Citizens United wanted to air a film critical of Hillary Clinton and to advertise the film during television broadcasts in apparent violation of the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (commonly known as the McCain–Feingold Act or "BCRA"). Section 203 of BCRA defined an "electioneering communication" as a broadcast, cable, or satellite communication that mentioned a candidate within 60 days of a general election or 30...
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...of politics. While similar in some ways, there is a distinction between liberalism and socialism. However, in order to identify the differences between the two, one must analyze both side’s history and origin. The definition of liberalism has changed from its beginning to today. Liberalism consists of two types; classical liberalism and modern liberalism. Classical liberalism was based on ideas formed by John Locke and Adam Smith. Locke was known as the “originator of liberalism (Analyzing Politics, 5th ed.). In his book, Two Treatises of Government, Locke expressed that he agreed with the idea of limited government. He believed that as long as people followed the laws of nature, which are, preserve yourself, do not harm others, and help others if possible, then there would be little need for government intervention. Although Locke acknowledged that classes of rich and poor would be born through economic change, both him and Adam Smith believed that economic inequality was not necessarily “unjust or unfair (Analyzing Politics, 5th ed.). In the end, both Locke and Smith were in favor of limited government and Smith argued that government should be limited to security, roads, bridges, and schools. Modern liberalism was based on the ideas of English philosopher T.H. Green. Green argued against many of the ideas that classical liberalism was founded on and was in favor of an “interventionist government” (Analyzing Politics, 5th ed.) that would control the economy and...
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...Milton Friedman and R. Edward Freeman in their respective essays found in Chapter 4 of the textbook as they are applied to the case study of " New Protocol: How Drug’s Rebirth as Treatment for Cancer Fueled Price Rises." Celgne Corp., in my opinion is a great example of a company that is facing the age-old question of who companies owe their loyalty to? The stakeholders who are investing in our company or the community we sell our products to and for whom the product is essentially developed for. While my belief is that in any business there is the need to make a profit and constantly grow not only the assets but also the stakeholder’s investment, one has to analyze up to what point it is fine to stop benefiting the company’s financial health and maintain the ethical responsibility to the public. It does not seem ethical to price gouge customers simply for the benefit of the stakeholders; especially when the cost to manufacture the product has not increased with the rate of the price increase, and the best answer that can be provided when questioned on the rise of the cost of medicine is that the competitor costs more, but at the same the point can be made that thalidomide costs 40% less than the competitor and the company has invested the company’s profits in research and development to continuously better the product...
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...life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. However once these basic rights, have been tampered with, humans have a duty and right to revolt against terrene. In “The Two Treatises of Government”, John Locke made the claim that “men are by nature free and equal against claims that god had made all people naturally subject to a monarch.” (Locke, 2012) Locke uses that claim as part of the justification for understanding legitimate political government as the result of a social contract where people in the state of nature conditionally transferred some of their rights to the government in order to better ensure the stable, comfortable, enjoyment of...
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...Affordable Care Act - Applying Historical Perspectives to a Current Social Issue The University of Washington, School of Social Work The Affordable Care Act - Applying Historical Perspectives to a Current Social Issue Universal health care for Americans has long been a highly contested hot button issue in the United States. It is no secret that Americans pay much more for medical services than other comparable countries, however these higher price tags do not necessarily translate to better care (Keller, 2013). For example, the average price of the allergy nose spray Nasonex is $108 in the United States, compared to $21 in Spain. In many developed countries, a basic colonoscopy costs well under $1,000, but in the United States a bill for this procedure would likely be closer to the $7,000 to $9,000 range (Rosenthal, 2013). In the midst of the debate, and while Republicans and Democrats alike may claim that they want the best health care available for all American people, in the media more often than not this argument comes down to dollars and cents. However, it is of course too simplistic to say that only the power of money and no other forces are at play here. In this paper I will present the case of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), more commonly referred to as Obamacare, as it relates to a number of different political and economic ideologies presented in readings and in lecture. The goal of the ACA is to increase the quality and affordability of medical care and health insurance...
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...We’ve Got Rhythm! Medtronic Corporation’s Cardiac Pacemaker Business Situational Analysis Cardiac Pacemaker, considered to be one of the greatest engineering feats of the 20th century, was invented by Medtronic Corporation, an US based organization. Medtronic dominated the early pacemaker market of the 1950-60’s being the first-mover into the domain. However, the scenario transformed promptly in the following decade, with the cropping up of steep competition, accompanied by accelerated technological changes etc. and the organization’s market share got squeezed down to close to half of the previous figure as a result of their futility in creating new & advanced products right on time, severely harming their brand reputation. However, Medtronic regained their market & product leadership from the late 1980’s through the timely invention of a path-breaking, rate responsive pacemaker named Activitrax, followed by a thorough revamp of their incorporated processes and systems. The gross lack of coordination plaguing the company’s new product development process, resulting directly into the failure to respond fittingly to the market demands or changes, was gradually got rid-off via inculcating the management philosophies (like, assigning highest priorities to the commitments made, creation of a sense of urgency, fetching greater employee productivity, unifying the management and employees etc.). New performance milestones (cycle time, unit product costs, innovative products...
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...could form a better country. This document illustrates many ideals that we still try to uphold today, such as the equality of all people, the right to alter or abolish our government, and the unalienable rights that all people have. However, the most significant ideal in the declaration is that authority comes from the consent of the governed. While the other ideals are undoubtedly important, it is possible that the declaration would not have been written at all if the American colonies had representation in England’s parliament....
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...1 JUSTICE, EQUALITY, AND RIGHTS by John Tasioulas For R. Crisp (ed), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Ethics 1. The Nature of Justice Philosophers have advocated many divergent views as to the content of the correct principles of justice. In contemporary philosophy, for example, the live options range from the austere libertarian thesis that the claims of justice are limited to a small class of rights that protect us from coercive interference by others to more radically egalitarian doctrines that mandate the large-scale redistribution of wealth and other goods. But there is a prior, conceptual question: is there an illuminating sense in which these disagreements are aptly described as concerned with justice? Alternatively put, is there a concept of justice of which these rival accounts can be interpreted as offering different conceptions? (Rawls 1971/1999: 5-6). If not, the dispiriting conclusion looms that these disputes are „verbal‟ rather than genuine, like a debate about the nature of „banks‟ in which one party has in mind financial institutions and the other party the sloping bits of land at the sides of rivers. One answer is that the concept of justice marks out the entire domain of moral evaluation, or at least the whole of inter-personal morality, excluding only moral concerns relating purely to oneself or to non-persons, such as animals. This expansive reading of justice – as (inter-personal) moral rightness or virtue – has a venerable pedigree. The Greek...
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...philosophers in a time called Enlightenment in the 17th century. Philosophers like Thomas Hobbes believed an autocratic ruler was needed to control man, while others like John Locke favored the idea of a government where the purpose was the good of mankind and officials were elected. Now many governments, democracies such as the US, have adopted Locke’s humanistic view and developed a list of human rights. However many rights are still violated, such as the right to an adequate standard of living and medical help. Sierra Leone is a prime...
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...for a long time is that children were essentially little adults and the most famous proponent of this theory was a French historian named Philippe Aries he wrote a controversial book called the centuries of childhood. His view was that the crucial point in the construction or invention of childhood is something that happened, especially in the 18th and the early nineteenth century, however since 1985 and 1990 there have been a vast amount of theories which have criticised Aries concepts on childhood. Aries tapped into a common belief about the middle ages, which is if the Middle Ages generally was different than it must have been different in terms of children too, so they must not have loved their children and they must not have taken good care of them. Thus taking us to the centre of the argument, being that people in the middle ages and early modern Europe had a lot of children as a sort of self defence mechanism to not invest as much in their children because they knew that half of their children would die before they reached adolescents or adulthood . For example the naming practices used, often when one child would die, the subsequent child would be given the same name as the previous one. On the other hand a number of sources have been become available through out a number of years that teach that suggest the deep emotional anguish that parents suffered at the death of their children. Although this is a speculative argument it is important to...
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...Part of a series on Liberalism Development[show] Ideas[show] Variants[show] People[show] Organizations[show] • Liberalism portal • Politics portal • v • t • e • 1. • • • • • • • • • • Words such as liberal, liberty, libertarian, and libertine all trace their history to the Latin liber, which means "free". One of the first recorded instances of the word liberal occurs in 1375, when it was used to describe the liberal arts in the context of an education desirable for a free-born man.[13] The word's early connection with the classical education of a medieval university soon gave way to a proliferation of different denotations and connotations. Liberal could refer to "free in bestowing" as early as 1387, "made without stint" in 1433, "freely permitted" in 1530, and "free from restraint"—often as a pejorative remark—in the 16th and the 17th centuries.In 16th century England, liberal could have positive or negative attributes in referring to someone's generosity or indiscretion.[13] In Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare wrote of "a liberal villaine" who "hath...confest his vile encounters".[13] With the rise of the Enlightenment, the word acquired decisively more positive undertones, being defined as "free from narrow prejudice" in 1781 and "free from bigotry" in 1823.[13] In 1815, the first use of the word liberalism appeared in English.[14] In Spain, the Liberales, the first group to use the liberal label in a political...
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...PROJECT WORK ON “RIGHT TO FOOD” Its Reflection in National Food Security Act 2013 Under the Kind Supervision of – Dr. Tanzeem Fatima Assistant Professor Faculty of Law A. M. U., Aligarh Submitted By:- Faisal Ashfaq LL.M. (P) 13-LLM-20 GB1586 CONTENTS 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Meaning, Nature and Concept of Food Security 3. Emergence of concept of welfare state and its obligation 4. Food Security in International Perspecticve 5. Food Security in Indian Constitutional Perspective 6. Judicial Approach towards Food Security 7. National Food Security Act, 2013 a. Origin and Development b. Object and Purpose of Act c. Food Security: Protection of Human Right in light of Natural law theory 8. Concluding Remarks Bibliography Introductory Remarks “It cannot mockery to tell someone they have the right to food when there is nobody with the duty bound to provide them with food. That is the risk with the rights rhetoric. What I like about choosing the counterpart, the active obligation of duties rather than the rights, you can’t go on and on without addressing the question who has to do what, for whom, when” Onor O’Neill Right to food is indeed a laudable national commitment, it’s apt to remember that ensuring food security to the impoverished million in this country is not a government charity but a Constitutional mandate of the States. Article 21 of the Indian Constitution provides that ‘no person shall be deprived of his life and liberty except according to the...
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