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...The Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred near Broad Street in the Soho district of London, England in 1854. This outbreak is best known for the physician John Snow's study of the outbreak and his discovery that contaminated water, not air, spread cholera. This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the 19th century. Later, the term "focus of infection" would be used to describe places like the Broad Street pump in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. In the mid-19th century, the Soho district of London had a serious problem with filth due to the large influx of people and a lack of proper sanitary services: the London sewer system had not reached Soho. Many cellars (basements) had cesspools underneath their floorboards. Since the cesspools were overrunning, the London government decided to dump the waste into the River Thames. That specific action contaminated the water supply, leading to a cholera outbreak. On 31 August 1854, after several other outbreaks had occurred elsewhere in the city, a major outbreak of cholera reached Soho. John Snow, the physician who eventually linked the outbreak to contaminated water, later called it "the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in this kingdom."[1] Over the next three days, 127 people on or near Broad Street died. In the next week, three quarters of the residents had fled the area....
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...Unit 12 – Historical Perspectives of the Health System P1: Describe key aspects of public health strategies P2: Describe the origins of public health policy in the UK from the 19th century to the present day Public Health is about helping everyone to stay healthy rather than focusing specifically on the individual, with the aim to promote health, protecting individuals from threats to their health and preventing ill-health. Public health policies have made a significant impact in increasing a person's overall life expectancy and improving health. (Public Health) PUBLIC HEALTH STRATEGIES: Public health strategies are devised in order to prevent the spread of diseases, prolong life and promote health. This can be done through the use of monitoring, identifying, developing programmes etc. Monitoring the health status of the community – Is a key aspect of health strategies that are in place within the UK. This health strategy helps to monitor any changes that occur in the health of the population, along with alerting individuals to any potential problems. Health throughout the UK is monitored by quality of life, infant mortality rates and life expectancy (Baker L, 2008, BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 2, page 2) The monitoring of health throughout the country allows for advanced planning of local services within the community that may be at risk of certain health problems. The monitoring of health at a local level allows for information to be recorded...
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...each other. When you are working in the workhouse they will catch disease that may make someone ill and have a course to death, they also will not have the health are that other people will have. They will be also working in horrible conditions. Edwin Chadwick 1842 The report of Edwin Chadwick says that he is reinforcing to the poor law, in the year of 1842 he wrote” a sanitary Report of the labouring population” this is promoting the safeness and the disposal of human waste and the rubbish that they may have. This is a mass evident linking the environment and ill health. Edwin Chadwick has recommended support by the medical and the engineering specialist and to be responsible of all the sentry matters. The facts a figures that are the population in Glasgow is 37% and the housing growth is 18.5%. In Manchester and this time was the population of 47% and the housing growth was 15% and last but not least Bradford the population there was 78% and the housing growth rate was 12% First public Health Act 1848 The first public health act stated that the rapid growth of towns and cities due the industrialisation and the grown of the industries. This is also to do with the environment around them, this is also to do with where they live and where the medical care is. The act states that the year of 1848 the central of health was created and then stopped 10 years later....
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...UB28902SPU37458 PUBLIC HEALTH ASSIGNMENT: DEFINATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, ITS USE AND EXAMPLES OF SUCCESS DATE OF SUBMISSION: 5/02/2014. ANTLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY HONOLULU, HAWAII Contents Introduction 2 The Historical Context 2 Recent developments in Epidemiology 2 Definition, scope and use of epidemiology 4 Distribution 5 Determinants 5 Health- related states or events 6 Specified populations 6 Application 7 Scope 7 Epidemiology versus Public Health 7 Causation of diseases 8 Achievements in Epidemiology 9 Small pox 9 Methyl Mercury Poisoning 10 Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease 11 Iodine Deficiency Disease 11 Tobacco use, Asbestos and Lung Cancer 12 Hip Fractures 12 HIV/AIDS 13 Global AIDS epidemic 1990–2003 13 SARS 14 Conclusion 15 Bibliography 16 Introduction This essay provides a brief summary of what epidemiology is, what it is used for and discusses the major successes epidemiologist have contributed towards control and eradication of major epidemics. The discussion will also touch on the historical context and development of the emergency of epidemiology as a science and art, and give example of some of the people that greatly contributed to the achievement scored in epidemiology studies and applications. The Historical Context Epidemiology originated from the Hippocrates` observation more than 200 years ago who identified environmental factors to have an influence on the occurrence...
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...realize its mission by effective and timely communication. The key to effective communication in a crisis is proactive preparation. With a specific instruction in hand, employees are able to effectively respond to the related issues. To the public, we are always proud of our excellent services. In 2015, U.S. News & World Report named our Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) the top hospital in the nation based on our quality of care, patient safety and reputation in 16 clinical specialties. For a hospital, there is nothing more important than trust. Therefore, we need a crisis communication plan to prepare all members for the crises to maintain the public and stakeholder trust. This guide is designed for our MGH members to develop and adopt a practical tool for planning appropriate measures. The guide helps them to be better prepared to face the wide range of emergencies that may occur in an organization. Given the complexity of Massachusetts General Hospital’s business, I make the scale of crises that would take place in Boston. Crisis Inventory for Massachusetts General Hospital External crises Type | Description | Happened Before | Probability | Impact | Natural Disaster | Hurricane,Snow storm, Fire | YesTerrible Snow storm in 2015 | 2-Remotely possible | 4- The hospital is possible closed.Serious financial loss because of rebuilding the infrastructure. | Pandemic | Influenza H1N1 | YesVirulent influenza in 1918;H1N1 pandemic in 2009. | 3-Possible...
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... Public Health Strategies in the UK and their origins. In this article I am going to describe the key features of public health strategies as they relate to current times in the UK. -Monitoring the health status of the population. This strategy involves keeping track of people’s health/keeping an eye on everyone though statics. By tracking changes in the health of the population health professionals are able to alert people to potential problems, for example regular check-ups, at doctors for asthma or Dentist to check up on teeth and make sure they are in good condition plus Orthodontic. Also the NHS provide a free midlife MOT to check people aged between 40-74, to make sure they are in good health and to help reduce the number of elderly who suffer with high blood pressure. Also for HIV, they monitor the health of the population with HIV tracking the number of people with HIV within the population. This helps the NHS find out the population of people with HIV in order for them to take further actions. -Identifying the health needs of the population. This strategy involves identifying health needs, including those that are common problems/ illness that are considered a major problem. For example identifying the illness and providing support through services or medicine, advert are a great way that can get you aware, and provide you with health awareness that is common in the population. Doctors for example monitor the health status of the population...
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...How to Save a Life: The discovery of the Germ Theory Scientists often develop new theories and ideas once previous postulates are shown to be inadequate. After numerous attempts to understand how germs spread, scientists still lacked a theory that explained the cause of diseases. The germ theory was instrumental in formulating an understanding of various diseases in order to protect the public from lethal epidemics. The development of the germ theory is credited to Dr. Robert Koch, Dr. Joseph Lister and chemist Louis Pasteur. The theory helped other scientists develop future vaccines and procedures to stop the spread of disease. The invention significantly changed how society and medical experts thought about and practiced medicine. The germ theory made it possible for scientists to discover the complex causes of infections and diseases such as cholera. At first, the general public was very apprehensive about the rapidly changing medical practices that resulted from the germ theory. However, once these practices were successful, the public trusted the new procedures such as the introduction of the antiseptic practice. Although many medical breakthroughs were introduced in the late 19th and early 20th century the most significant was the discovery of the germ theory because it allowed European physicians to discover other medicines. It was the foundation for the discovery of other medicines such as cholera and the inception of antiseptic surgery. Before the invention...
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...Epidemiology has become the method of choice for public health research. The patterns and trends and cause and effects of health affecting phenomena identified by epidemiology are instrumental in predicting risk factors e.g.; development of treatment strategies to prevent or contain diseases. Epidemiology estimates have changed over time related to changes in the definition and diagnosis of diseases. Epidemiology is practiced as a broad scientific discipline that addresses occurrences of diseases and distribution of health status of populations. Integration of casual concepts at the clinical, social and environmental levels will allow faculty to work to maintain an intellectual environment that will facilitate the integration of biological, social and, analytical approaches of epidemiology. This type of environment allows faculty and students to develop the knowledge to fully appreciate the complexities of biosocial system to understand, modify, and use this information to maximum potential. The focus of this paper will be on immigrant/migrants as a vulnerable population with emphasis on infectious disease a major health concern. The paper will define epidemiology and identify steps and methods of the type of epidemiology and examines relationships of illnesses and education related to infectious diseases. Epidemiology defined Stanhope & Lancaster (2008) defines epidemiology as “the study of the distribution and determination of health- related states or events in specified populations...
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...Seeking Asylum: The Buffalo State Hospital In American architecture, one thing rang true: America borrowed from the greatest countries and empires. Throughout much of the early years of the United States, there was not a singular distinct type of architecture, both in the domestic and public sectors. Borrowing from well-established counties became a second nature. Hunting and pecking through thousands of years of pre designed architecture helped American architects, like Henry Hobson Richardson, grab the best of the best and led them to create marvelous masterpieces. From Greek and Roman flares to the beauty of Queen Anne and Federal style, American architects have waded through them all. By doing so, elaborate and attractive buildings began to pop up through much of the United States Eastern Seaboard. One of the most influential American Architects to come out of this time period is Henry Hobson Richardson. He helped develop a definite American Style of architecture and one of the most important. His influence on building design has made an impact on such architects as Frank Lloyd Wright and Louis Sullivan. Siegfried Giedion, author of Space, Time and Architecture, states that “Richardson’s study of historical precedence- in this case Romanesque buildings-led to the design of the new forms Richardson was after.” Henry Hobson Richardson was born in a Louisiana Parish on September 29th, 1838 to Catherine Priestley and Henry Richardson. He was born into a well-to-do...
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...An A level English Student Guide by Julia Geddes, Kitty Graham and Helen Ince ~ Wessex Publications ~ Selected Poems by John Clare CONTENTS Page Using the Workbook......................................................................................1 How to Study Poetry......................................................................................2 John Clare 1793 - 1864 ..................................................................................3 The Poems A Country Village Year.................................................................................6 December from ‘The Shepherd’s Calendar’: Christmas ...............................6 Sonnet: ‘The barn door is open’ ...................................................................11 The Wheat Ripening......................................................................................13 The Beans in Blossom ...................................................................................16 Sonnet: ‘The landscape laughs in Spring’ .....................................................19 Sonnet: ‘I dreaded walking where there was no path’...................................21 Sonnet: ‘The passing traveller’......................................................................23 Sport in the Meadows....................................................................................25 Emmonsales Heath .......................................................................................
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...2.1.1. Introduction to Birth Defect Birth defect is one of the significant indicators of health status of every individual. The incidence of birth defects remains an important public health concern. Inadequate knowledge about the defects among prospective mothers (or the family) could result in delayed medical managements. It is also under-recognized cause of infant’s and children’s death and disability. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined birth defect as structural or functional abnormalities that are usually seen at birth. It is reported that children who survive and live with birth defect are faced with the increased risk of developing life-long physical, cognitive and social challenges on which medical intervention and other supportive...
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...nature” —John F. Kennedy (1917–63) The President of America The bacterium Escherichia coli INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE MICROBIOLOGY is a specialized area of biology (Gr. bios-life+ logos-to study) that concerns with the study of microbes ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification. Microorganisms are microscopic (Gr. mikros-small+ scopein-to see) and independently living cells that, like humans, live in communities. Microorganisms include a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cell or cell clusters (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths) and the viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular. While bacteria and archaea are classed as prokaryotes (Gr. pro-before+ karyon-nucleus) the fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths are eukaryotes (Gr. eu-true or good+ karyon-nucleus). Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth, which includes humans, animals, plants and other living creatures, soil,water and atmosphere. Microorganisms are relevant to all of our lives in a multitude of ways. Sometimes, the influence of microorganisms on human life is beneficial, whereas at other times, it is detrimental. For example, microorganisms are required for the production of bread, cheese, yogurt, alcohol, wine, beer, antibiotics (e.g., penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol), vaccines, vitamins, enzymes and many more important products as shown in the Tables 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3. Many products of microbes contribute to public health...
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...INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AHMEDABAD Term Paper Assignment Understanding Ideology-Driven Organizations and their Structure. Submitted to Prof.George Kendathil & Prof. Pradhyumana Khokhle In Partial fulfillment of the requirements of course Organizational Behaviour-I (Macro) Submitted on: September 20 , 2010 By th Abrarali Saiyed Understanding Ideology-Driven Organizations and their Structure - Abrarali Saiyed Abstract: Study of most organizations is based on the principles put forth by Max Webber and is applicable directly to public and private enterprises rather than the social sector organizations. Organizational structure is known to follow the strategy adopted by the organization which in turn is influenced by the ideology that the organization follows. This paper attempts to examine how the ideological structure of organizations and alternative structures of control affect different organizational interests and outputs. Two propositions are identified; the first is Organizational ideology, politics, strategy and structure have significant impacts on the NGO’s strategy formulation and implementation and the second is NGO context affects approaches to strategy formulation and implementation as well as organizational structure and relationships. Introduction: NGOs- Part of the Social Service Sector: Management science attributed the study of organization to Max Weber, whose sociological agenda justified organizations as extensions of society...
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...periods of extreme social change. -Max Weber's theory was that social behavior can only be understood when the meanings of the people's actions are known, it is necessary to understand the attitudes, feelings, and beliefs. He called this Verstehen, a German word for understanding. -Karl Marx focused on the struggle between social classes of people. Marx called owners of the means of production the bourgeoisie and the non-owners the proletariat. Marx believed that a social class was determined solely by economics. -W.E.B Dubois researched conflict theory as it pertained to racial prejudice in hopes of achieving justice for his race. He helped found the NAACP. -Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead studied the effects of symbols such as nods of the head, clinched fists, smiles, frowns, stares, etc., as individual behaviors that influence group behaviors. They also...
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...Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the business case for ethnic diversity in the British National Health Service (NHS). It seeks to contextualise issues around diversity within the current political environment, and identify the barriers to diversity in the NHS. The business case has been very strongly argued as justification for introducing both managing diversity and equal opportunity initiatives - here the paper examines the inconsistencies of using that argument, and maintains that the only justification worth presenting is that based on (deontological) moral arguments. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is conceptual in nature exploring the respective cases for diversity using a broad range of the available literature brought together as part of a rapid evidence assessment. It does so in order to make some far-reaching claims about the future justifications for active diversification of senior management in key public sector institutions. Findings - The distinctions between the business and moral cases are false, in that both have ethical reference points. However, the business case is not only difficult to translate to public sector institutions; there are also evidential problems with its adoption. In light of this the conclusion here is that the moral (deontological) case is the only one that has any long term value for proponents of diversity. Originality/value - The value of this paper is that it examines the confusion that surrounds different cases...
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