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Kieso Chapter 2

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SISTEM AKUNTANSI
PEMERINTAH
Magistern Akuntansi UNS

Chapter
2-1

KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL
AKUNTANSI PEMERINTAHAN
BANDI

Chapter
2-2

CHAPTER

2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR
FINANCIAL REPORTING

Intermediate Accounting
IFRS Edition
Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield
Chapter
2-3

Tujuan pembelajaran
(Learning Objectives =LO)
1.

Menggambarkan kegunaan kerangka konseptual.

2.

Menggambarkan upaya untuk membangun kerangka konseptual.

3.

Memahami tujuan pelaporan keuangan.

4.

Mengidentifikasi karakteristik kualitatif dari informasi akuntansi.

5.

Mendefinisikan elemen dasar dari laporan keuangan.

6.

Menggambarkan asumsi dasar akuntansi.

7.

Menjelaskan penerapan (application) prinsip-prinsip dasar akuntansi. 8.

Menggambarkan dampak (yang dimiliki) kendala pada pelaporan informasi akuntansi.

Chapter
2-4

Kerangka kerja Konseptual untuk pelaporan keuangan Kerangka kerja
Konseptual

Kebutuhan
Pengembangan
Ikhtisar
(Overview)

Level pertama:
Tujuan dasar

Level Kedua :
Konsep dasar

Level ketiga: konsep Pengakuan, pengukuran dan pengungkapan Karakteristik kualitatif Asumsi-asumsi dasar Elemen dasar

Prinsip dasar
Kendala
Ringkasan dari struktur Chapter
2-5

Conceptual Framework
Kerangka konseptual menetapkan konsep-konsep yang mendasari pelaporan keuangan.

Kebutuhan untuk kerangka konseptual
Pembuatan aturan harus dibangun atas dan berhubungan dengan bodi yang mapan dari konsep.
Memungkinkan IASB (=KSAP) untuk mengeluarkan pernyataan yang lebih berguna dan konsisten dari waktu ke waktu.
Chapter
2-6

LO 1 Describe the usefulness of a conceptual framework.

Conceptual Framework
Pengembangan kerangka konseptual
IASB dan FASB sedang mengerjakan sebuah proyek bersama untuk mengembangkan kerangka konseptual yang sama
Kerangka akan mengembangkan kerangka IASB dan
FASB yang ada.
Proyek telah mengidentifikasi tujuan pelaporan keuangan dan karakteristik kualitatif informasi pelaporan keuangan yang berguna untuk keputusan.
Chapter
2-7

LO 2 Describe efforts to construct a conceptual framework.

Conceptual Framework
Ikhtisar dari kerangka konseptual
Tiga tingkat:
Tingkat pertama = Tujuan dasar
Tingkat kedua = Karakteristik kualitatif dan unsurunsur laporan keuangan
Tingkat ketiga = Konsep-konsep pengakuan, pengukuran, dan pengungkapan

Chapter
2-8

LO 2 Describe efforts to construct a conceptual framework.

PRINSIP-PRINSIP

ASUMSI

1. Entitas ekonomi

1. Pengukuran

2. Keberlangsungan 2. Pengakuan pendapatan 3. Unit moneter
3. Pengakuan Biaya
4. Periodisitas
4. Pengungkapan
5. Akrual penuh KARAKTERISTIK
KUALITATIF

1. Kualitas dasar
2. Meningkatkan kualitas Ilustrasi 2-7 Kerangka kerja untuk pelaporan keuangan Chapter
2-9

KENDALA

1.Biaya
2.Materialitas

Tingkat ketiga ELEMEN
1. Aset
2. Kewajiban
3. Ekuitas
4. Pendapatan
5. Biaya

Tingkat kedua

TUJUAN
Memberikan informasi tentang entitas pelaporan yang sangat berguna untuk investor Ekuitas potensial, lenders,
Tingkat
dan para kreditor pertama Dalam kapasitas
Mereka sebagai penyedia LO 2 Menggambarkan upaya untuk modal. membangun kerangka kerja konseptual.

First Level: Basic Objective
TUJUAN
“Untuk menyediakan informasi keuangan tentang entitas pelaporan yang sangat berguna untuk investor potensial, pemberi pinjaman, dan kreditor lain dalam membuat keputusan dalam kapasitas mereka sebagai penyedia modal.” Disediakan dengan mengeluarkan laporan keuangan Umum.
Asumsinya adalah bahwa pengguna memiliki pengetahuan yang memadai tentang bisnis dan masalah akuntansi keuangan untuk memahami informasi.
Chapter
2-10

LO 3 Memahami tujuan pelaporan keuangan.

Second Level: Fundamental Concepts
Karakteristik kualitatif dari informasi akuntansi
IASB mengidentifikasi karakteristik kualitatif informasi akuntansi yang membedakan informasi yang lebih baik
(lebih berguna) dari informasi lebih rendah (kurang berguna) untuk tujuan pengambilan keputusan.

Chapter
2-11

LO 4 Mengidentifikasi karakteristik kualitatif dari informasi akuntansi.

Second Level: Fundamental Concepts

Ilustrasi 2-2 Hierarchy of
Accounting Qualities

Chapter
2-12

LO 4 Mengidentifikasi karakteristik kualitatif dari informasi akuntansi.

Second Level: Fundamental Concepts
Kualitas dasar- Relevansi
Relevansi adalah salah satu dari dua sifat mendasar yang membuat informasi akuntansi berguna untuk pengambilan keputusan. Chapter
2-13

LO 4 Mengidentifikasi karakteristik kualitatif dari informasi akuntansi.

Second Level: Fundamental Concepts
Kualitas dasar– Faithful Representation
Representasi setia berarti bahwa angka dan deskripsi sesuai apa yang benar-benar ada atau terjadi.

Chapter
2-14

LO 4 Mengidentifikasi karakteristik kualitatif dari informasi akuntansi.

Second Level: Fundamental Concepts
Enhancing Qualities
Membedakan informasi yang lebih berguna dari informasi yang kurang berguna.

Chapter
2-15

LO 4 Mengidentifikasi karakteristik kualitatif dari informasi akuntansi.

PRINCIPLES

ASSUMPTIONS

KENDALA

1. Entitas ekonomi

1. Measurement

1. Biaya

2. Going concern

2. Pengakuan pendapatan

2. Materialitas

3. Monetary unit

3. Expense recognition

4. Periodicity

Third level Basic Elements
4. Full disclosure

5. Accrual
QUALITATIVE
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Kualitas dasar
2. Enhancing qualities Ilustrasi 2-7 Kerangka kerja untuk pelaporan keuangan Chapter
2-16

ELEMENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Assets
Liabilities
Equity
Income
Expenses

OBJECTIVE
Provide information about the reporting entity that is useful to present and potential equity investors, lenders, and other creditors in their capacity as capital
Providers.

Second level

First level

LO 4

Second Level: Basic Elements

Chapter
2-17

LO 5 Mendefinisikan elemen dasar dari laporan keuangan.

Second Level: Basic Elements
Latihan 2-4: Mengidentifikasi Karakteristik kualitatif untuk digunakan bagi informasi tertentu yang disediakan.
Karakteristik

(a) Karakteristik kualitatif yang terapkan jika perusahaan di industri yang sama menggunakan prinsip-prinsip akuntansi yang sama.

Relevansi
Representasi setia (Faithful)
Nilai prediktif

(b) Kualitas informasi yang mengkonfirmasi harapan pengguna sebelumnya. Nilai Konfirmasi

(c) Penting untuk memberikan perbandingan perusahaan dari masa ke masa.

Ketepatan waktu

(d) Mengabaikan konsekuensi ekonomi
Chapter
dari standar atau aturan.
2-18

Netralitas
Kelengkapan
Verifiability
Keterpahaman
Keterbandingan
LO 5

Second Level: Basic Elements
Exercise 2-4: Mengidentifikasi Karakteristik kualitatif untuk digunakan bagi informasi tertentu yang disediakan.
Karakteristik
(e) Memerlukan tingkat tinggi tentang konsensus di antara individu pada pengukuran tertentu.

Relevansi

(f) Nilai prediktif adalah bahan kualitas dasar atas informasi.

Nilai Konfirmasi

(g) Karakteristik kualitatif yang meningkatkan relevansi dan representasi setia.

Kelengkapan

Representasi setia
Nilai prediktif
Netralitas
Ketepatan waktu
Verifiability
Keterpahaman
Keterbandingan

Chapter
2-19

LO 5

Second Level: Basic Elements
Exercise 2-4: Mengidentifikasi Karakteristik kualitatif untuk digunakan bagi informasi tertentu yang disediakan.
Karakteristik
(h) Netralitas dan kelengkapan adalah bahan kualitas dasar tentang informasi akuntansi.

Relevansi

(i) Dua kualitas mendasar yang membuat informasi akuntansi berguna untuk ujuan pengambilan keputusan t.

Nilai Konfirmasi

(j) Penerbitan laporan interim adalah contoh dari bahan yang meningkatkan apa? Ketepatan waktu

Representasi setia
Nilai prediktif
Netralitas
Kelengkapan
Verifiability
Keterpahaman
Keterbandingan

Chapter
2-20

LO 5

Third Level: Recognition, Measurement, and
Disclosure Concepts
Konsep-konsep ini menjelaskan bagaimana perusahaan harus mengakui, mengukur, dan melaporkan elemen keuangan dan peristiwa. Konsep Pengakuan, pengukuran, dan pengungkapan
ASUMSI

PRINSIP-PRINSIP

1. Entitas ekonomi 1. Pengukuran
2. Keberlangsungan2. Pengakuan pendapatan 3. Unit moneter
3. Pengakuan Biaya
4. Periodisitas
4. Pengungkapan
5. Akrual penuh KENDALA

1.Biaya
2.Materialitas

Ilustrasi 2-7 Kerangka kerja untuk pelaporan keuangan Chapter
2-21

LO 6 Menggambarkan asumsi dasar akuntansi.

Third Level: Assumptions
Asumsi-asumsi dasar
Entitas ekonomi – Perusahaan terus menjaga aktivitasnya terpisah dari pemiliknya dan unit bisnis lainnya.
Keberlangsungan - perusahaan yang berlangsung cukup lama untuk memenuhi tujuan dan komitmen.
Unit moneter - uang adalah penyebut (denominator) umum.
Periodisitas - perusahaan dapat membagi kegiatan ekonomi menjadi periode waktu.
Dasar akrual akuntansi – transaksi dicatat dalam periode di mana peristiwa-peristiwa terjadi.
Chapter
2-22

LO 6 Menggambarkan asumsi dasar akuntansi.

Third Level: Assumptions
E2-8: Mengidentifikasi asumsi dasar akuntansi yang mana yang paling baik dijelaskan dalam setiap item di bawah ini.
(a) Kegiatan ekonomi dari FedEx Corporation
(USA) dibagi ke dalam periode 12 bulan untuk menerbitkan laporan tahunan.

Periodisitas

(b) Total S.A. (FRA) tidak menyesuaikan jumlah dalam laporan keuangannya untuk efek inflasi.

Unit moneter

(c) Barclays (GBR) melaporkan klasifikasi lancar dan non-lancar dalam laporan posisi keuangan. mereka Keberlangsungan

(d) Kegiatan ekonomi Tokai Rubber Industries
(JPN) dan perusahaan anaknya digabung untuk tujuan akuntansi dan pelaporan.

Entitas ekonomi Chapter
2-23

LO 6 Menggambarkan asumsi dasar akuntansi.

Third Level: Principles
Prinsip-prinsip
Pengukuran
Biaya umumnya dianggap sebagai representasi yang setia (faithful representation) dari jumlah yang dibayar untuk item tertentu.
Nilai wajar adalah “jumlah yang aset bisa dipertukarkan, kewajiban bisa diselesaikan, atau jaminan instrumen ekuitas bisa dipertukarkan, antara pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan dan bersedia di dalam transaksi tidak langsung (arm’s length transaction).” IASB telah mengambil langkah yang memberikan pilihan untuk menggunakan nilai wajar sebagai dasar untuk pengukuran aset finansial dan kewajiban finansial perusahaan.
Chapter
2-24

LO 7 Menjelaskan penerapan prinsip-prinsip dasar akuntansi.

Third Level: Principles
Pengakuan pendapatan - revenue is to be recognized when it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the company and reliable measurement of the amount of revenue is possible. Ilustrasi 2-3 Waktu pengakuan pendapatan Chapter
2-25

LO 7 Menjelaskan penerapan prinsip-prinsip dasar akuntansi.

Third Level: Principles
Expense Recognition - outflows or “using up” of assets or incurring of liabilities (or a combination of both) during a period as a result of delivering or producing goods and/or rendering services.

Ilustrasi 2-4
Expense Recognition

“Let the expense follow the revenues.”
Chapter
2-26

LO 7 Menjelaskan penerapan prinsip-prinsip dasar akuntansi.

Third Level: Principles
Full Disclosure – providing information that is of sufficient importance to influence the judgment and decisions of an informed user.

Provided through:
Financial Statements
Notes to the Financial Statements
Supplementary information

Chapter
2-27

LO 7 Menjelaskan penerapan prinsip-prinsip dasar akuntansi.

Third Level: Principles
BE2-9: Identify which basic principle of accounting is best described in each item below.
(a) Parmalat (ITA) reports revenue in its income statement when it is earned instead of when the cash is collected.

Pengakuan pendapatan (b) Google (USA) recognizes depreciation expense for a machine over the 2-year period during which that machine helps the company earn revenue.

Expense
Recognition

(c) KC Corp. (USA) reports information about pending lawsuits in the notes to its financial statements.

Full
Disclosure

(d) Fuji Film (JPN) reports land on its balance sheet at the amount paid to acquire it, even though the estimated fair market value is greater.

Measurement

Chapter
2-28

LO 7 Menjelaskan penerapan prinsip-prinsip dasar akuntansi.

Third Level: Constraints
Kendala
Biaya – biaya penyediaan informasi harus ditimbang (weighed against) terhadap manfaat yang dapat diperoleh dari menggunakan biaya tersebut.

Materialitas – satu item adalah material jika memasukan atau menghapusnya akan mempengaruhi atau mengubah pertimbangan orang yang menggunakannya.

Chapter
2-29

LO 8 Menggambarkan dampak (yang dimiliki) kendala pada pelaporan informasi akuntans

Third Level: Constraints
E2-11: Kendala akuntansi apa yang diilustrasikan oleh item di bawah ini?
(a) Perusahaan Willis tidak mengungkapkan informasi apapun di dalam catatan atas laporan keuangan kecuali nilai informasi untuk pengguna yang bisa menutup biaya untuk mengumpulkan iformasi tersebut.
(b) Beckham Corporation mengeluarkan biaya keranjang sampah (wastebaskets) pada tahun mereka peroleh.

Chapter
2-30

Biaya

Materialitas

LO 8 Menggambarkan dampak (yang dimiliki) kendala pada pelaporan informasi akuntans.

Ringkasan dari struktur

Chapter
2-31

Kerangka kerja konseptual yang ada yang mendasari US GAAP dan
IFRS sangat mirip.
Kerangka konvergensian harus menjadi sebuah dokumen tunggal, tidak seperti dua kerangka kerja konseptual yang saat ini ada.

Chapter
2-32

Baik IASB dan FASB memiliki prinsip-prinsip pengukuran yang serupa, berdasarkan biaya historis dan nilai wajar. Namun, US GAAP memiliki konsep pernyataan untuk memandu estimasi nilai-nilai yang adil ketika berhubungan dengan data pasar tidak tersedia (Statement of Financial
Accounting Concepts No. 7, “Menggunakan informasi arus kas dan nilai sekarang dalam akuntansi”). IASB sedang mempertimbangkan sebuah proposal untuk memberikan pedoman yang diperluas atas estimasinilainilai yang adil.

Copyright
Hak cipta © 2011 Semua Hak, Milik ada pada John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. Reproduksi atau terjemahan karya ini melampaui yang diizinkan di bagian 117 undang-undang hak cipta Amerika Serikat
1976 tanpa izin tertulis dari pemilik hak cipta adalah melanggar hukum. Meminta untuk informasi lebih lanjut harus dialamatkan kepada the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pembeli boleh membuat salinan cadangan hanya untuk mereka gunakan sendiri dan bukan untuk distribusi atau dijual kembali.
Penerbit tidak bertanggung jawab untuk kesalahan, kelalaian, atau kerusakan, yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan program ini atau dari penggunaan informasi yang tercantum di sini.
Chapter
2-33

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