...Kidney Failure HCA/240 Kalkita Dodson February 2, 2012 * Scenario A: Acute renal failure. Ms. Jones, a 68-year-old female, underwent open-heart surgery to replace several blocked vessels in her heart. On her first day postoperatively, it was noted that she had very little urine output. * * What is happening to Ms. Jones’s kidneys, and why is it causing the observed symptom? * Oliguria – is a sudden drop in urine volume, or complete cessation of urine production. * What other symptoms and signs might occur? * Other symptoms that may occur is headache, gastrointestinal distress, and the odor of ammonia on the breath. * What is causing Ms. Jones’s kidney disease? * Her disease can be caused from the blood flow to the kidneys resulting from the surgical shock from her open heart surgery. * What are possible treatment options and prognosis? * Since Mrs. Jones has had open heart surgery it is very important to make sure that they monitor her hyperkalemia to make sure the levels of potassium stay where they need to so it does not cause the heart to weaken. Treatment should include restoration of the blood volume to normal, restricted fluid intake, and dialysis. * * Scenario B: Chronic renal failure...
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...Kidney Failure HCA/240 Instructor: October, 2011 Axia College of University of Phoenix Kidney Failure I was given two scenarios to look at and answer questions about. This paper will show what the scenarios are. It will also include what I feel are the correct answers are by the research that has been done. Scenario A: Acute renal failure A 68 year old female named Ms. Jones underwent open-heart surgery to replace blocked vessels in the heart. The first day of her postoperatively the notes showed that Ms. Jones has had very little production of urine. What is happening to her kidneys and why it is causing the observed symptom? According to the symptom that was noted for Ms. Jones it looks like her kidneys are failing and leading to kidney failure. Kidneys filter the human body’s blood, producing about one milliliter of urine a minute and when the urine changes it is due to shutting down of the kidneys. This could be because the body is in shock due to the surgery that was preformed, and the abnormal amount of urine is also known as oliguria. What other symptoms and signs might occur? There are other systems and signs that might occur due to the kidney failure. One is due to accumulation of compounds containing nitrogen in the blood the smell of ammonia in the mouth. Others can include headaches and gastrointestinal distress. In some cases an elevated level of potassium in the blood known as hyperkalemia. Some other...
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...The “Failure of both kidneys to form urine from any cause is a life-threatening condition called end-stage kidney disease” (Wingerd 322). From the name of the disease you can see that it is the last stage in renal failure. End-stage kidney failure is preceded by chronic renal failure that gets worse “until less than 10% of renal function remains” (Huether and McCance 1253). It can lead to death if it is not treated immediately. According to Bruce Wingerd, an “aggressive course of action” is required to save the patient’s life (322). This can include “hemodialysis and, if possible, kidney transplant” (Wingerd 322). The symptoms of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) may vary from person to person. The most common symptoms are swelling, fever, weakness, muscle cramps, no or high urine output, and abdominal pain (Johns Hopkins Medicine). According to John Hopkins Medicine, high blood pressure, diabetic nephropathy, and cystinosis can cause kidney damage that may lead to the development of ESKD. When a person’s blood pressure is high for too long it puts pressure on the kidneys to filter more blood which causes stress. Stress causes damage that makes it harder for the kidneys to function adequately. The symptoms of kidney failure are similar to the symptoms of other common illnesses. Because of the similarities in symptoms, it is important to get a checkup with your doctor in order to know what is really going on....
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...Healthy kidneys clean the blood by removing excess fluid, minerals, and wastes. They also make hormones that keep the bones strong and the blood healthy. After removing the water and waste from the bloodstream, it excretes them through urine (McDonnell & Mallon, 2005). Various conditions can damage your kidneys, including both chronic kidney disease and other conditions that affect the kidneys. If kidney damage becomes too severe, your kidneys lose their ability to function normally. This is called kidney failure or end-stage renal failure. According to the National Kidney Foundation (2005), more than 378,000 Americans suffer from chronic kidney failure and need dialysis or kidney transplantation to stay alive. End-stage renal disease is the name for kidney failure so advanced that it cannot be reversed. Renal is another word for kidney. The “renal” name is appropriate due to the fact that the kidneys in end- stage renal disease functions so poorly that they can no longer keep you alive (McDonnell & Mallon, 2005). End-stage renal disease cannot be treated with conventional medical treatments such as drugs. In chronic kidney disease only two treatments allow you to continue living when your kidneys stop functioning: dialysis and kidney transplantation, but only one offers a longer chance of survival. Dialysis is the term for several different methods of artificially filtering the blood (McDonnell & Mallon, 2005). Dialysis is a procedure that replaces some of the...
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...A kidney’s function is filtering the waste products from the blood and converting them to urine. Whenever the kidney loses this ability, waste products are going to build up, which is critically dangerous and can be life threatening (1). The treatment of the chronic kidney disease starts with analyzing the causes of chronic kidney disease (6), and this absence of kidney’s function is known as the end stage of chronic kidney disease or renal failure (kidney failure) and this absence is the most common stage for needing a kidney transplant (1). Furthermore, patients with kidney failure will need to choose the next stage of treatment. However, deciding the type of treatment depends on a few points such as the patient’s lifestyle, availability of resources and the patient’s financial condition (2). Choices the patient will be faced with are dialysis “a means of artificially replacing some functions of the kidney” or a kidney transplant. Kidney transplants can be very successful. For instance, over 94% of transplants are working one year later (2). However, kidney transplantation is a complex process that undergoes three steps, which are waiting for a kidney, testing the donor and the actual surgical transplant procedure....
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...Introduction I am interested in this topic as I am curious as to why there is such a significant difference between Caucasian health and that of an Indigenous Australians. This topic will look into the rate of kidney failure of Indigenous Australians who live close to major centres compared to those that live remotely. Research can be done by looking at reports produced by the government or other organisations, opinion pieces from medical professionals involved in the field of kidneys and statistics that show the difference in renal failure in different parts of Australia. Further research could potentially be done into why this occurs and what are some resolutions. Refinement of Question I started with the broad topic of medicine. I choose...
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...Present Technology Over 3.9 million people of the American population currently has been diagnosed with kidney disease. Kidney failure occurs when you kidneys can no longer function to filter waste products from your body. When the kidneys do not function, dangerous levels of waste accumulate in the bloodstream. In most cases, kidney failure is a permanent, life threatening condition which requires intensive treatment. High blood pressure and diabetes are two leading causes of kidney disease. Developing a new system to treat patients will save many lives, and will be an imperative step towards the future care of patients. As of now the only permanent solution to kidney failure is the removal of the damaged kidney or nephrectomy, and replacing it with a healthy donor kidney. When a kidney is received, whichever disease or condition that caused their kidney failure is normally removed with...
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...Analysis of a Webpage of the Kidney Failure Internet has grown rapidly into an immense information source. Internet resources can be used as a patient education tool and they offer the opportunities for personal interaction. Instead of following health advice and instructions passively, internet tools allow people to maintain their physical well-being actively by providing updated health information, user friendly activities, and support groups (Rankin et al., 2005). 64% of the 113 million internet users in America have searched for medical information. (as cited in Rankin et al., 2005). Many health professionals concern that the internet resources can be potentially negative by spreading misinformation (as cited in Rankin et al., 2005). However, only scant research supports this concern, and other research shows that the overall accuracy of the health information on internet is good (as cited in Rankin et al., 2005). This paper is to analyze MedlinePlus, one of the patient education websites, using Fry Readability Formula, SAM (Suitability Assessment of Materials), and the guidelines that Rankin, Stallings and London (2005) suggest. MedlinePlus contains countless pages of health information including diseases, interactive health tutorials, games, medical dictionary, and videos. Therefore, analyzing one of the vast amounts of pages will have limitation to generalize the whole website. This analysis can be considered as an example. Because I work in the renal unit, and most...
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...Scenario A Acute renal failure: Ms. Jones, a 68-year-old female, underwent open-heart surgery to replace several blocked vessels in her heart. On her first day postoperatively, it was noted that she had very little urine output. 1. What is happening to Ms. Jones’s kidneys, and why is it causing the observed symptom? Ms. Jones just had open-heart surgery and her kidneys did not have enough blood flowing to them (possibly because of low blood pressure during the surgery) and are struggling to work effectively now (The Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). 2. What other symptoms and signs might occur? Confusion, Fluid retention, fatigue, drowsiness, and an ammonia smell to the breath are a few other signs and symptoms that may occur with acute renal failure although some signs may be confused with post-operative complaints (The Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). 3. What is causing Ms. Jones’s kidney disease? Ms. Jones’s recent open-heart surgery is most likely the cause of her kidney disease. Low blood pressure during the operation caused her kidneys to stop working because of lack of blood to the organ to filter toxins from the body (Leurs, 1989). 4. What are possible treatment options, and what is the prognosis? A variety of medication can be used to treat kidney failure in this case, including temporary dialysis (The Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). The prognosis for Ms. Jones is good she will most likely recover, and suffer no long term effects. Scenario B Chronic renal failure: Mr. Hodges, a 73-year-old...
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...Critical Pathway: Case Study of Chronic Renal Failure Advanced Pathophysiology NURS 5104 October 4, 2013 Critical Pathway: Case Study of Chronic Renal Failure I. Introduction Mr. P. J., a 38-year-old African American male, presented to the Emergency Department by the rescue squad team, with a six day old complaint of increased swelling of the bilateral lower extremities, unusual weight gain, and a feeling of ‘I can not breathe’ per patient. Patient was sent as a direct admit to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and placed on 2 liters NC with hydration and adult special care monitoring. Vital signs were taken by the paramedic enroute revealing the following: Ambulance Vitals: * BP 202/112 * Pulse 101 * Respirations 20 * O2 86% before O2 * Temp. 98.4 * Height 5’10 Patient stating * Weight 222 lbs. Patient stating (weighed the day before) The paramedic started a 20 gauge IV into Mr. J’s right antecubital and started him on 2 liters nasal cannula; due to the “presence of crackles no Procardia was administered” (J. Madden, personal communication, August 14, 2013). The paramedic monitored the vitals and reported to medical control the situation and estimated time of their arrival in five minutes. Mr. P. J. has been married to K for twenty years and they have one child, a twelve-year-old daughter. Mr. P. J. has worked in construction for twenty years; Mr. J stated working on his feet all day he noticed the swelling six days ago...
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...Noncommunicable Diseases: Chronic Kidney Failure Did you know that your kidneys are like a filter for your body as they work to clear out toxins and excess waste from your system? Kidneys play an important role in your body, and it is a major issue when they start to not function properly. When these vital organs fail, it is called chronic kidney failure which is a noncommunicable disease. I chose to research more on this subject as my grandfather suffered from kidney failure and I wanted to learn and grow awareness about this common disease. As mentioned, chronic kidney failure occurs when your kidneys fail to do their job of filtering out wastes which then exit though your urine. Many individuals do not realize they are suffering from kidney failure until it is in its very late stages, as the symptoms are not definite to the disease and not obvious. Some symptoms can include nausea, shortness of breath, swelling of the feet, changes in urination, and changes in mental status....
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...thinking, prioritization and decision making. Points will be deducted based on the answers provided. What are the differences among prerenal acute renal failure, intrarenal acute renal failure, and postrenal acute renal failure? Give examples of each Prerenal Acute Renal Failure The main differences between all the renal failures are the ways they are caused. For example, Prerenal acute failure occurs due to an altered renal blood flow. One example is going into surgery and losing a substantial amount of blood. Another example is having a constriction of the renal artery. Prerenal acute renal failure can also occur due to a water and electrolyte loss due to vomiting or diarrhea. In result, all of these causes will result in renal acute failure and acute tubular or interstitial necrosis. Intrarenal Acute Renal Failure Intrarenal Acute Renal Failure differentiates from the other renal failures because the cause is anything that attacks the actual kidney. For instance, drug use will increase the nephrotoxicity such as antibiotics. Further, renal diseases will contribute to intrarenal acute failure. Polycystic Kidney Disease will because tons of cysts build up in the kidney therefore destroying the kidney’s tissues and function and resulting into renal failure. Lastly Polynephritis will cause kidney failure due to kidney stones also...
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...Pathophysiology for G,L ESRD: renal failure is progressive, from acute to chronic, then end stage. In ESRD, the kidneys fail to function. Once in chronic renal failure, damage to kidneys is progressive and irreversible. The nephrons are damaged, can't function and don't recover. Surviving nephrons then hypertrophy and increase their rate of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Compensatory excretion continues as GFR decreases. This leads to retention of water, waste products, oliguria, and even hypertension because the kidneys cannot excrete. Also due to ESRD, BUN, creatinine, are high, GFR decreases, resulting anemia, metabolic acidosis. Hypertension: progressive damage to major organs like the kidneys, brain or heart, lead to hypertension. The kidneys, through the renin-angiotensin system help control blood pressure, by releasing angiotensin II a vasoconstrictor, and aldosterone, which leads to sodium and water retention. Impairment in this system affects blood pressure. Also changes in blood vessels cause hypertension, if their force of contractility is increased due to blockage or structural changes. Diabetes mellitus: it is known as type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is as a result of relative insulin deficiency. The pancreas produces either normal or excessive amounts of insulin but the body s unable to use it effectively, so glucose levels remain elevated, thus know as insulin resistance. Also, failure of the pancreas to produce enough insulin to overcome this insulin...
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...designed to remove waste products such as urea, as well as excess ions and water from our blood. The kidneys contain many nephrons which remove any waste, before reabsorbing any substances the body needs. Waste is stored in the bladder before being removed as urine. The urinary system overview Waste products are produced by our cells. These include carbon dioxide from respiration and urea from the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver. Carbon dioxide is removed by our lungs. Our urinary system is responsible for producing, storing and removing urine from our bodies. Our urine contains urea and any excess water. The kidneys The kidneys are part of the urinary system, together with the ureter, urethra and bladder. Humans have two kidneys. They are bean-shaped organs - approximately 11.5 cm long – which are found just below our ribcage, one on either side of our spine. location of kidneys in abdominal cavity The renal arteries take blood with waste products to the kidneys to be filtered. Renal veins then return the filtered blood to be circulated around the body. Blood vessels take the blood though the kidneys where the waste products are removed into convoluted tubules. These tubules join together to form the ureter, which transports urine to the bladder where it is stored. Urine is then passed from the bladder to the urethra to be released. Kidney failure Since the kidney is responsible for the removal of waste from the blood, any damage (either from accidents or disease)...
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...The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that normally sit oblique on either side of your lower abdomen. They have important roles such as to extract waste from blood, balance body fluids, form urine, and aid in other important body functions of the body. There are many complications that can be involved with the kidneys, but a human is able to survive with only one kidney. According to “The Nation Kidney Foundation”, Polycystic Kidney Disease is the fourth leading cause of kidney failure and affects about 600,000 people in the United States. Polycystic Kidney Disease is when there are numerous cysts that accumulate in the kidneys having the appearance of swiss cheese. The cysts are fluid filled circular sacs that can cause kidney damage if there are too many cysts or if the cysts grow too large. Polycystic Kidney Disease affects all races and genders equally and is an inherited disorder that is passed from parents to children....
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