...• What were women’s prisons like before the 1800s? How have they changed? Before the 1800’s women were treated the same as men in prison. Women were punished just like the men were, with the exception that pregnant women were often spared punishment until after they had given birth. Both men and women were mixed together as prisoners and were watched by male jailers, which made the women prisoners subjected to abuse and mistreated. Most female inmates at this time were prostitutes or thieves and because of this no one really worried about what was happening to them. This all began to change in the early 1800’s when Elizabeth Gurney Fry began a ministry for the women in prison. Fry would visit the prisons and read the Bible to the female inmates even though she was advised of the dangers that were possible. Fry created the Association of the Improvement of the Female Prisoners in Newgate in 1817. In the U.S., Eliza W.B. Farnham was the head matron of the women’s wing at Sing Sing Prison in New York from 1844-1848. She tried to make the women’s prison more like a home instead of a prison. She was fired for basically being too nice to the inmates. In 1873 the first separate prison for women was built. (Foster, "Women's Prisons," 2006) The prisons have changed because now the male and female prisoners have been separated. • What are the three basic arguments established in the 1800s that supported the separation of juvenile prisoners from adult prisoners? What would happen...
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...In 1972, Russell Maroon Shoatz was accused of killing a police officer and imprisoned for murder. He has been in jail for about 30 years for a crime he did not even commit. Russell’s daughter, Theresa Shoatz, had a lot to say about her father and his situation. She told us that her father did not commit the crime, but he knew who did. Russell refused to give names about who killed the police officer because he knew it would just create more problems. Instead, he went to a detective hoping to receive help, but the detective told him that because he was part of the group who murdered the police officer, that he would have to be put in jail. During his time in prison, Russell escaped, not to hurt anyone, but just because he wanted freedom and did not feel like he deserved to be in prison. The Black Panthers played a big role during Russell’s lifetime. They were a group of African Americans who did not want any help from the government, because they felt it was a messed up system. They provided protection for themselves and for others who called upon them. This story of Russell Shoatz is very similar to some of the stories told in Rios’s book, Punished. In Punished, Rios talked to a young boy named Darius who was arrested for robbing a kid. Darius continued to tell Rios that he did not rob the kid and he was not even present during the robbery. The police were just suspicious so they arrested him. Just like Shoatz, Darius was arrested for a crime he did not commit. Just like the...
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...The Federal Prison System existed for more than 30 years before the establishment of the Bureau of Prisons. Although its wardens functioned almost autonomously, the Superintendent of Prisons, a Department of Justice official in Washington, was nominally in charge of Federal prisons,[4] starting with the passage of the Three Prisons Act in 1891, which authorized the Federal Government's first three penitentiaries. Until 1907, prison matters were handled by the Justice Department's General Agent. The General Agent was responsible for Justice Department accounts, oversight of internal operations, and certain criminal investigations, as well as prison operations. In 1907, the General Agent's office was abolished, and its functions were distributed among three new offices: the Division of Accounts (which evolved into the Justice Management Division); the Office of the Chief Examiner (which evolved into the Federal Bureau of Investigation); and the Office of the Superintendent of Prisons and Prisoners, later called the Superintendent of Prisons (which evolved into the Bureau of Prisons). [edit]Bureau of Prisons established This section does not cite any references or sources. (July 2010) The exterior of Federal Correctional Institution, Milan Pursuant to Pub. L. No. 71-218, 46 Stat. 325 (1930), the Bureau of Prisons was established within the Department of Justice and charged with the "management and regulation of all Federal penal and correctional institutions." This responsibility...
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...Overcrowding in prisons American Intercontinental University English Composition ENGL107 Abstract Overcrowding in prisons throughout the United States has become an issue that needs to be more of a concern to our justice system. If we focused on more of the solution then the problem we may be able to eliminate some of the overcrowding issues. We need to be asking ourselves how we can fix the overcrowding issues within the United States prison system. Overcrowding in our prisons Drugs are a major issue along with the strict laws on first time nonviolent drug offenders. We are leaving these people in prison for way to long. Instead of overcrowding our prisons with first time drug and nonviolent offenders, we should be sentencing these men and women to rehabilitation centers and counseling. This should be the first option for the justice system to be considering instead of just locking these men and women up for two to five years and overcrowding the prisons. These first timers need more help to improve their life, and throwing them behind bars is just giving them more criminal activity to learn then they did on the outside. The justice system should be taking severe nonviolent criminals with mental illness more seriously. Instead of just locking them up and throwing away the key, there should be a lot more intense evaluations going on with mental illness with in these men and women. This could solve a lot of the overcrowding if we could just...
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...of the system, and the manner in which prisons are operated, both in the past and today, each are important topics in the discussion of the prison system. The fundamentals of the prison system have progressed greatly over the years as well as the influence of the prison system on America. The development of privately operated prisons has added a political aspect to the imminent solutions of the problems within the prison system. The birth of the prison system stemmed from the need to find more humane and effective means of punishment for wrongdoers, or those who chose not to follow society’s guidelines. Before prisons existed, the majority of serious crimes were dealt with by capital punishment. The British criminal code, which was emulated until the Revolution, depended greatly on capital punishment. Although less severe crimes, which did not sanction the death penalty, were punished with fines or “sanguinary” punishments. Non-capital punishments in the early days of criminal justice were designed to terrorize and subject offenders to derision in hope that they would change their behavior. Jails existed but they were mainly used to hold criminals during pretrial proceedings. The realization that cruel vengeance did little to limit or prevent criminal activity in the 1700s further promoted the invention of the prison. The first penitentiary, Walnut Street prison, was converted from a jail in 1790. It was designed with 16 solitary cells for the serious offenders and...
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...The conditions that exist in the business and corporate world that would contribute to the commission of unethical behavior is greed, money, power, respect and prestige. It takes years to build up your reputation when you enter the business world. There are many people who will have doubt that you can do the work or that your company may not last as long as you would for it to, there are many pressures that come along with this type of entrepreneurship. In the beginning a person is usually humble and excited about building a foundation they can call their own, but after a while when the money starts coming in good and you begin to meet people who have a high prestige, people begin to lose sight of why they started their business or joined a business and get lost in the world of corruption, politics and scandals. There have been a few people that have been high profile professional business men that have gotten involved with using unethical behavior. The Enron scandal has become a big part of history along with fanniemae and Tyco. All of these men had the same thing in common and that was stealing money from the company they were apart of to achieve personal fulfillment, trips and living the good life due to other peoples hard earned money. Many lives were ruined and devastated by their selfish acts, jobs were lost, and people lost their pensions and a lot of investors lost big on their investments (www.fed-soc.org). I do believe that America as a whole...
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...This paper is to be an overview of the criminal justice system and a description of the following roles in todays criminal justice system. I am going to explain and highligh the following roles police officer,district attorney's office, defense counsel, last but not lease the local Judge. I am going to go through the steps start to finish every step of the way. Take this as a real life situration. a guy named Steve on the streets selling illegal pills gets caught this is going to take you through the entire process of what happens to Steve. Steve has been on the streets dealing out illegel pills to people who have money. Oneday Steve gets a new client he meets up and sells about 3 pain pills to this guy. The guy then turns around to Steve and tells him to put his hands behind his back that he was under arrest for possesses, oxycodone as well as trafficking in oxycodone. Then here comes the maranda warning also know as maranda rights “You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have a right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you.” Steve is now under arrest for selling oxycode to a under cover officer of the law. Steve is then put in the officers car and taken down town for booking. Steve arives at the police station with Officer Smith. The officer takes him into the station for the following process's. Booking is when arrested indivduls arrive at the jail facility...
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...Law School and later at Yale Law School, where since 2003 he has been the Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor of Law. His teaching and research interests include criminal law, risk perception, punishment, and evidence. Kahan, who has written widely in legal journals on current social issues including gun control, is coauthor, with Tracey Meares, of Urgent Times: Policing and Rights in Inner-City Communities (1999). From 2005 to 2006, he was deputy dean of Yale Law School. In the following essay, first published in the Boston Globe on August 5, 2001, Kahan argues in favor of the use of shame as a punishment that is “an effective, cheap, and humane alternative to imprisonment.” Shame Is Worth a Try Is shame an appropriate criminal punishment? Many courts and legislators around the country think so. Steal from your employer in Wisconsin and you might be ordered to wear a sandwich board proclaiming your offense. Drive drunk in Florida or Texas and you might be required to place a conspicuous “DUI” bumper sticker on your car. Refuse to make your child-support payments in Virginia and you will find that your vehicle has been immobilized with an appropriately colored boot (pink if the abandoned child is a girl, blue if a boy). Many experts, however, are skeptical of these new shaming punishments. Some question their effectiveness as a deterrent....
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...Motivational Methods Motivational Methods Even though not every method will work for all employees, Motivation methods help keep everyone moving towards a positive goal because when moral is at a high level, then the motivation level will be high as well and Incentives, and open communications help with motivation. Downsizing can take a toll on a department and manager. So to help keep the moral and motivation up will be a challenge. The manager would have to reinsure all staff members that the downsizing will not happen often. First step will have the motivational sprit start from the managers, and show more effort towards the staff members. The most important reason Motivation methods help keep everyone moving towards a positive goal is because when moral is at a high level, then the motivation level will be high as well. There are many methods to use in order to keep the motivation flowing without missing a beat. To start with a strong foundation is to full fill the basic needs of all the employees, such as great working hours, breaks in between hours, and making work fun while making sure work is getting done. “Lower-level needs include physiological, safety and social concerns, while higher-level needs include esteem and self-actualization concerns” (Lombardi, D. N., & Schermerhorn, J. R. (2007). The basic motivation process such as “the equity, expectancy, and goal-setting theories each offer advice and insight on how people actually...
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...into the juvenile and criminal justice systems. Many of these children have learning disabilities, histories of poverty, and histories of abuse and neglect. There students would benefit from additional educational and counseling services. Instead, they are isolated, punished and pushed out. Many "Zero-tolerance" policies criminalize minor infractions of school rules. Cops in schools are criminalizing behavior that should be handled inside the school. Students of color are especially vulnerable to push-out trends and the harsh application of discipline. (eric.edu.gov) In recent years the legal implications from “Zero Tolerance” policies have risen greatly. Why? Attorney Jim Cusing, says “by removing the administrators' ability to tailor punishments to the student by considering extenuating circumstances, zero tolerance policies have demanded a perverse form of consistency that results in large numbers of...
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...Experts have different views about how to deal with recidivism. Some believe that custodial sentencing is the best way of reducing re-offending, others think that prison may not be the solution and that there are better alternatives. There is also much debate about whether treatment programmes reduce re-offending. Discuss ways of dealing with the problem of recidivism, refer to the views outlined above in your answer. (12) Custodial sentencing is the imposing of a punishment, consisting of mandatory custody of the convict, either in prison (Incarceration) or in some other closed therapeutic/reducational institution. As recidivism refers to the re-offending rate, critics argue that custodial sentencing does not work and cite high recidivism rates as evidence for this. This is due to official statistics showing that 70% of offenders re-offend after custodial sentencing within 2 years of release, which consequently shows that prison may not be the solution. Even with high recidivism rates, custodial sentences might stop more crime than noncustodial sentences. These findings are inconsistent with prisons as a powerful specific deterrent (dwelling on actions/message goes out to the public) and high recidivism rates suggest that many offenders simply are not moved by imprisonment enough to stay out of trouble. On the other hand however, custodial sentencing has been proven to be a good solution as it has been found that not every type of offender re-offends, sex offenders have been...
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...Theory of Justice Analysis Conception and reality often clash when applied to everyday. In the most optimal society justice is served by punishing criminals so that law abiding citizens can live their lives in peace. The reality is that criminals receive punishments that are less than justice demands and the non-criminals are cheated. This short paper examines justice theories, the utilitarian view, modern justice view and the security based justice. It is important to consider individual justice, mob justice and societal justice as separate institutions. To better understand these institutions the next section explains justice theories. Justice Theories In this section two types of justice will be discussed: Rawl's Theory of Justice as Fairness and Libertarianism. Rawls focused on a hypothetical model in order to describe his form of justice. In this hypothetical model individuals are required to choose fundamental principles of basic institutions of a given society (Ilstu). The result choices made by the members of this society will be both fair and just. The two principles are as follows: Equal Liberty and Difference. "The Equal Liberty Principle states each person is to have the maximum civil liberties compatible with the same liberty for all (Ilstu)". These would be the principles of the United States Constitution; all American citizens are privileged to receive full civil liberties based on the laws of the land. "The Difference Principle states inequalities...
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...Bribery vs Reinforcement - Research Paper - J123M456 http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Bribery-Vs-Reinfo... Login Join The Research Paper Factory Join Search Browse Saved Papers Search over 100,000 Essays Home Page » People Bribery vs Reinforcement In: People Bribery vs Reinforcement The discussion between what is bribery and what is reinforcement is a struggle that many parents face when wanting to discipline their children. To not get confused, there is a vast difference between the two. Bribery and reinforcement are not synonymous. Both Irvine and Direnfeld agree that the problem between a parent bribing or reinforcing their children is simply not the fault of their parenting ways, but how communication was lost. Parents have failed to communicate to their children that good behavior is rewarding enough (Irvine, 2007). According to the Lovaas Institute Blog, internal motivation is more beneficial than external rewards. If parents and teachers continuously advocate that the behavior the children do is good, then the need of external rewards will be eliminated because the praise and the attention that children will get out of it is rewarding enough. Most applied behavior analysts would agree that bribing a child institutes good behavior, but also communicates to the child that they will receive something in return for that behavior. According to Direnfeld, bribery is a “promise” of delivery. This means that before any behavior is...
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...Does Disciplinary Power enforce good or bad behaviour from students in York University Accommodation? Introduction When looking at Foucault’s concept of disciplinary power, we looked at our own expectations compared with our actual experiences of living in university run accommodation. With most students coming to university, it is the first time that they will live on ‘their own’, without the rules and restrictions that they had when living at home with their parents, therefore a degree of freedom and independence was expected. However, we noticed that our actions were restricted by the rules imposed on us due to the acceptance of the university run accommodation. From our own experiences, we witnessed students displaying bad behavioural characteristics through resistance. This led our group to investigate the impact that the rules have on students’ behaviours and the universities use of disciplinary power to ‘control’ students’ behaviour. We also wanted to determine from the student’s perspective, the impact these controls had on their behaviour. Methodology There has been a lot of research conducted to study the behaviours of students and their resistance to authority, however they were not written in the students’ perspective. By investigating the behaviours of students from their perspective, it allows us to have a more accurate account of their experiences and the impact that the university’s restrictions has on them. It also enables us to determine why students either...
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...ruled illegal or not socially acceptable, and therefor we have developed a system of punishments in order to combat all that is wrong with society. You could argue whether this is an effective system though, for the fear of punishment is not always an effective deterrent and therefore has no effect on the future criminals mind. The fear of punishment is something that we have been threatened with ever since we were a kid, I truly believe that all we have learned since then is how to better attempt to get away with doing something wrong, and not be afraid of the punishment that will follow if caught. We use punishment in all facades of the criminal justice system, whether it helps us achieve are desired goals, or is just what we feel to be are only effective option is, this is always debatable, but answers to these questions need to start coming soon, for changes must be made in order to make are criminal justice system the well oiled machine it needs to be. When it comes to the practical use of punishment, there are five recognized philosophies, there are, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, retribution, and restoration. The goal of each one of these philosophies is the overall prevention of crime, each one of them takes a different path to achieve that goal. The first option would be deterrence, which attempts to scare an individual away from committing a crime because of the punishment that will follow. The next option is rehabilitation, which is an attempt to cure an...
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