...Julius Caesar When the name Julius Caesar is heard, it can only trigger the image of a great leader that led Rome into prosperity. Caesar's military excellence brought more power and more land; that lead to the increase of size and strength in Rome. His dictatorship helped the stability and prosperity in Rome. Caesar's assassination lead to a monarchy that was ruled by Octavin. His death lead to a domino effect ending in the ultimate collapse of the Roman Empire. Many people of the 21st century follow the path of Julius Caesar and try to be as great as he was. The assassination of Julius Caesar was a tragedy due to the contributions he made to Rome's prosperity during his life, and the chaos that occurred in Rome after his death. The contributions that Caesar made towards the strength of Rome's success, and the chaos and collapse of Rome after his death made the assassination of Julius Caesar a tragedy. Julius Caesar was assassinated by his own senate on March 15 44 BC; also known as the Ides of March. As he was walking in to the senate house, a man told him to beware the Ides of March. He ignored this statement and walked into the senate house. At this time some of the Senate members surrounded Caesar in a stealthy manner and tugged on his toga. As he looked around he was stabbed by many of the senate members multiple times. He collapsed to the ground and lay on the marble floor dead, next to the feet of Pompey's statue. (Nardo 94) Caesar's military eminence helped...
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...In 27 B.C., Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianany historians see the beginning of the Roman Empire as the golden age of Roman literature and arts, however this period would also become known for its great extravagance and imperial notoriety. It's worth taking a look at the eras leading up to the Julio-Claudian dynasty and how each period's contributions would influence the Julio-Claudian emperors. The first era in Roman history, beginning in 753 BC and ending in 509 BC, came to be known as the Roman Kingdom. The Roman Kingdom is generally accepted as the founding of Rome itself. Little is certain about the history of the Roman Kingdom, as nearly no written records from that time have survived, and the historical records that were subsequently written are largely based on legends. It is thought to have begun with the settlements around the Palatine Hill in Central Italy. It is generally thought to have ended with the overthrow of the kings and the establishment of the Republic in approximately 509 BC. The period immediately following the Roman Kingdom came to be known as the Roman Republic, which began in 509 BC and continued through 27 BC. It was during this period that...
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...Civil Wars of the Second Triumvirate was the nephew of Caesar who changed his named from Octavian to the semi-divine title of __________________. 2. Although Augustus controlled very aspect of the government of Rome, he pretended to be just the first among equals by adopting the title of ________________________. 3. The title that gave him absolute authority over all affairs of Rome, which was previously a power reserved only to commanders of Roman troops outside Roman land, is_____________________. 4. Rome’s incredible success in bringing peace and prosperity under Augustus’ reign led to his boast the Rome would give the world 1,000 years of peace called the ___________________. 5. The paranoid and even mentally unstable dynasty of emperors who first ruled in Rome as descendants from the bloodline of Julius Caesar were called the ________________julian claudian 6. The last straw for the Senate and the populace of Rome with this line of emperors was the one who “fiddled while Rome burned” named ____nero 7. The second dynasty established by Vespacian, who was crowned emperor because of his military victory against the Goths in Dacia (today’s Hungary) are the Flavian 8. The second of those emperors, who successfully stamped out a rebellion in Palestine and punished the Jewish people by destroying the temple and dispersing them throughout Europe is Titus 9. The next group of emperors, who were all capable men with proven leadership capabilities...
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...borders * German influence lead to the end of the empire * Battle of Adrianople Germans beat romans * Start taking parts of Rome * Bad emperors in west * Bad economy lets Germans in Short essay The splitting of the empire * Why do they split * Why does the west fall * How are they different in culture, language * West has bad emperors * East pays people no to invade Emergence of absolute autocracy * Augustus * Power of the emperor Who is the most important person in second triumvirate * Augustus * Sets of empire * What world did he create with reforms * Makes it seem like he is going back to old time values Dates Edict of toleration 313 AD Founding of Constantinople 330 AD Fall of western Rome (fall of the roman empire) 476 AD Start of the empire 27 BCE When Germans sacked Rome 410 CE?? Study 11-5 to present Christianity Chronology 64 First persecution of Christians under Emperor Nero 274 Birthdat of Constantine 303 Great Persecution begins and Diocletion issues edict that bans the practice of christianity 312 Constantine embraces christianity after vision 313 Edict of Milan tolerates christians 324 Constantine is sole emperor of Rome 326 Edicts of Constantine against Christian heretics 330 Constantinople "New Rome" 341 Imperial decree against the offering of pagan sacrifice s 360 Julian issues edict of toleration in favor of paganism 380 Christianity...
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...AN ESSAY ON THE NATURE OF LEADERSHIP; AUGUSTUS CAESAR INTRODUCTION LEADERS UNLIKE MANAGERS, REQUIRE FOLLOWERS, AS FOLLOWERS ARE PIVOTAL TO THE SUCCESS AND IMPACT THAT A LEADER REQUIRES.[i] THE ABOVE OPENING QUOTE SPOKEN BY AUGUSTUS CAESAR IDENTIFIES HIS LEADERSHIP STYLE IN A NUTSHELL. UNLIKE HIS PREDECESSOR, AUGUSTUS WAS NEVER FOCUSED ON PRIDE AND DISPLAYS OR POWER. RATHER, HE WAS CONTENT WITH ACTING AS A GUIDE AND ADVISOR IN FRONT OF THE CROWDS WHILST IN REALITY HE HAD A FIRM GRIP ON THE REINS OF SOCIETY, CONTROLLING EVERYTHING BEHIND THE SCENES. AUGUSTUS WAS A CUNNING AND ADMIRABLE LEADER, WITH NUMEROUS POSITIVE LEADERSHIP ATTRIBUTES THAT JUNIOR OFFICERS COULD STUDY OR ADOPT. Augustus Caesar was shown by the leadership trait theory to possess a personality that would likely succeed in leadership. He also displayed a solid mission, excellent goal setting skills and overall strong values.[ii] Augustus Caesar also portrayed leadership attributes that a junior officer would find to be undesirable to adopt. These undesirable attributes can include Augustus Caesars’ unwillingness to attain long-term alliances and friends. Nevertheless, Augustus Caesar has proven himself to be an important and rich learning source when looking at leadership skills and techniques. Know Yourself and seek self-improvement AUGUSTUS CAESAR WAS HONOURED WITH THE NAME AUGUSTUS, WHICH MEANS “THE EXALTED”, BY THE ROMAN SENATE IN 27 B.C. THIS HONOUR WAS NOT ONLY A SHOW FOR THE NUMEROUS...
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...at least one member of the family was a prosperous building contractor. One of his contracts was for a magnificent arch to commemorate the popular Emperor Titus who died after a short reign (a.d. 79-81). 2. What was the social status of the unskilled laborers? Most of unskilled laborers were slaves and poor free men. 3. List at least four hand tools that we have inherited almost unchanged from the Romans. Why was the use of hand tools so laborious in Roman times? Mallets, chisels, crowbars, trowels, saws, and planes are some modern hand tools that have been inherited almost unchanged from the Romans. The important difference is that the Romans did not have the small electric motor that makes the modern power tools less laborious to use. 4. What was the cement mortar used for? The cement mortar was used, as today, for a thin but effective adhesive layer between bricks or stones. 5. Name two main structural uses of concrete. Concrete became a substitute for stone in the building of arches and vaulted ceilings. They also used it on the aqueducts that supplied Rome with millions of gallons of fresh water daily. 6. Describe another use of concrete and described four ways the concrete was hidden. Concrete could also be sandwiched as a core between two faces of a more expensive material, such as good quality stone or brick; these were often then covered with plaster or stucco and painted in bright colors. It could also be used as a facing material...
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...BURNING OF ROME On the evening of the July 18, 64, a great fire erupted in a shop at the end of Circus Maximus (merchant district), selling flammable goods. This fire sparked outrage in the community in the days ahead, as Tacitus reported the fire spread quickly are burnt for five days. The Roman community by this time was wearing thin of Emperor Nero’s actions, as a diversion Nero supposedly set fire to the city as he wanted to make way for his planned villa, Domus Aurea. Due to the mass loss of property with four out of Rome's twelve districts being completely obliterated and seven of them suffering from huge loss, Emperor Nero opened up his home for a relief for the homeless. During this relief stage Nero used his personal funds to supply and deliver food to prevent starvation among survivors. Once the people had time to process the fire and the momentous loss that came with it, speculation shifted to the origin of the fire. Various historical figures report Nero taking the fire with great happiness, with Dio...
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...Caesar Summary Option K Rome: Julius Caesar Principal Focus: Students gain an understanding of Julius Caesar in the context of his time. Students learn about: 1 Historical context – geography, topography and resources of Rome and provinces – overview of Roman political and social structures – overview of significant political and military developments 2 Background and rise to prominence – his family background and position – his education, early life and ambitions – paths to power: priesthoods; Marian connections; political alliances and marriages – early political career to 60 BC 3 Career – role in First Triumvirate – Gallic Wars: campaigns and tactics, siege of Alesia – relationship with his army – relationship with the Senate – role in the Civil War – political supporters and enemies – personal relationships: Julia, Cleopatra VII, Brutus, Mark Antony, Cicero – impact of personality on career; significance of his writings – dictatorship: policies and reforms – assassination: motives, manner and impact of his death 4 Evaluation – impact and influence on his time – assessment of his life and career – legacy – ancient and modern images and interpretations of Julius Caesar. 1. Historical Context Geography, topography and resources of Rome and provinces Geography and topography • Most of Italy is...
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...only had one temple in Jerusalem, which had only two rooms. One room was for sacrifices, and the other room was always empty because there was no idol to representing God of Israel. All Jews believed they were chosen by the one God of the universe to serve him and obey his laws. They believe that God called on to them to be “lights to the Gentiles” and wanted them to accept the God of Israel as their only God. Jesus also taught the word of God in the temple daily and that was their educational time. The Jews changed the name of the temple to the Synagogue, meaning “house of assembly”, due to Greek influence. All of the teachers in the temple or Synagogue were known as rabbi for the school. Children would start school at the age of four to five years old. The rabbi would primarily teach on the Torah, and reading and writing Scripture. Students didn’t complete schooling until they had a large portion of the Torah memorized. The biggest reason the Greek influenced the Jews was due to the Grecian culture and their skilled leadership. The Greek language was as well-known as the native Aramaic. The Jewish leadership changed from the God-ordained priesthood to the Sadducee-controlled Sanhedrin, and the law of the land more closely reflected Grecian laws than those given through Moses. Hellenism also describes the influence of the Greek culture between the people of Greece and the Roman Empires. The Roman government believed in syncretism; accepting all religious beliefs...
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...adequate to prove Jesus was a real person in history. The evidence presented in the New Testament was written by contemporaries of Jesus, four were eyewitnesses, three accompanied Jesus, and all the writings are in remarkable agreement. They stand the tests of genuineness and historicity. Consider this: One may present a case for Jesus by presenting just one of the Gospels, let’s say the book written by Luke to Theophilus. Luke states, 1Many have undertaken to draw up an account of the things that have been fulfilled among us, 2just as they were handed down to us by those who from the first were eyewitnesses and servants of the word. 3Therefore, since I myself have carefully investigated everything from the beginning, it seemed good also to me to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus.” That, in itself, is evidence. Then when adding the other gospels our case becomes stronger because we have ‘corroborating evidence.’ ***Corroborating Evidence is evidence that supports, confirms, strengthens or adds to already existing evidence.*** Then, take the NT letters that were written by Paul, Peter, James, & John and you have even more compelling, corroborating evidence. The NT alone is sufficient proof of Jesus’ historical existence. We all know that Christianity is not the worship of the man Jesus. Our faith is in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior. If Jesus never existed then it is safe to say, Christianity would cease to exist. Moreover, Christianity...
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...policy had gradually become highly regimented, depriving individuals of the freedom to pursue personal profit in production or trade, crushing them under a heavy burden of oppressive taxation, and forcing workers into vast collectives where they were little better than bees in a great hive. The later Hellenistic period was also one of almost constant warfare, which, together with rampant piracy, closed the seas to trade. The result, predictably, was stagnation. Stagnation bred weakness in the states of the Mediterranean, which partially explains the ease with which Rome was able to steadily expand its reach beginning in the 3rd century B.C. By the first century B.C., Rome was the undisputed master of the Mediterranean. However, peace did not follow Rome’s victory, for civil wars sapped its strength. Rome’s power hungry leaders and government lead to the downfall of their powerful civilization. Following the murder of Caesar in 44 B.C. His adopted son Octavian finally brought an end to internal strife with his defeat of Mark Antony in the battle of Actium in 31 B.C. Octavian’s victory was due in no small part to his championing of Roman economic freedom against the Oriental despotism of Egypt represented by Antony, who had fled to Egypt and married Cleopatra in 36 B.C. As Oertel (1934: 386) put it, “The victory of Augustus and of the West meant... a repulse of the tendencies towards State capitalism and State socialism which might have come to fruition ... had Antony and Cleopatra...
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...prominent in this time were Virgil, Horace and Livy. The most important historical aspect of the literature at this time was how it served to support Emperor Augustus’ rule and his strong beliefs in traditional Roman values. This paper will focus on the ways in which these authors supported the values and beliefs of Augustus, and to what aspect their literature helped and supported the change in Rome during the transition from Republic to Empire. These authors’ works were intrinsically tied to the era in a very unique and important way. The theme of traditional rural Roman values, and the importance of the countryside to the integrity of Rome were extremely prevalent in their works, as well as in the policies of Emperor Augustus. This signified the extreme importance of Augustus’ focus on restoring traditional Roman values, and when supported by the writings from Virgil, Horace and Livy, has proven to be one of the most significant aspects towards the success of Augustus’ transformation of Rome into the Empire it would become. When we examine the contribution that Virgil, Horace and Livy made to the Augustan rule in the newly formed Roman Empire, we cannot begin without mentioning some of the skepticism that occurred during the initial years of the transformation. This is evidenced well in an excerpt in Livy’s The Early History of Rome: I would have [the reader] trace the process of our moral decline, to watch, first, the sinking of the foundations of morality as the old teaching...
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...Julius Caesar full title · The Tragedy of Julius Caesar author · William Shakespeare type of work · Play genre · Tragic drama, historical drama language · English time and place written · 1599, in London date of first publication · Published in the First Folio of 1623, probably from the theater company’s official promptbook rather than from Shakespeare’s manuscript publisher · Edward Blount and William Jaggard headed the group of five men who undertook the publication of Shakespeare’s First Folio narrator · None climax · Cassius’s death (V.iii), upon ordering his servant, Pindarus, to stab him, marks the point at which it becomes clear that the murdered Caesar has been avenged, and that Cassius, Brutus, and the other conspirators have lost in their attempt to keep Rome a republic rather than an empire. Ironically, the conspirators’ defeat is not yet as certain as Cassius believes, but his death helps bring about defeat for his side. protagonists · Brutus and Cassius antagonists · Antony and Octavius setting (time) · 44 b.c. setting (place) · Ancient Rome, toward the end of the Roman republic point of view · The play sustains no single point of view; however, the audience acquires the most insight into Brutus’s mind over the course of the action falling action · Titinius’ realization that Cassius has died wrongly assuming defeat; Titinius’ suicide; Brutus’s discovery of the two corpses; the final struggle between Brutus’s men and the troops...
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...Kristina Nemeth CLA311 Tacitus, Annals of Imperial Rome Notes Chapter 1 From Augustus to Tiberius “I shall write without indignation or partisanship: in my case the customary incentives to these are lacking.” No republican forces were left after Brutus and Cassius died. Sextus Pompeius in Sicily was defeated, Ledpidus dropped, Antony killed. Only Octavian was left. Seduced with many gifts but soon the legal system was incapacitated by violence, favoritism and bribery. Augustus chose Agrippa as son in law after nephew Marcellus dies. Agrippa has sons Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar and adopted Augustus adopted them. Both die premature deaths, Nero Drusus is already dead and Tiberius is the only surviving stepson. Livia had control over aged Augustus—he sent to exile his only surviving grandson, Agrippa Postumus. Son of Nero Drusus, Germanicus was adopted by Tiberius by word of Augustus. Supposed foul play on Livia’s side as she heard how affectionate Augustus was to Agrippa Postumus on a visit and so sent letter to Tiberius and next thing that happens is that Augustus is dead and Tiberius is in control. Tiberius’s first crime was the assassination of Agrippa Postumus. First Senate meeting under Tiberius dealt with Augustus’s funeral—Tiberius and Livia were his heirs, Livia adopted into Julian family with name Augusta. After funeral, Augustus was declared a god and decreed a temple but the major topic of every prayer was Tiberius. Then a document was...
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...Reader, J. (2004). War, Greece and Rome. In, Cities. (pp.51-67 & 310-311 ; Figures : 22-41). London : William Heinemenann. 5 WaJ; Greece and Rome An adequate and reliable food supply is the first priority of every -city - a priority handled so efficiently· in the modern world that we take it for granted. Ancient cities, contending with the vagaries of climate and problems of transport, were not so fortunate. Securing the food supply pushed cities into war and conquest, but also inspired significant advances in farming, transport and government. Sumer can claim a number of important firsts in world history - the first cities, the first irrigated agriculture, the first civilisations, the first written language - and the influence of these is with us still (not least in that every passing minute, every hour acknowledges the Sumerians' sexagesimal system of numeration), but there is one first that humanity might have preferred to do without: warfare. Warfare itself did not provoke the establishment of cities generally (see pp. II-I2) , and there is certainly nothing to suggest that warfare inspired the foundation of Sumer's earliest cities, but there is plenty of evidence indicating that, once established, cities and the fruits of civilisation became important factors in the development of military power. The story of Sumer persuasively suggests that the advent of organised warfare probably began as the growing populations and falling agricultural production described at...
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