...Bear Stearns Forensic Accounting Case 1. Identify key dates concerning financial accounting and/or disclosure issues for Bear Stearns during the critical March 2008 time period before bailout by JP Morgan Chase. * March 10, 2008 The Alt-A residential mortgage-backed securities issued by a Bear Stearns affiliate was downgraded. This increased the risks of mortgage-backed securities. Two Bear Stearns hedge funds now bankrupted and were leveraged up to $60 of debt for each $1 of equity. This increased BS’ financial burden. RaboBank Group informed Bear Stearns that it would not renew a $500 million loan coming due later that week and unlikely to renew a $2 billion loan scheduled to expire the following week. BS will seek short-term debt to meet current liability so it will have more current liabilities and decrease BS’s liquidity. Bear Stearns’ shares dropped as much as 14% in the course of the day, finally closing at $62.30, and a decline of more than 11 percent. It decreased its value and might influence its goodwill. The annual cost of a 5-year Bear Stearns’ CDS ballooned more than 37% to $626,000 per $10 million. This increased BS’s expense and decreased its net income. * March 11, 2008 ING Groep NV was pulling about $500 million in financing. Adage Capital Management pulled some of its money from Bear Stearns’ prime-brokerage division. BS’ capital decreased and solvency. It might not meet its current liability needs. * March 12,......
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...Header: Bear Stearns Corporate Governance Issues at Bear Stearns Article Summary: In the summer of 2008 the global financial crisis swept away trillions of dollars in net worth, wiping out people’s retirement savings, and causing the loss of millions of jobs. As the world slipped into recession, people looked for answers, and a place to rest blame. At Bear Stearns, a venerable financial firm which was brought down by mistakes made by decisions made by management, there is much blame to be shared. This paper seeks to explore the corporate governance decisions which created this crisis, and which ultimately led to the almost complete destruction of shareholder value for Bear Stearns’ investors. In good times, the shareholders at Bear Stearns were handsomely rewarded by the very decisions which would ultimately end the company’s storied 85 year history and send the global economy into the deepest and most painful recession since the great depression. The firm’s stock traded at $160 a share and several key executives held stock valued at almost $1 billion dollars, but it is clear that hubris, greed, and incredible egos and personality conflicts were the cause of the firm’s demise. In May of 2008, The Wall Street journal published a three part series written by Kate Kelly on the last days of Bear Stearns. Kelly’s articles consider all the factors which brought about the company’s demise, and provide insight into the corporate governance issues which helped seal Bear......
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...E-mails Suggest Bear Stearns Cheated Clients Out of Billions By Teri Buhl Jan 25 2011, 1:01 AM ET Lawsuit alleges the bank took extreme measures to defraud investors, and now JPMorgan may be on the hook Former Bear Stearns mortgage executives who now run mortgage divisions of Goldman Sachs, Bank of America, and Ally Financial have been accused of cheating and defrauding investors through the mortgage securities they created and sold while at Bear. According to e-mails and internal audits, JPMorgan had known about this fraud since the spring of 2008, but hid it from the public eye through legal maneuvering. Last week a lawsuit filed in 2008 by mortgage insurer Ambac Assurance Corp against Bear Stearns and JPMorgan was unsealed. The lawsuit's supporting e-mails, going back as far as 2005, highlight Bear traders telling their superiors they were selling investors like Ambac a "sack of shit." They were selling investors like Ambac a "sack of shit." News of internal whistleblowers coming forward from Bear's mortgage servicing division, EMC, was first reported by The Atlantic in May of last year. Ex-EMC analysts admitted they were sometimes told to falsify loan-level performance data provided to the ratings agencies who blessed Bear's billion-dollar deals. But according to depositions and documents in the Ambac lawsuit, Bear's misdeeds went even deeper. They say senior traders under Tom Marano, who was a Senior Managing Director and Global Head of Mortgages for Bear and......
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... Spring 2008 - After the housing bubble burst. - Wall St gambled on risky loans. CNBC is important in Wall St. Bear Stearns Bear Sterns, the stocks go down. - Stocks fall for 171 to 60, people nervous. Ran out of cash. But they have cash and no problems. They bought bundled subprime mortgage. - Because they thought housing can only go up. - The value of houses have gone down. - High-risk loans in the reaper market. Goldman Sachs may be deserting Stearns. - Public acknowledgement of its bad. They only had option, to raise capital. - Federal System, Tim Gygner - Morgan, The Fed found toxic assets. Billion in hidden subprime mortgage loans and credit default swaps. - Credit Swap: - I sell you insurance, if they cannot pay, we pay. - They bought so many, hundreds of billions of dollars. If they can’t pay people back, it would cause collapse - There would be systemic risk, because Stearns is so connected to the banking world. - If we allowed them to fail, they would collapse. Federal Reserve and JP Morgan payout - JP Morgan and Federal Reserve provided secure bailout. Moral Hazard If you bail someone out of a self-inflicted problem, what can they do Paulson made millions of dollars, anti-government. There is no responsibility, Bear Stearns was bought by JP Morgan. Post-Bear Stearns People took mortgages that you can’t afford. - Buying the big houses make you look rich. Brenanki and Paulson......
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...JP Morgan Chase Publicly Traded Company JP Morgan Chase & Co. is on of the oldest and largest financial institutions in the world. They founding was in New York in 1799 and they have grown and succeeded by listening to there customers. They are a global financial service firm in more than 50 countries. “J.P (John Pierpont) Morgan is the founder and one of the most powerful bankers of his era. He financed railroads and helped organize U.S. Steel, General Electric and other major corporations” (Staff, 2009). The circumstances revolving around the fraudulent issues for JPMorgan began in 2008. It was involved in a massive fraud of residential mortgage backed securities in the billion of dollars. It was widespread fraud leading to the financial collapse of 2008. “Which lead to JPMorgan Chase facing class action lawsuits that claims it defrauded New Jersey residents who applied for the Home Affordable Mortgage Program, a federal program that is designed to help homeowners in danger of defaulting on their homes” (Mirando, 2011). When loans stated to go bad, the bank was required to take them out of the securitization products and seek restitution from the mortgage originators. The impact that it had on the company was very negative as far as it’s financial and operations were families where improperly foreclosed on, and will be able to save or get there homes back. JPMorgan Chase agreed to pay $13 billion dollars to settle the allegations on the mortgage back securities it......
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...Bear Stearns Case * * * Key Ratios Capital Ratio: This is a measure of a bank's financial strength based on the sum of its equity capital and disclosed reserves. A Tier 1 capital ratio of 6% or greater would classify the banks as well capitalized. At the beginning of March, Bear Stearns had virtually no assets valued at level 1 which leaves their capital ratio at virtually 0. Leverage Ratio: the Tier 1 leverage ratio is calculated by dividing Tier 1 capital ratio by the firm's average total consolidated assets. The Tier 1 leverage ratio is an evaluative tool used to help determine the capital adequacy and to place constraints on how banking firm can leverage its capital base. Bear Sterns claims total assets of $140 billion dollars but because the capital ratio is so small the leverage ratio is also going to be very small. Debt to equity: Bear Stearns had a debt to equity ratio of nearly 32. Anything over 2 is generally considered a high debt to equity ratio. As all companies leverage debt, 32 is a huge ratio. Altman Z- Score: With a market cap of around $1300 and Bear Sterns had an Altman Z- Score of nearly -3.6. The Altman Z Score takes four different ratios and create a multiple that determines how likely bankruptcy is. -3.6 indicates bankruptcy is likely. Traditional Ratio Analysis: When the traditional ratios are ran, nearly all are outside the benchmark range or less than the benchmark. The traditional ratios clearly show a problemed...
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...OFFICE MARKET | | | Lisa Downing | 5/5/2009 | | Table of Contents Subject Headings Page Nos. Grand Central Office Market 1 Grand Central Scene 1 Who/What Dominates the District 2 Grand Central Office Climate 4 District Vis a Vis Office Setting 4 Historical Analysis of Market Statistics 6 Comparative Analysis: Grand Central, Midtown & Manhattan 7 History of Land Use and Development Trends 8 Grand Central Terminal Today 11 External Market Forces 12 Government Intervention 14 Employment 15 Subject Properties 18 Lincoln Building 18 JP Morgan Chase 20 Competitive Position 21 Summary & Trends 25 Projections 26 I. Grand Central Office Market Analysis The New York City Office Market is comprised of three submarkets, Downtown, Midtown and Midtown South. The Midtown submarket in the largest Central Business District in the United States; it is the submarket that the Grand Central office market is located and upon which this analysis is based. Other neighborhoods within the Midtown submarket include: Columbus Circle, Penn Plaza/Garment District, Plaza District and Times Square (Kindly refer to Appendix Nos.1 & 2). The Grand Central office market straddles in both Community Board #5 and Community......
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...Information About JP Morgan Chase & Co. JP Morgan Chase & Co. is one of the oldest and well-known banks of USA, its earliest predecessor founded in 1799. Its major predecessors – JP Morgan, Chase Manhattan, Chemical, Manufacturers Hanover, Bank One, First Chicago, and National Bank of Detroit. JP Morgan today: ● Global financial services firm with assets of $2.3 trillion. ● Is a leader in investment banking, financial services for consumers, and small businesses, commercial banking. ● Operates in more than 60 countries. ● Has more than 240,000 employees. ● Serves millions of consumers, small businesses and many of the world's most prominent corporate, institutional and government clients. JP Morgan Chase & Co. History Key bank merges which shaped JP Morgan & Chase Co. as today: ● In 1991, Manufacturers Hanover Corp. merged with Chemical Banking Corp. ● In 1995, First Chicago Corp. merged with NBD Bancorp. ● In 1996, The Chase Manhattan Corp. merged with Chemical Banking Corp. ● In 1998, Banc One Corp. merged with First Chicago NBD ● In 2000, J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated merged with The Chase Manhattan Corp. ● In 2004, Bank One Corp. merged with J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. ● In 2008, JPMorgan Chase & Co. acquired The Bear Stearns Companies Inc. ● In 2010, J.P. Morgan acquired full ownership of its U.K. joint venture, J.P. Morgan Cazenove JP Morgan Chase & Co. Recent Issues JP Morgan Chase & Co.......
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...Table Of Contents Brief Company Information Brief History and Company Information----------------------------------------------------------- 2 Mission and Vision Statement------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Industry and Competitive Analysis Industry Dominant Economic Features-------------------------------------------------------------4 Porter’s Five Competitive Factors-------------------------------------------------------------------4 Key Success Factors-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 Driving Forces------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 Industry Competitors-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 Strategic Map-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 Strategic Position Hambrick Model---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 SWOT Analysis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 Company Competitive Strategy----------------------------------------------------------------------17 Leadership and Corporation Culture-----------------------------------------------------------------19 Company Resources and Competencies-------------------------------------------------------------21 Competitive Strength Assessment-------------------...
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...Daniels Fund Ethics Initiative University of New Mexico http://danielsethics.mgt.unm.edu Banking Industry Meltdown: The Ethical and Financial Risks of Derivatives INTRODUCTION The 2008–2009 global recession was caused in part by a failure of the financial industry to take appropriate responsibility for its decision to utilize risky and complex financial instruments. Corporate cultures were built on rewards for taking risks rather than rewards for creating value for stakeholders. Unfortunately, most stakeholders, including the public, regulators, and the mass media, do not always understand the nature of the financial risks taken on by banks and other institutions to generate profits. Problems in the subprime mortgage markets sounded the alarm in the 2008–2009 economic downturn. Very simply, the subprime market was created by making loans to people who normally would not qualify based on their credit ratings. The debt from these loans was often repackaged and sold to other financial institutions in order to take it off lenders’ books and reduce their exposure. When the real estate market became overheated, many people were no longer able to make the payments on their variable rate mortgages. When consumers began to default on payments, prices in the housing market dropped and the values of credit default swaps (the repackaged mortgage debt, also known as CDSs) lost significant value. The opposite was supposed to happen. CDSs were sold as a method of insuring against loss.......
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...2008 financial crisis In 2008, a series of bank and insurance company failures triggered a financial crisis that effectively halted global credit markets and required unprecedented government intervention.Fannie Mae (FNM) and Freddie Mac (FRE) were both taken over by the government. Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy on September 14th after failing to find a buyer. Bank of Americaagreed to purchase Merrill Lynch (MER), and American International Group (AIG) was saved by an $85 billion capital injection by the federal government.[1] Shortly after, on September 25th, J P Morgan Chase (JPM) agreed to purchase the assets of Washington Mutual (WM) in what was the biggest bank failure in history.[2] In fact, by September 17, 2008, more public corporations had filed for bankruptcy in the U.S. than in all of 2007.[3]These failures caused a crisis of confidence that made banks reluctant to lend money amongst themselves, or for that matter, to anyone. The crisis has its roots in real estate and the subprime lending crisis. Commercial and residential properties saw their values increase precipitously in a real estate boom that began in the 1990s and increased uninterrupted for nearly a decade. Increases in housing prices coincided with the investment and banking industry lowering lending standards to market mortgages to unqualified buyers allowing them to take out mortgages while at the same time government deregulation blended the lines between traditional investment banks and......
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...Parker J Investment Banking Even though Bear was involved with investment trades around the world, the Fed did not grant Bear a government bailout. The Fed did step in to help maintain stability for the market, but LTCM for Bear was out of luck. Bear differed from its downward pressure on global securities prices, market stability, the possibility and probability to crash fast and hard, and the market environment was simply too hectic. Well first and foremost, the biggest change that could have been made, would be to hold the bridge tournament a couple months earlier. I believe that would have changed the outcome of Bear Stearns and allowed Cayne to save the day. All joking aside, from reading the article or case study, CDO’s and ARM’s were not the only destruction of Bear, just the final blow. Similar to what is happening in China right now with failing/decreasing hedge funds, Bear called in $500 million of short term debt to cover its losses from an unprofitable hedge fund. There was also a $38 million dollar fine paid to the SEC for fraudulent behavior. They were caught up in the CDO craze like everyone else and accepted way too many mortgages without knowing the details. Cayne must not have grasped the situation in its entirety. I can’t believe he announced they had $11.4 billion in cash and was now taking the situation seriously. The hole was much deeper than that. March 10, 2008, I believe, is where they were caught in the biggest fraud. Even though they......
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...Investment Banking in 2008 (A): Rise and Fall of the Bear 1. What role did Bear’s culture play in its positioning vis-à-vis its competitors, and what role might that culture have played in its demise? Bear Stearns played a risky role with the promise of high returns. Bear was participating in the LTCM and created a bubble. Bear’s competitors recognized and hedged against risk by participating in the buyout while Bear Stearns ignored the bullish market. Other banks hired both externally as well as internally so they received other opinions and perspectives, but Bear Stearns only hired internally. Bear ignored concerns while others hedged for possible risk. While all the banks were losing money from CDO’s, Bear’s losses were the most looked at and brought the most fear. 2. How did Bear’s potential collapse differ from that of LTCM in the eyes of the Federal Reserve? Bear Stearns had a chance to contribute to the bail out which may have saved them. The LTCM demanded high returns and the market could not satisfy these expectations. Bear should have learned from the LTCM collapse so one thing that differed is the banks had more knowledge after the collapse and should have done things differently. Also, it was a less turbulent market when Bear collapsed. 3. What could Bear have done differently to avoid its fate: 1. In the early 2000s? In the early 2000s, Bear Stearns tried to issue shares that were later called “toxic waste” so the bank...
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...JP MORGAN CHASE BANK N.A. AND ITS ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES FOR THE GOOD OR BAD? Analyze a change effort in the organization. What went well? What went wrong? What should they have done? COMPANY HISTORY AND OVERVIEW……………………………………1 ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUE…………………………………. EXTERNAL THEORIES/OPINIONS…………………………………………….. INDEPTH ANALYSIS………………………………………… SOLUTIONS……………………………………………………. PERSONAL REFLECTION………………………………………………………………. COMPANY HISTORY AND OVERVIEW: JP Morgan Chase Bank dates back to 1799 when its earliest predecessor was chartered in New York City. There have been many mergers and acquisitions throughout the years that shaped what the company is today. The company is built on the foundation of more than 1200 predecessor institutions. Its major heritage firms — J.P. Morgan, Chase Manhattan, Chemical, Manufacturers Hanover (in New York City) and Bank One, First Chicago, and National Bank of Detroit (in the Midwest) were each closely tied, in their time, to innovations in finance and the growth of the United States and global economies. In 1991, Manufacturers Hanover Corp. merged with Chemical Banking Corp., under the name of Chemical Banking Corp., then the second-largest banking institution in the United States. In 1995, First Chicago Corp. merged with NBD Bancorp., forming First Chicago NBD, the largest banking institution based in the Midwest. In 1996, The Chase Manhattan Corp. merged with Chemical Banking Corp., under the name of The Chase Manhattan Corp.,......
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...The 1907 Panic and the ensuing response led by J. Pierpont Morgan made one thing clear: it was necessary to move beyond personality cults of individuals to tackle future financial crisis. Different plans to create an independent organization representing diverse financial institutions started to gain traction but the debate over the inherent subjugation of public interest in this arrangement raged on as well. Woodrow Wilson, as the winner of 1912 presidential elections, eventually started to shape the conversation towards a formal conclusion and proposed a combination of private and public representation in a central bank. The subsequent passage of the Federal Reserve Act created an institution that balanced centralized control enshrined in the government controlled Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C. by establishing twelve privately controlled regional banks catering to the specific needs of twelve geographical regions of the country. Traditionally, the New York Fed has held a prestigious, and somewhat dominating, position among regional banks because of its hegemony over implementing the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve Bank and the fact that most of the financial powerhouses have concentrated operations in New York. Its organizational structure is composed of nine members (three bankers, three non-bankers chosen by the local banks and three members chosen by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors to represent the public); other regional reserve banks have the......
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