...types of errors that occur in the processes of taking measurements. Also, it explains how the uncertainty level in direct measurements was found, and how the indirect measurements were calculated as well. To do that, dimensions and the mass of the metal block was measured, which were used to calculate the volume and density of the object as well as the margin of error. Theory In this lab, there were direct and indirection measurements involved, and several calculations were required in order to calculate the related variables. In part A of this lab, apparent and actual height of the wooden block was recorded with a meter stick. The meter stick has an accuracy of ±0.05 cm and no other calculations were needed. [1] Parallax is the change in the apparent position of an object when the position of the observed changes. It is also a common error in scientific experiments. One must be aware of its existence at all time so that it can be avoided and as a result the true value of the reading is obtained. Due to parallax, the position of the observed block appears to change as well, making the height of the block appear to be different for each measurement. In part B of this lab, measurements were recorded indirectly. A meter stick was used to measure the length of the metal block, with an accuracy of ±0.05 mm. Then the width and height was measured with a caliper with an accuracy of ±0.05 mm. These measurements were taken to calculate the volume of the metal block...
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...Lab #3 Measurements & Density Experiment 3A I Purpose: To determine the area of a sheet of typing paper and express the answer in mm2, cm2, and in2. II Equipment/Reagents: A sheet of regular typing paper and ruled provided in lab kit. III Procedure: Measure the length and width of the sheet of typing paper and express this measurement in millimeters rounded to the nearest tenth of a millimeter. Calculate the area of the sheet using the formula: Area= (length)(width) Round your answers to the correct number of significant digits and write the answers in the correct units. Convert your answer to cm2 and in2. IV Data or Observations: Length | Width | Area | 279 mm | 215 mm | 6.00x104 mm2 | 27.9 cm | 21.5 cm | 6.00x102 cm2 | 11.0 in | 8.46 in | 93.1 in2 | V Calculations: (279 mm)(215 mm)= 6.00x104 mm2 (27.9 cm)(21.5 cm)= 6.00x102 cm2 (11.0 in)(8.46 in)= 93.1 in2 VI Results/Summary: The area of the typing paper was found to be 6.00x10^4 mm^2, 6.00x 10^2 cm^2, and 93.1 in^2. Sierra Sisco Lab #3 Measurements & Density Experiment 3B I Purpose: To determine the volume of a rectangular solid and express the answer in mm3, cm3, and in3. II Equipment/Reagents: Rectangular block in lab kit and vernier caliper. III Procedure: Measure the length width and height of of the rectangular solid and express measurements in millimeters rounded to the nearest tenth of a millimeter. Record your answers and calculate the volume...
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...E. Discussion: In part one of the Lab, our goal was to find the density of three pieces of copper. The density of the first piece of copper was approximately 8.2 g/mL. The density of the second piece of copper was approximately 10.6 g/mL and the density of the third piece of copper was also 8.2 g/mL. After finding the density, we used the standard deviation formula, σ = 1N i+1N(xi- )2, to tell how much the measurements, from the dataset, are spread out from the expected value. After calculating the standard deviation of our dataset, our results were =8.1. Our results were very accurate, being that our percent difference was only 0.45%. In part two of the lab, we were trying to identify and find the density of material “Unknown B.” We found...
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...University Physics I Lab Section: 81419 Lab Report Number: 1 Lab Title: Meaning of Measurement Name: Group Members: Date: 8/27/2014 PURPOSE: Learn the basics of measurement and statistical analysis in context of volume and density. EQUIPMENT: Three different geometric solids: 1 identified as white cylinder, 1 identified as brass-colored cylinder, 1 identified as silver-colored sphere. Meter stick (wooden, displaying measurements in cm) Analog scale (zero-ed prior to experiment) Manual caliper Digital caliper (zero-ed prior to each measurement) PRINCIPLE: This lab is intended to reinforce the importance of using proper techniques to attain precise measurements. It further demonstrates that reliability of results from different measuring devices. In this experiment, the most rudimentary measuring tool was the meter stick followed by the manual caliper and then the digital caliper. Measuring each object five times should reinforce the different interpretations of team members as well as the variance between the different tools used to measure the objects. In addition to measuring the length, width and height of each object, the mass was attained through the use of an analog scale. While a digital scale would have shown a more precise measurement, the analog scale was a more appropriate tool with the meter stick and manual caliper as the significant figures produced by each are more comparable. After measurements are taken, the volume...
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...Density [pic] Part 1 Problem: How can you determine the density of water? Hypothesis: If we measure 25 mL, 50 mL, 75 mL, and 100 mL of water, and measure all of these amounts on an three beam balance, then we can find the density of water using the density formula. Procedure: 1. Clean and dry the pan on your balance. 2. Zero your balances. 3. Determine the mass of a 100 mL dry graduated cylinder. Record in Data Table I. 4. Measure the following volumes of water: 25 mL, 50 mL, 75 mL, and 100 mL. record the mass of the water and the graduated cylinder in the data table. 5. Record the mass of just the water. 6. Determine the density of the water for each volume. (D = M/V) 7. Determine the average density. 8. Make a graph showing Mass (g) versus Volume (mL) using a best fit line. Data Table I |Volume of Water |Mass of Water and |Mass of Water |Density of Water (D = | | |Grad. Cylinder | |M/V) g/mL | |O mL |98.20 | | | |25 mL |127.00 |28.80 |1.152 grams/mL | |50 mL |145.40 |47.20 |0.944 grams/mL | |75 mL |172.50 |74.30 |0.991 | |100 mL |196.00 |97.80 |0.978 grams/mL | |Average density ...
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...Scott Kurashige Jon Grist Fr. 1:30 Lab Density Lab Report Section 1- Introduction The purpose of this lab was to design and perform an experiment which measures the density of two common household objects. The formula for Density = mass/volume. In this lab, density will be determined through two procedures using two objects. The mass of each object will be calculated by measuring it on a balance scale. The volume will be found by using a ruler and measuring it to use a formula for volume. To also find volume, we have to place the object in a graduated cylinder of water to measure the displacement of the water. Density information can be used to explain phenomenon’s like steel and cement ships that can float in water because of the concept of buoyancy. If the density of the ship is less than that of the water or less than the mass of the water it is in, the ship will be able to float even though it is made of steel or cement. Finally, the results obtained in the density lab will be used to determine if the object will float or sink in water. Section 2- Experimental To start off the experiment, we picked two objects and measured them with a ruler. Once we measured the length, width, and height of the objects, we could then find the volume. Once the volume was calculated, the objects were weighed on a balance and then using the formula mass/volume, we calculated the density of the two objects. We also had to find the volume by measuring water displacement. To do this, we...
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...TECHNICAL WRITING Report/Worksheet/Writing Task: Lab number 2 Full Report: Partial Report: X Lab section: J NAMES: Shameek Agarwal, Date Turned In: 2/4/2012 , , Date Returned by TA: ____________________ Grader: _____________ The effort / participation in this laboratory and lab report is divided as follows: Name: Shameek Agarwal, primarily responsible for sections: Name: Name: Name: , primarily responsible for sections: , primarily responsible for sections: , primarily responsible for sections: By submitting this lab report electronically, I/we are agreeing to the following honor pledge, which is consistent with the rules described in the laboratory manual, the syllabus and in class: On my honor, I / we pledge that I / we have neither given nor received inappropriate aide in the preparation of this lab report. The only laboratory reports from prior semesters that I / we have viewed, reviewed, or used in any way were provided by the laboratory TAs during office hours. I / we have reviewed the consequences of using prior laboratory reports in the laboratory manual. GRADE: / Grader Initials: ________ COMMENTS (grader / students) ME 3057 Score Tally for Reports: Abstract: ____________ / Introduction and Procedure: ____________/ Experimental Results: Discussion: Conclusions: Display Format: ____________ / ____________ / ____________ / ____________ / ME3057, Spring 2012 Abstract The objective of this lab was to illustrate the concepts while measuring properties...
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...How is Lab Glassware Used? Luis Cervantes, Ruby Morales, Justin Oursler, Cole Von Roeder Friday September 4, 2015 10:30 am Kaitlyn Mandigo Section L52 Introduction: The intention of this investigation was to find the most precise and/or accurate glassware. Precision is how close the measured values are to each other, and accuracy is how close the measured value is true to the value. To do this different laboratory glassware was used to measure out density of water. Density is the ratio of an object’s mass (grams) to its volume (mL or cm^3). Therefore once we knew the mass and volume of the water being used then the density was calculated using the following formula: Density = mass/volume This calculated density was then be compared to the expected, theoretical density of water at the current temperature (°c) by using the following percent error formula: % Error = (experimental-theoretical)/theoretical Additionally, significant figure rules are used to ensure accuracy in this lab. With this information on all glassware, it was determined which lab glassware was the most precise and/or accurate. Procedure/Experiment: This experiment required many different kinds of glassware to be used in order to successfully carry out the experiment. The types of glassware and other tools used are as follows: 50mL beaker, buret, electronic balance, 125mL Erlenmeyer flask, 10mL graduated cylinder...
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...Name Date Density Lab Density on Various Objects TITLE: The effect of density on various objects PURPOSE: To observe the effect of density on various objects and use the property of density to identify the composition of unknowns. PROCEDURE ONE: Part A: Floating Cans 1. Five gallon bucket of room temperature water 2. Add can of regular soda 3. Add can of diet soda 4. Record which can floats and which can sinks PROCEDURE TWO: Part A: Floating Eggs in Water 1. Measured the mass of the egg 2. Recorded the mass of the egg 3. Filled the overflow can with plain water to just below the spout and lowered the egg into the can while catching the water that overflowed. 4. Recorded the amount of water overflowed 5. Determined the volume of the egg by measuring the amount of water displaced with a graduated cylinder Part B: Floating Eggs in Salt Water 1. Measured the mass of the egg 2. Recorded the mass of the egg 3. Filled the overflow can with salt water to just below the spout and lowered the egg into the can while catching the water that overflowed. 4. Recorded the amount of water overflowed 5. Determined...
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...Using Vernier Calipers Introduction Vernier Calipers are a valuable measuring tool that enable us to increase our degree of precision when measuring the size of objects. However, learning to read callipers can be somewhat confusing, thus requiring a certain amount of practice. The activities described below assume students have never before used Vernier Calipers—they are intended to introduce them to this tool, to provide them with an opportunity to practice using them, and to then apply this new skill in a process of scientific inquiry. Special Safety Aspects When the jaw of the calipers is opened, a thin metal guide extends from the bottom of the calipers that could cause injury if students are not careful. Students should be told to take note of this. Curriculum Objectives These activities are intended to address Cluster 0 learning outcomes 5a and 5b in both the S1 and S2 curricula, which state that students should “select and use appropriate methods and tools for collecting data or information”, and “estimate and measure accurately using Systéme International (SI) and other standard units”, respectively. It is hoped that through these activities, students will begin to become familiar with Vernier Calipers, both so that they can measure accurately with them, and so that in the future, they will be able to determine if these would be an appropriate measuring tool for any task they might be doing. Introductory Activity: Learning to use Vernier Calipers...
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... Name______________________________________________ IB Guide to Writing Lab Reports Standard and Higher Level Chemistry 2010-2011 Table of Contents page 1 Explanations, Clarifications, and Handy Hints page 2 - 13 IB Laboratory Evaluation Rubric page 14 - 15 Formal Lab Report Format page 16 Error Analysis Types of Experimental Errors page 17 Error Analysis: Some Key Ideas page 18 Precision and Accuracy in Measurements A Tale of Four Cylinders Assessment of Errors and Uncertainties in IB Lab Reports Explaining Terms and Concepts in Error Analysis page 19 - 20 page 21 Mathematics of Evaluating Accuracy and Precision page 26 - 27 Rejection of Data page 28 More Examples of Propagating Error page 29 - 31 page 22 - 25 Typical Instrumental Uncertainties page 32 Checklist for Writing IB Lab Reports page 33 - 34 Please read carefully and keep this handy reference for future use in writing exemplary lab reports. Page 1 IB Guide to Writing Laboratory Reports Explanations, Clarifications, and Handy Hints The nature of science is to investigate the world around you. An inquiring mind is essential to science. Experiments are designed by curious minds to gain insight into wonder-producing phenomena. Hopefully, this process of designing experiments, doing experiments, thinking about experimental results, and writing lab reports will tremendously benefit YOU! IB Chemistry is the challenge you have...
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...the Unknown Object (Density, Measurement and Error) By: Meena Roberts Discussion Section: Wednesday at 8:30am Objective: The purpose of this lab is to identify what the unknown object is made of. Procedure: Object was placed on digital scale to measure its mass in grams(g). -Mass 1:23.7g Water was poured into graduated cylinder and initial volume was recorded by looking at meniscus in milliliter(mL) -Volume measurement 1: Initial Volume-31.0mL Object was placed into graduated cylinder carefully and final volume was recorded by looking at meniscus in milliliter(mL). -Volume measurement 1: Final Volume-34.0mL The measured volume was calculated by subtracting the final volume from the initial volume in milliliter(mL). Measured...
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...How is Lab Glassware Used? Intro: The concept of the lab, “How is Glassware Used?” was to familiarize ourselves with the different kinds of laboratory glassware like the buret, Erlenmeyer flask, beaker, and graduated cylinder. According to Dartmouth each glassware functions best in different settings; A buret is used to deliver solution in precisely-measured, variable volumes,1 Erlenmeyer flasks and beakers are used for mixing, transporting, and reacting, but not for accurate measurements, and graduated cylinders are useful for measuring liquid volumes but are for general purpose use, not for quantitative analysis.2 Essentially each glassware either holds certain volumes or delivers certain volumes. The main purpose of the experiment was to see which glassware is both the most precise and the most accurate through testing them and calculating which one has the lowest average percent error. Accuracy is how close the measured value is to the true value of what is being measured. To assure accurate measurements were made, special attention was kept on significant figures in the measurements. Significant figures are numbers that carry meaning in the measurement. Accuracy can be said to be “good” or “bad”, however this is qualitative and doesn’t give a decent sense of how accurate something really is, so a quantitative way of stating accuracy was devised to determine how accurate something is. The quantitative measure of accuracy is called percent error...
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...Mearsurement and Error Analysis Marcus Guerra Section 5 Differences The experiment run in class was identical to the procedure outlined in the lab manual. Data Diameter | Microm. | Caliper | Length | Yard Stick | Mass | Triple B | 1 | 6.36mm | 6mm | 1 | 60cm | 1 | 168.3g | 2 | 6.36mm | 6mm | 2 | 60cm | 2 | 168.35g | 3 | 6.39mm | 6mm | 3 | 60cm | 3 | 168.4g | 4 | 6.3mm | 6mm | 4 | 60cm | 4 | 168.3g | 5 | 6.34mm | 6mm | 5 | 60cm | 5 | 168.2g | 6 | 6.36mm | 6mm | 6 | 60cm | 6 | 168.3g | 7 | 6.3mm | 6mm | 7 | 60cm | 7 | 168.4g | 8 | 6.3mm | 6mm | 8 | 60cm | 8 | 168.35g | 9 | 6.3mm | 6mm | 9 | 60cm | 9 | 168.2g | 10 | 6.31mm | 6mm | 10 | 60cm | 10 | 168.35g | Calculations Discussion The purpose of this experiment was to measure the copper rod and find the error in the measurements. The standard deviation from length, diameter, and mass were 0, .0819, and .041 respectively. The measurement for length was probably the least precise measurement taken. We used a meter stick, but kept getting the same measurement, probably due to the meter stick not being very precise. Lab questions 1-4 | Average | Std Dev | Length | 60cm | 0 | Diameter | 6.332 cm | 0.0819 | Mass | 168.315 | 0.041 | | | | Density | .089 kg/m3 | | 5. The uncertainty when calculating density could come from any value. The length of the rod was measured in cm with a meter stick. We could have used a much more precise instrument to measure the...
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...Measurement and Density The objectives of this experiment were to determine whether there is a difference between the density of Coke and Diet Coke. We also looked at the significant difference of the average densities within each tool used to measure the volume of the sample. Within this experiment we were able to see the impacts of different kinds of error. Random error is inevitable and causes measurements to be a little high and a little low. Averaging several measurements can reduce random error. Systematic errors are caused by equipment malfunction. These cause readings to be always high or always low. This can be corrected by using a different experimental setup. Gross errors are mistakes made by the student that could cause the measurement to deviate from the mean of other measurements. My hypothesis was that there would not be a difference in the densities of Coke and Diet Coke. Since the only difference between Coke and Diet Coke is the sugar in Coke compared to the sweeteners in Diet Coke I did not think there would be a significant difference between the two drinks. The data proved my hypothesis wrong. These sweeteners must have a different mass. From the results of my experimental data, the density of Coke is slightly higher than Diet Coke. The density of Coke averages out to be between 1.0-1.03 g/mL. The density of Diet Coke averages out to be between 0.95-1.00 g/mL. There was a difference in the densities of Coke and Diet Coke between the glassware. The Volumetric...
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