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Kurdistan

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Krigen i Syrien har pustet nyt liv i den drøm, kurdere i generationer har delt: et uafhængigt Kurdistan. Tusindvis af syriske kurdere er flygtet til den kurdiske region i Irak, hvor drømmen om et nyt liv i et forenet Kurdistan er større end ønsket om en dag at vende tilbage.

Azad Qasim står bag baren og laver en espresso. Han småsludrer på kurdisk med sin kollega, som er ved at tørre restaurantens tomme borde af. Endnu en aftenvagt på restauranten i Sulaymaniyah, den næststørste by i irakisk Kurdistan.

Som tusindvis af andre i området er Azad Qasim flygtning fra krigen i Syrien. Her i den kurdiske del af Irak kan han frit tale sit sprog med både kolleger og restaurantens gæster.

Han tænder en smøg og tænker tilbage på, hvordan han og hans familie kun turde tale kurdisk bag lukkede døre, da de boede i Aleppo i Syrien.

»Når du flygter fra krig, får du en følelse af, at du har mistet dit land. Men vi kurdere har altid betragtet Kurdistan som vores eget land, så her føler jeg mig hjemme,« siger den 27-årige Azad Qasim, som snart har boet i Sulaymaniyah i et år.

Han og hans familie besluttede sig til at flygte fra Syrien, efter en bombe jævnede naboens hus med jorden.

»Vi tog ud af byen med det samme,« fortæller Azad Qasim og knipser med fingrene. Han var ikke i tvivl om, at det var i irakisk Kurdistan, familien skulle søge tilflugt.

»Her kan ingen sige til mig, at jeg ikke hører hjemme. Kurdistan er ligeså meget mit land, som det er de irakiske kurderes land«.

Azad Qasim har netop genoptaget sine studier på et lokalt universitet. Han retter på sin sorte skjorte og siger som en sidste bemærkning, inden aftenens arbejde fortsætter:

»Lige nu føler jeg stadig, at nogle af mine drømme og visioner er i Syrien. Men jeg skal ikke kunne sige, om jeg nogensinde flytter tilbage.«

Drømmen om kurdernes land
Når de kurdiske flygtninge fra Syrien opdager, at det er lykkedes for deres naboer i irakisk Kurdistan at skabe en kurdisk region med fred og stabilitet, vil de »højst sandsynligt« vælge at blive boende og starte et nyt liv. Det spår David Phillips, der er professor ved Institut for Menneskerettigheder ved Columbia University i New York. Han har i mange år beskæftiget sig med Mellemøsten, herunder kurderes rettigheder.

»Kurderne i Syrien har aldrig følt sig velkomne under Bashar al-Assads regime. Deres nationalitet og deres sprog blev fornægtet. De havde intet statsborgerskab og ingen rettigheder som minoritet,« siger han.

Det kurdiske mindretal i Syrien, som udgør 15 procent af Syriens befolkning, har siden borgerkrigens begyndelse i 2011 været presset fra to sider – Bashar al-Assads regime på den ene side og de islamistiske oprørsgrupper på den anden. 210.000 syrere er ifølge FN’s Flygtningehøjkommissariat, UNHCR, flygtet til Irak. Størstedelen er kurdere, som har bosat sig i irakisk Kurdistan. I begyndelsen af krigen blev flygtningene indlogeret i private hjem og fik tilbudt arbejde. En imødekommenhed som stod i skærende kontrast til behandlingen i Syriens andre nabolande, hvor mere end to millioner flygtninge opholder sig.

I sommer spredte sig et rygte om, at islamistiske grupper i Syrien havde erklæret, at de kurdiske kvinder, huse og penge tilhørte dem, og at alle kurdiske mænd skulle slås ihjel.

Det fik flere tusinde kurdere til at flygte over grænsen til irakisk Kurdistan. Antallet af flygtninge steg med flere tusinde på få måneder – i en enkelt weekend i august kom der omkring 20.000 til regionen.

I samarbejde med UNHCR etablerede irakisk Kurdistans selvstyre- regering midlertidige flygtningelejre og holdt grænsen til Syrien åben. Men da det i september lykkedes formodede al-Qaeda-relaterede oprørsgrupper at sprænge en række bilbomber i hovedstaden Erbil i irakisk Kurdistan, besluttede selvstyreregeringen at lukke grænsen midlertidigt af frygt for flere angreb.

Til Kurdistan uden returbillet
Emad Alkhafaji, en af Iraks mest prominente tv-journalister, er enig i professor David Philips forudsigelse om, at størstedelen af de syriske flygtninge drømmer om at blive boende i den kurdiske region og starte et nyt liv. Emad Alkhafaji har i årevis dækket den politiske situation i irakisk Kurdistan og det øvrige Irak. Han mener, at der bag selvstyreregeringens åbenhed over for de mange flygtninge ligger et håb om, at de syriske kurdere kan styrke kravet om en selvstændig kurdisk stat.

»De er en kæmpe fordel for den kurdiske regering. Hvis du ser på Kurdistan, bygger regeringen konstant nye boligområder. Jeg kan ikke lade være med at tænke: Hvem mon de er tiltænkt,« siger han og gætter på, at selv de midlertidige flygtningelejre med tiden vil udvikle sig til nye bydele.

»Det er en drøm for de syriske kurdere. De vil elske at bo i Kurdistan. Her kan de tale deres eget sprog og lære deres børn deres modersmål. Her får de den identitet, som de kæmper for i Syrien.«

Der er dog også en anden årsag til, at Emad Alkhafaji tvivler på, at flygtningene vender tilbage til Syrien.

»Selv hvis Assad blev væltet i morgen, ville kurderne vende hjem som dem, der flygtede. Dem som svigtede og lod de andre i stikken. De, som blev tilbage, vil altid misunde dem, at de flygtede. Selvom levevilkårene i flygtningelejrene i irakisk Kurdistan er elendige, er forholdene bedre end på den syriske side af grænsen.«

En halv times kørsel uden for Sulaymaniyah ligger en af de i alt syv flygtningelejre, som selvstyreregeringen og UNCHR har sat op. I horisonten ses bjerge, som inden længe vil være dækket af sne. Der bor ifølge UNHCR omkring 3.000 i lejren, som dermed er en af de mindste i regionen.

Alligevel strækker de hvide telte sig langt ud i landskabet. Den største af de få murstensbygninger i området er blevet lavet om til en skole. Her tilbyder frivillige hver dag undervisning til lejrens mange børn. Men selv om størstedelen af børnene er kurdere, taler mange kun arabisk. Kurdisk var forbudt i de syriske skoler, så en del får ekstraundervisning i sproget, fortæller en af lejrens frivillige.

Forholdene i lejrene her i irakisk Kurdistan betragtes som langt bedre end lejrene i nabolandene Libanon, Jordan og Tyrkiet. Men gode intentioner alene holder ikke frostgraderne væk, og trods økonomisk vækst i irakisk Kurdistan har selvstyre- regeringen svært ved at skaffe de nødvendige ressourcer.

Repræsentanter fra selvstyre-regeringen har derfor appelleret til verdenssamfundet om yderligere hjælp. UNHCR’s talsmand i irakisk Kurdistans hovedstad Erbil, Liene Veide, forklarer, at alt hvad FN foretager sig i regionen foregår i et tæt samarbejde med selvstyreregeringen, og at arbejdet derfor i høj grad afhænger af deres vilje til at hjælpe.

»En rigtig god ting, som den irakisk-kurdiske regering har gjort, er at give flygtningene såkaldte opholdskort, som giver dem ret til at bevæge sig frit uden for lejrene, så de kan søge arbejde,« siger hun, men understreger, at hjælpen til de syriske flygtninge i sidste ende kommer an på, hvor mange penge FNs medlemslande vælger at donere.

En selvstændigt stat
Tilbage i Sulaymaniyah sidder Dana Asaad, webredaktør på Awene, en af regionens få uafhængige aviser. På trods af udfordringerne med den enorme flygtningestrøm fra Syrien forholder han sig optimistisk til Kurdistans fremtid.

»Hvis du ser på Kurdistan, er vi ikke et selvstændigt land. Vi er irakisk Kurdistan. Men vi har vores egne internationale lufthavne og vores eget militær. Vores eget sprog, flag, kultur og historie,« siger han og holder en pause, inden han tilføjer: »Og så har vi olie.«

Olien gør, at det kun er et spørgsmål om tid, før den nuværende økonomiske afhængighed af regeringen i Bagdad ophører, mener Dana Asaad.

Vi opfører os allerede som et selvstændigt land, og snart giver økonomien os yderligere muligheder. Det samme vil ske for den kurdiske del af Syrien, når krigen er slut,« siger han og gætter samtidig på, at det samme vil ske i de kurdiske områder i Tyrkiet og Iran på sigt, men at der kommer til at gå længere tid.

»En del af politikerne i den kurdiske selvstyreregering ved, at et krav om autonomi ikke er ufarligt, og at det tager tid. Men stod det til befolkningen, ville 99,99 procent stemme for en selvstændig stat,« siger han og tilføjer, at tallet stammer fra en undersøgelse, som blev foretaget af en lokal ngo under forrige regeringsvalg.

»Kurdere er den største etniske gruppe i verden uden et selvstændigt land. Kurdere har altid været underlagt andre regeringer, været undertrykt eller forfulgt. Derfor står kurderne altid klar til at hjælpe hinanden,« siger han.

En del af turen til irakisk Kurdistan blev betalt af Læger Uden Grænser og Dansk Journalist Forbunds journaliststipendium

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