Free Essay

Join Life

In: English and Literature

Submitted By Jonicer
Words 2032
Pages 9
跨 文 化 交 际

Title: The differences between Chinese and Western food

Name: 中诚纯子 Number: 120090202203 Department: Foreign Language Department Class/major: 09’ English-2 Finish Time: 2011-12-21

[Abstract] During the 5000-year-old glorious history, China has got rich and profound food culture. In the other hand, western nation has created its self-system food civilization as well. Nowadays, high-level restaurants and cafeteria here and there are the place that white collar get together, and the popular KFC and McDonald’s becomes children’s favourite. Under the globlization, the diet structure and the eating habit of mankind has been converted with the expansion of culture.The paper aims to make an analysis to the differences of food culture between the Chinese and Western as well as the mutual supplementation and combativeness of these food cultures under the globlization. It also can promote the mutual understanding between the people of the East and West. A thorough analysis with the contrasting methods of the differences of these different food culture has been made.
[Key word]:
Chinese and Western food cultures; Cross-cultural communication; Differences

[摘要] 5000年的历史使中国早已有了博大精深的饮食文化;而另一边,西方国家的逐渐崛起也使它们拥有了自成体系的饮食文明。 然而今天除了中国传统的小吃外,西方的食品在中国也随处可见了,高级的西餐厅﹑咖啡馆成了白领的聚集地;更明显的是那些肯德基、麦当劳,几乎已经成为小朋友的最爱。在全球化的条件下,人类的饮食结构甚至是习惯开始随着文化的发展而逐渐变化着。本文旨在通过分析中西方饮食文化的差异以及在现代社会的影响下这些饮食文化的互补和兼容来了解饮食文化的方方面面。这样做的目的同样还能增进中西方人民的相互了解,促进交流。这份报告通过对比的方法深入说明饮食文化的差异,并进行了分类分析。
[关键词]: 中西饮食文化;跨文化交际; 差异

[Introduction] Qian Mu, the master of Chinese culture, has once said:Different culture leads to different science.Chinese take a fancy to ensemble while the west choose separation.[1] (国学大师钱穆先生在《现代中国学术论衡》中云:“文化异,斯学术亦异。中国重和合,西方重分别”) That's the difference between Chinese food and west food. There are both culinary art(烹饪)and seasoning(调味)in Chinese food. The original taste of the food ingredients are not important. Most concerned is pursuing the final taste after seasoning. That's the key of Chinese food. In the film directed by Xu Ke has shew the ''满汉全席" to the audience . That is the tidemark of Chinese catering culture, which means a full, formal banquet, combining Manchurian and Chinese delicacies. So China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did. In China, diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because of the special status of the diet in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west. Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has absolutely different characteristics. Such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture. This paper endeavors to analyze the cultural differences that people rooted causes in Chinese and Western food cultures from the perspectives of concept, etiquette and content. Through a comprehensive study of this subject, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west. It also can be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western people.

[Differences in Concepts] Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes invariable, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition. And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine. [2] The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy. Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy. Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development. In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere. In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials. But no matter how luxurious the grade is; from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of. And as dishes, the chicken is chicken; steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish. In a dish of "French Muttonchops", one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato. Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clear.[3] Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet. When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is "delicious", and that dish is "not delicious". But if you ask what is meant by "delicious", why "tasty" and what are the aspects of "delicious", I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer. This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything. Even using the "color, flavor, shape and implement "which people often said to make the" realm "reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown all. The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit. This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy. Chinese philosophy as a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive. Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste. The main stress is measure and the overall co-ordination. It contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish. The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs.
[Differences in etiquette ] In the novel which wrote four Chinese American immigrant families in San Francisco, there is a scene that describe the foreign son in law visited his mother in law, and some cultural conflict happened in that time. He didn't know Chinese are modest all the time, when his mother in law show she is good at cooking but the mouth was said:" This dish is too bad to eat, without flavor, please just have taste". [3]The American son in law was totally misunderstand, he was no only criticized the cooking but also show off his idea. Then, the Chinese mother was refused to attend their wedding. There is report said:nine of ten mother in law don't like their foreign son in law. They have totally different values and way of thinking include the diet etiquette. (《喜福会》中洋女婿在会见未来丈母娘时,尽管做了很多功课,还是没办法使中国丈母娘满意,) The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character. In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast. Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere. Cate are in the center of the table. It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication. People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity. Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national "happy" mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of "and" impact for future generations. It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform. The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil. The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation. If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing. This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious. Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbours. The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West. This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat. They walk freely. This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals; they never need to put every word on the table. This also shows a western personality and self-respect. However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people. Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible. Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: "First, buffet is not like drinking tea. Drinking tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet. Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat. Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes. Then you can access for large plots. And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show. Third, the buffet can do stewing pot; it means a big pot in terms of food. Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people. So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste. Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts. "The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern. It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place. This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture.
[Differences in content ] Diet content is the question of what to eat. In this question, different nation will give different answer. The western people prefer meat diet, because they pay more attention to the absorption of Animal protein and fat. In their diet structure, there are consist of beef, chicken, pork, mutton and fish.It's due to the western nomadic, sailing associated national culture.Sailing and nomads do fishing and hunting for a living, and this decided their main source of food. It's not only comes to diet, in many other aspect like living tools, they used to use animals. However, China was under the influence of Chinese agricultural civilization. Staple food is the grain, assisted by a few vegetables and meat. It's also under the influence of the buddhist culture, which said "Animals are 'living', and the creatures is not being killed, even been eaten.'[4] With the improvement of living standards and nutrition of the concept of the popularity.There are more and more meat diet appeared at Chinese table.In the other hand, there are more vegetable diet come into the diet structure of the west people.The western diet structure has gradually changed by Chinese.

[Conclusion]
In conclusion,there are all kinds of differences between Chinese and western diet.And to some extent, these differences are relative. Increasingly improvement in the communication of the Chinese and western culture contributed to the western diet culture uninterrupted mix together.
Under the globalization,Intercultural communication makes the variety of diet culture constantly complement with compatible process.The communication of diet culture are existed in the "Great Conveyor Belt " of the integrative process of the global economy and culture between different culture. During the study will make people more understand each other, and let them enjoy the different feeling that the diet bring to us.

[References]
[1] 钱穆《现代中国学术论衡》 香港:生活.读书.新知三联书店出版社,2005.
[2] 陈洁.得心应手---西餐礼仪 北京:世界知识出版社, 2005.
[3] Amy Tan 《The Joy Luck Club》(喜福会) 美国 1989
[4] 唐鲁孙.天下味 .桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004.
[5]《无量寿经》

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Sbsehe

...Table Name : Employee EMPLOYEE _ID FIRST_NA ME LAST_NA ME SALA RY JOINING_D ATE DEPARTME NT 1 John Abraham 1000000 01-JAN-13 12.00.00 AM Banking 2 Michael Clarke 800000 01-JAN-13 12.00.00 AM Insurance 3 Roy Thomas 700000 01-FEB-13 12.00.00 AM Banking 4 Tom Jose 600000 01-FEB-13 12.00.00 AM Insurance 5 Jerry Pinto 650000 01-FEB-13 12.00.00 AM Insurance 6 Philip Mathew 750000 01-JAN-13 12.00.00 AM Services 7 TestName1 123 650000 01-JAN-13 12.00.00 AM Services 8 TestName2 Lname% 600000 01-FEB-13 12.00.00 AM Insurance Table Name : Incentives EMPLOYEE_REF_ID INCENTIVE_DATE INCENTIVE_AMOUNT 1 01-FEB-13 5000 2 01-FEB-13 3000 3 01-FEB-13 4000 1 01-JAN-13 4500 2 01-JAN-13 3500 SQL Queries Interview Questions and Answers on "SQL Select" 1. Get all employee details from the employee table Select * from employee 2. Get First_Name,Last_Name from employee table Select first_name, Last_Name from employee 3. Get First_Name from employee table using alias name “Employee Name” Select first_name Employee Name from employee 4. Get First_Name from employee table in upper case Select upper(FIRST_NAME) from EMPLOYEE 5. Get First_Name from employee table in lower case Select lower(FIRST_NAME) from EMPLOYEE 6. Get unique DEPARTMENT from employee table select...

Words: 4444 - Pages: 18

Premium Essay

Note

...In SQL, a join is used to compare and combine rows from two or more table. Inner Join: An inner join returns records only those records are common in both tables. Outer Join An outer join returns a set of records (or rows) that include what an inner join would return but also includes other rows for which no corresponding match is found in the other table. There are three types of outer joins: * Left Outer Join (or Left Join) * Right Outer Join (or Right Join) * Full Outer Join (or Full Join) Each of these outer joins refers to the part of the data that is being compared, combined, and returned. Sometimes nulls will be produced in this process as some data is shared while other data is not. Left Outer Join A left outer join will return all the data in Table 1 and all the shared data (so, the inner part of the Venn diagram example), but only corresponding data from Table 2, which is the right join. Right Outer Join A right outer join returns Table 2's data and all the shared data, but only corresponding data from Table 1, which is the left join. Full Outer Join A full outer join, or full join, which is not supported by the popular MySQL database management system, combines and returns all data from two or more tables, regardless of whether there is shared information. Think of a full join as simply duplicating all the specified information, but in one table, rather than multiple tables. Where matching data is missing, nulls will be produced. These...

Words: 288 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Mist Mysql Queries

...Project 6 Required Queries: *  Create a query that includes at least two INNER JOINS (i.e. spans at least three tables), a search criteria, and orders the resulting data. * >select M.MID, M.MFName * >from MEMBER as M * >inner join LINEITEM as LI on LI.MID=M.MID * >inner join ITEM as I on I.IID=LI.IID * >inner join DVD as D on D.IID=I.IID; * This shows which members have checked out DVDs * Create a query that includes a calculation (e.g. average, sum, etc.). * >Select M.MID, M.MFName, count(B.IID) as “Books Checked Out” * >from MEMBER as M * >inner join LINEITEM as LI on LI.MID=M.MID * >inner join ITEM as I on I.IID=LI.IID * >inner join BOOK as B on B.IID=I.IID; * This query shows how many books a member has checked out * Create a query that includes at least one RIGHT or LEFT outer join. * >select MEMBER.MID, MEMBER.MFName, LIBRARIAN.LFName * >from MEMBER * >left outer join LINEITEM on LINEITEM.MID=MEMBER.MID * >left outer join LIBRARIAN on LINEITEM.LID=LIBRARIAN.LID * >order by MEMBER.MID; * This query uses a left join to show the relations between which librarians have checked out which members * Create a query that uses a GROUP BY to perform a calculation on information spanning at least two tables. * Create a query that includes a GROUP BY, but selects items from...

Words: 289 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Data Base

... SELECT o.OrderID, n.ContactName, e.FirstName AS EmployeeFirstName, e.LastName AS EmployeeLastName, o.OrderDate FROM Orders o JOIN Employees e ON (e.EmployeeID = o.EmployeeID) JOIN Customers n ON (n.CustomerID = o.CustomerID) WHERE o.OrderDate > '1998-03-01' ORDER BY n.ContactName; 2. SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Employees.EmployeeID) AS NumberOfEmployees, ISNULL(Employees.Country, 'None.') AS Country, COUNT(DISTINCT Customers.CustomerID) AS NumberOfCustomers, Customers.Country FROM Employees RIGHT JOIN Customers ON Employees.Country = Customers.Country GROUP BY Customers.Country, Employees.Country ORDER BY NumberOfEmployees DESC, NumberOfCustomers DESC; ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑ Δ 1. SELECT Address, Code, Country FROM Suppliers UNION SELECT Address, Code, Country FROM Customers UNION SELECT Address, Code, Country FROM Employees ORDER BY Country; 2. SELECT AVG(OD.Quantity) AS AverageQuantity, SUM(OD.Quantity * OD.UnitPrice) AS TotalOrderAmount, DATEDIFF(yy, e.BirthDate, e.HireDate) AS HireAge FROM [Order Details] OD JOIN Orders o ON ( OD.OrderID =O.OrderID) JOIN Employees E ON ( E.EmployeeID =O.EmployeeID) WHERE DATEDIFF(yy, e.BirthDate, e.HireDate) > = 30 GROUP BY DATEDIFF(yy, e.BirthDate, e.HireDate) ORDER BY DATEDIFF(yy, e.BirthDate, e.HireDate) DESC; ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑ Ε 1. SELECT o.ShippedDate, o.OrderDate FROM Orders o JOIN Suppliers sp ON (o.EmployeeID = sp.SupplierID) WHERE sp.CompanyName LIKE '%Pavlova%' ; 2. SELECT c.CompanyName,...

Words: 298 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Enginerring Manager

...SELECT column_list FROM table-name  [WHERE Clause] [GROUP BY clause] [HAVING clause] [ORDER BY clause]; SELECT name, salary, salary*1.2 AS new_salary FROM employee  WHERE new_salary /salary*1.2 > 30000; SELECT first_name, last_name, subject  FROM student_details  WHERE subject IN/NOT IN ('Maths', 'Science');  Select * from product p  where EXISTS (select * from order_items o  where o.product_id = p.product_id) ------------------------------------------------- SELECT user.name, course.name ------------------------------------------------- FROM `user` ------------------------------------------------- RIGHT JOIN `course` on user.course = course.id SELECT name, salary FROM employee ORDER BY 1, 2; ELECT name, salary  FROM employee  ORDER BY name DESC, salary DESC; SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT name) FROM employee; HAVING Group functions (MAX,MIN) cannot be used in WHERE Clause but can be used in HAVING clause. SELECT dept, SUM (salary)  FROM employee  GROUP BY dept  HAVING SUM (salary) > 25000  INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME  [ (col1, col2, col3,...colN)]  VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...valueN); INSERT INTO employee (id, name, dept, age, salary location) SELECT emp_id, emp_name, dept, age, salary, location  FROM temp_employee; Copy data from A to B. Select first then insert If you are inserting data to all the columns, the above insert statement can also be written as, INSERT INTO employee  SELECT...

Words: 652 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Test

...ALTER PROCEDURE [dbo].[ASP_Weekly_Lift_Report] @Voyage_Start Varchar(3) = Null, @Voyage_End Varchar(3) = Null, @Sales_Rep Varchar(25) = Null, @Service Varchar(4) = Null AS SET @Voyage_Start = IsNull(@Voyage_Start, '%') SET @Voyage_End = IsNull(@Voyage_End, '%') SET @Sales_Rep = IsNull(@Sales_Rep, '%') SET @Service = IsNull(@Service, '%') -- SET NOCOUNT ON added to prevent extra result sets from -- interfering with SELECT statements. SET NOCOUNT ON; -- Insert statements for procedure here SELECT dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.[Rep Name], dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.Parent, dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.Business_Type, dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.PayorID, dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.Payor, dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.[Payor Name - ID], dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.[Booking Payor], dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.ShipperID, dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.Shipper, dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.ConsigneeID, dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.Consignee, dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.[Service], dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.[Svc Desc], dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.Vessel, dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.Voyage, dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.[Voyage No], dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.[Cargo Type], dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.Booking, dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList.[Profit Year], dbo.tbl_Lift_Report_PayorList...

Words: 356 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Estadistica

...Estándares Transact-SQL Buenas Prácticas de Programación 1. Convenciones y Estándares de Nombres Nota: Los términos “notación Pascal” y “notación de Camell” son usados a través de este documento. Notación Pascal – El primer carácter de todas las palabras se escribe en Mayúsculas y los otros caracteres en minúsculas. Ejemplo: ColorDeFondo Notación de Camell – El primer carácter de todas las palabras, excepto de la primera palabra se escribe en Mayúsculas y los otros caracteres en minúsculas. Ejemplo: colorDeFondo 1. Usa notación Pascal para el nombre de las Tablas CREATE TABLE dbo.Employee 2. Usa notación Pascal para el nombre de los campos de tabla CREATE TABLE dbo.Employee ( IdEmployee INT, FirstName VARCHAR(20), LastName VARCHAR(20) ) 3. NO usar nunca “sp_”, La razón es que: SQL Server reconoce el prefijo “sp_” como “System Stored Procedure”, es decir, un procedimiento almacenado de Sistema y lo buscaría en la Base de Datos. Usa la siguiente sintaxis para los nombres de los Stored procedures: Usp_<Nombre Esquema>_<Nombre Tabla> _<Accion> Ejemplo: usp_GEN_Employee_Insert usp_GEN_Employee_GetAll 4. Usa esquemas para agrupar los objetos como tablas, los nombres deben de ser Abreviados. Incorrecto: GEN_Employee Correcto: GEN.Employee 2. Consideraciones en el diseño de base de datos 1. El nombre de la base de datos debe de asemejarse al nombre de la aplicación, no deberá de contener...

Words: 2608 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Programming

...Which is not true about the USING keyword? A) you use it to simplify the syntax for joining tables B) you code a USING clause in addition to the ON clause C) it can be used with inner or outer joins D) the join must be an equijoin, meaning the equals operator is used to compare the two columns Points Earned: 0.0/2.0 Correct Answer(s): B Correct 2. When you code a SELECT statement, you must code the four main clauses in the following order A) SELECT, FROM, ORDER BY, WHERE B) SELECT, ORDER BY, FROM, WHERE C) SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY, FROM D) SELECT, FROM, WHERE, ORDER BY Points Earned: 2.0/2.0 Correct Answer(s): D Correct 3. When coded in a WHERE clause, which search condition will return invoices when payment_date isn’t null and invoice_total is greater than or equal to $500? A) payment_date IS NULL AND invoice_total > 500 B) payment_date IS NOT NULL OR invoice_total >= 500 C) NOT (payment_date IS NULL AND invoice_total = 500 Points Earned: 2.0/2.0 Correct Answer(s): D Correct 4. The order of precedence for the logical operators in a WHERE clause is A) Not, And, Or B) And, Or, Not C) Or, And, Not D) Not, Or, And Points Earned: 2.0/2.0 Correct Answer(s): A Correct 5. Which of the following types of SQL statements is not a DML statement? A) INSERT B) UPDATE C) SELECT D) CREATE TABLE Points Earned: 2.0/2.0 Correct Answer(s): D Incorrect 6. Which of the following is not a common error when entering and...

Words: 1309 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Joins in Sql

...Join in SQL SQL Join is used to fetch data from two or more tables, which is joined to appear as single set of data. SQL Join is used for combining column from two or more tables by using values common to both tables. JoinKeyword is used in SQL queries for joining two or more tables. Minimum required condition for joining table, is(n-1) where n, is number of tables. A table can also join to itself known as, Self Join. Types of Join The following are the types of JOIN that we can use in SQL. * Inner * Outer * Left * Right Cross JOIN or Cartesian Product This type of JOIN returns the cartesian product of rows from the tables in Join. It will return a table which consists of records which combines each row from the first table with each row of the second table. Cross JOIN Syntax is, SELECT column-name-list from table-name1 CROSS JOIN table-name2; Example of Cross JOIN The class table, ID | NAME | 1 | abhi | 2 | adam | 4 | alex | The class_info table, ID | Address | 1 | DELHI | 2 | MUMBAI | 3 | CHENNAI | Cross JOIN query will be, SELECT * from class, cross JOIN class_info; The result table will look like, ID | NAME | ID | Address | 1 | abhi | 1 | DELHI | 2 | adam | 1 | DELHI | 4 | alex | 1 | DELHI | 1 | abhi | 2 | MUMBAI | 2 | adam | 2 | MUMBAI | 4 | alex | 2 | MUMBAI | 1 | abhi | 3 | CHENNAI | ...

Words: 1005 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Outer Join and Scalar Queries

...and the number of sections that they have taught. Make sure to show the number of sections as 0 for instructors who have not taught any section. Your query should use an outer join, and should not use scalar subqueries. By using the university schema provided by db-book.com the following queries were done on the university database. The first query uses an outer join which works similar to the join operation but it keeps the rows that don’t match between the two tables that would be lost in a join operation. There are three forms of outer join: a) Left outer join displays the results from the left table even if the condition does not find any matching record in the right table. b) Right outer join will displays the results from the right table regardless if there is matching data in the left table. c) Full outer join will retain all rows from both tables, regardless if the data matches or not. The group by clause when used in a select statement collects data from multiple records and groups the results into one or more columns. The below is the query using left outer join operation: select ID, name, count(sec_id) as Number_of_sections from instructor natural left outer join teaches group by ID, name; The next query was written by using a scalar subquery without using an outer join operation. A scalar subquery is where the output of a subquery returns only one row which contains one single column/attribute. By using the select statement with count (*)...

Words: 414 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Saaadfasfwaeraerasfasdfaesfasdfs

...name who are treated by Doctor Dr Bill. Sol.select p.fname,p.lname from patients p inner join doctors d on p.docid=d.doctorid where d.fname='dr.bill'; Q2. Find Patient Details occupied in room 1100. Sol.select p.patientid,p.fname,p.lname,p.address from patients p inner join room r on p.patientid=r.patientid where r.roomno=1100; Q3. Nurse Sue checked which all patients on 09-09-2015. Sol.select p.fname,p.lname from patients p where p.patientid in(select r.patientid from room r inner join nursecheckingdetails n on n.roomno=r.roomno where n.daate='09-09-2015'); Q4. List Names of Nurses who work with Dr Bill. Sol.select n.fname,n.lname from nurses n inner join doctors d on n.doctorid=d.doctorid and d.fname='dr.bill'; Q5. List Names of Doctors and number of patients they are treating or have treated. Sol.select d.fname as Doctorfname,d.lname as DoctorLName,count(p.patientid) as NoofPatients from patients p inner join doctors d on p.docid=d.doctorid group by d.fname,d.lname; Q6. List Names of Doctors and number of nurses they have with them to help. Sol.select d.fname as Doctorfname,d.lname as DoctorLname,count(n.nurseno) from doctors d left outer join nurses n on d.doctorid=n.doctorid group by d.fname,d.lname; Q7. How many rooms to type Basic are occupied? Sol.select count(r.roomno) as NoOfRooms from room r inner join roomdetails rd on r.typeofroom=rd.roomtypeid where rd.type='basic' and r.status='occupied'; ...

Words: 461 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Database Management

...Written Assignment 3 Explain the SQL commands Union, Intersect, and Minus with concepts like union-compatibility, and syntax alternatives such as IN/NOT IN and various JOIN options Database Management CIS-311 There are many different SQL commands. This assignment will focus on UNION, INTERSECT, and MINUS. UNION combines unique rows returned by two SELECT statements. UNION ALL functions in the same way as UNION except that it also returns duplicates. INTERSECT gives you rows that are found in both queries by eliminating rows that are only found in one or the other. An INTERSECT is simply an inner join where we compare the tuples of one table with those of the other, and select those that appear in both while weeding out duplicates. MINUS returns the rows that are in the first query but not the second by removing the rows that are only found in the second query. There are three primary SQL commands involved when implementing a Union, Intersection and difference relational operators. As you may know, SQL data manipulation commands are set-oriented which are involved in operating over entire sets of rows and columns in tables at once. The UNION, INTERSECT, and MINUS statements make sure these operations occur. Union, Intersect and Minus only work properly if relations are Union-Compatible, which is based on the names of the relation attributes that must be the same and their data types must be alike. Being compatible does not mean the data types have to be exactly the...

Words: 673 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Aspects

...object-oriented programming is a way of modularizing common concerns. AspectJ is an implementation of aspect-oriented programming for Java A join point is a well-defined point in the program flow. A pointcut picks out certain join points and values at those points. A piece of advice is code that is executed when a join point is reached. These are the dynamic parts of AspectJ. AspectJ's aspect are the unit of modularity for crosscutting concerns. They behave somewhat like Java classes, but may also include pointcuts, advice and inter-type declarations. AspectJ provides for many kinds of join points, but this chapter discusses only one of them: method call join points. A method call join point encompasses the actions of an object receiving a method call. It includes all the actions that comprise a method call, starting after all arguments are evaluated up to and including return (either normally or by throwing an exception). when a particular method body executes execution(void Point.setX(int)) when a method is called call(void Point.setX(int)) when an exception handler executes handler(ArrayOutOfBoundsException) when the object currently executing (i.e. this) is of type SomeType this(SomeType) when the target object is of type SomeType target(SomeType) when the executing code belongs to class MyClass within(MyClass) when the join point is in the control flow of a call to a Test's no-argument main method cflow(call(void Test.main())) Pointcuts compose through...

Words: 876 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Dbms

...Internals Neil Conway neilc@samurai.com November 10, 2003 Preamble These notes were originally written for my own use while taking CISC-432, a course in DBMS design and implementation at Queen’s University. The textbook used by that class is Database Management Systems, 3rd Edition by Raghu Ramakrishnan and Johannes Gehkre; some of the material below may be specific to that text. This document is provided in the hope that it is useful, but I can’t provide any assurance that any information it contains is in any way accurate or complete. Corrections or additions are welcome. Distribution Terms: This document is released into the public domain. Query Evaluation External Sorting • A DBMS frequently needs to sort data (e.g. for a merge-join, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, etc.) that exceeds the amount of main memory available. In order to do this, an external sort algorithm is used. • 2-Way External Merge Sort: – In the first pass, each page of the input relation is read into memory, sorted, and written out to disk. This creates N runs of 1 page each. – In each successive pass, each run is read into memory and merged with another run, then written out to disk. Since the number of runs is halved with every pass, this requires log2 N passes. Since an additional initial pass is required and each pass requires 2N I/Os, the total cost is: 2N( log2 N + 1) – Thus, we can see that the number of passes we need to make is critical to the overall performance of the sort (since in each pass, we read...

Words: 12979 - Pages: 52

Free Essay

Organized Sports Role

...Organized sports play a vital role in the development of a child’s life. The purpose of my essay is to explain why organized sports is essential to a child’s life and will teach them valuable lessons in leadership, teamwork, and discipline giving them a better chance to avoid pitfalls in life and groom them for success. Through my life experiences and statistics I will explain why organized sports not only develop a child’s life, but also are instrumental in so many other ways that the reward far outweighs the risk. There are many arguments that organized sports at an early age can injure a child, and makes many of parents nervous and uneasy. While the evidence supported in the statistics of Boston Children’s Hospital state that 20% of all children that participate in sports will receive some kind of sports injury, it states that 60% of these occur in practice and are only mild strains or sprains. The research also shows that children are more likely to hurt themselves in everyday activity, and these injuries are more serious than those that occur in organized sports. I can attest that all injuries I had in sports were minor, and the main injury that prevented me from continuing to play came as a result of falling on a slippery pavement, and not while engaging in sports. Organized sports have been proven to develop leadership in individuals. I feel that without sports I would not have developed into the leader I am in the corporate world. For example playing football...

Words: 1319 - Pages: 6