...TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory JoinSearchBrowseSaved Papers Home Page » Philosophy and Psychology Barriers to Self-Actualization In: Philosophy and Psychology Barriers to Self-Actualization Barriers to reaching self actualization. There are a number of factors which can prevent individuals from reaching self actualization. During the 1960’s, Maslow estimated that only 2% of the population ever achieve self-actualization. At this time, Maslow believed that figures such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglass fell into this category of being self-actualized. However, given the advances in equality and access to resources that have been made in the past 50 years, one would think that the percentage of the population who have achieved self-actualization would have increased. While there are no studies to ascertain whether this is or is not the case, there are a number of factors to be taken into consideration that act as barriers to self-actualization which I will now discuss. In the past 50 years, society in which we live has made a shift to being one that in largely concerned with materialism. As a result of this, from a young age individuals are becoming more and more materialistic and are focusing on obtaining the latest electrical gadgets, cars and footwear. The media plays a large part in this. Today even without leaving our house we are subjected...
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...psychology. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses and the effects on individual personalities is important. This analysis will also explain how humanistic and existential theories influence interpersonal relationships. Strengths of Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories One of the strengths of the humanistic personality theory is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The set of needs called our cognitive or our basic needs is the five different needs. The first of our basic needs is called physiological needs. The next need is called a safety need. The next type of needs is love and belongingness need. Esteem needs are the next type of need. This is how humans discover self-esteem and build our reputation of who we are. The last type of need is called self-actualization need. Self-actualization is our self-fulfillment. Maslow also discovered three other types of needs. Aesthetic, cognitive, and Neurotic needs are the three different types of needs. Aesthetic needs can be explained by how some people are motivated by “aesthetically pleasing experiences” (Feist & Feist, 2009, p. 284). Cognitive needs have to do with wanting to understand things happening around them, this type of needs are also what give us a thrill to solve a mystery. Neurotic needs are needs that can lead to mental illness. The person would experience stagnation and pathology. One of the strengths of Roger’s person-centered theory is that it rates high as a useful theory and is able to generate research...
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...Self-actualization is a concept developed by Abraham Maslow and rlates to his hierarchy of needs. In Maslow's scheme, the final stage of psychological development comes when the individual feels assured that his physiological, security, affiliation and affection, self-respect, and recognition needs have been satisfied. As these become dormant, he becomes filled with a desire to realize all of his potential for being an effective, creative, mature human being. "What a man can be, he must be", is the way Maslow expresses it. According to Maslow, the tendencies of self-actualizing people are as follows: 1. Awareness * efficient perception of reality * freshness of appreciation * peak experiences * ethical awareness 2. Honesty * philosophical sense of humour * social interest * deep interpersonal relationships * democratic character structure 3. Freedom * need for solitude * autonomous, independent * creativity, originality * spontaneous 4. Trust * problem centered * acceptance of self, others, nature * resistance to enculturation - identity with humanity As for me, self-actualization in career aspect seems of utmost importance for the close future. Actually I have only one dream about my future career. I want it to bring me real pleasure. What can be better than doing your favorite work and feeling satisfaction just because of doing it. Now, I do not have any concrete job as one desired, but I...
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...a person as a whole is always being motivated by their needs. He also suggests that people always has the potential to grow. He suggests that they grow toward their own self actualization (Feist & Feist, 2009, ch. 10). Maslow’s Holistic Dynamic Theory rates low on the falsifiability. According to the criteria that theories go by (Feist, & Feist, 2009, ch. 10) The reliability is rated low. Does the theory serve as a guide? The theory was given a high rating. Is the theory internally consistent? Because of the theory having arcane and unclear language, some people thought that the certain parts were ambiguous and inconsistent. Was the theory parsimonious? The first glance of the theory makes it seem simplistic by looking at the hierarchy of needs. The full understanding of the theory suggests that the theory is more complexed. It is rated moderately parsimonious (Feist & Feist, 2009, ch. 10). Maslow helped with the POI test. It helped psychologists understand a person’s feelings about themselves. The hierarchy of needs also helped therapist understand themselves. Maslow thought that if therapist was at self actualization then they would be better equipped to help their patients. He wanted therapist to lead people in the direction of loving themselves and finding their own self actualization which is the highest need on the hierarchy (Feist & Feist, 2009, ch. 10). Person-Centered Theory Formative Tendency There is a tendency for all matter, both organic and ...
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...The concept of job satisfaction is an important issue and of great interest to managers because they recognize the importance of a job in the total life experience of an individual. Although there are quite a few factors involved, Europeans – especially Western Europeans – owe their high standard of living to their distinct focus on gainful employment. This research is based on three countries namely, Germany, New Zealand and Turkey. Germany Intrinsic Job Characteristics The Germans may be weak in some other factors, Stefanie Wahl (goethe.de 2007), mentioned that job satisfaction in Germany is high. However, when it comes to comparing job satisfaction to other factors, such as their standard of living, environmental situation or pensions they are considered high as they fall above the EU average. The Germans have a mindset that if they can use their knowledge and skills, as part of decision making processes that affect their work and getting a good salary, that would give them the overall satisfaction they need. Stefanie Wahl also mentions that the table below is supported with the fact that the Germans are less likely to consider their work as being unhealthy or boring. Attitude of the population of the European Union to work (EU-27) 2006 EU 27 Germany Western Germany Eastern Germany in per cent general job satisfaction 3.60 3.83 - - *) pleasant atmosphere at work 79 84 84 80 ability to use their knowledge and skills 77 83 83 83 ability to learn new things 70 75...
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...Nobel Prize for his contribution to the study of physics, namely his special (1905) and general (1916) theories of relativity. The name “Einstein” is often thought of as being synonymous with the word genius. Einstein was not always thought of as a genius, however. His unique intellectual abilities as a young boy created challenges for him in his everyday home and school life, but his sense of wonder paired with persistence and determination led him to be the successful prodigy people know him as today. Abraham Maslow’s humanistic approach of self-actualization provides significant explanation for Einstein’s behaviors and achievements throughout his life. Heredity and environment played vital roles in Einstein’s psychological development. Einstein’s parents and teachers observed his early childhood developmental delays and had doubts regarding his intelligence. His parents worried about his intellectual development because of a language delay and lack of fluency, and that he repeated his sentences until the age of seven added to their worry (Goodman & Wolff, n.d.). Einstein started his formal schooling at the age of six at a Catholic elementary school. Although perceived as peculiar, Einstein was high functioning in society. Einstein’s teachers favored memorization skills, and therefore his...
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...Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories Learning Team A PSY 405 Dr. Sharp June 29, 2015 Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories Personality is a fascinating model and provides its very own unique makeup to study. It’s observed in aspects of all behavior and verbal languages. There’s a saying that goes, “Action speaks louder than words.” While words do give meaning and reflect a sense of character, the actions of a person can give insight to patterns and provide details to who a person is as a whole. Is there an actual number for the different personalities that exist? In other words, can personality truly be measured? If so, what proof can be provided to say that a Type A and Type B personality exist? If psychology suggests that people develop their personalities through many systems, patterns or functions, people may dismiss perceiving themselves as whole as oppose to a compound of many traits. Truth is, theories provide possible explanations for what information isn’t given in addition to the facts that present themselves. If we switch the focus of personality being a product of experiences to personality being the result of relations shared with the experiences, we allow our minds to expand to a potential truth that stretches belief. On the subject of what explanations help people to understand how personalities are developed, it is essential to consider the Holistic-Dynamic and existential theory as they pertain to the engineering process that shape...
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...personality and social. But in learning, some may think twice. Nevertheless, humanistic approach, the ‘third force’ of psychology, focus on the things that make people uniquely human such as subjective emotions and the freedom to choose one’s own destiny. Can this approach be applied in the classroom? Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, the famous founders of humanism, would definitely say yes! The question now is how? To answer the question, let me discuss their theories. CARL ROGERS: The Self-Concept Rogers (1961) emphasized that human beings are always doing their utmost effort to fulfil their innate capacities and capabilities and to develop into everything that their genetic potential will allow them to become. This striving for fulfilment is called the self-actualization tendency. For an individual to become self-actualize, he or she must develop an image of oneself or the self-concept. The self-concept is based on what people are told by others and how the sense of self is reflected in the words and actions of important people in one’s life, such as parents, siblings, friends, co-workers, and teachers....
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...1. Is there such a thing as ESP? There may be no topic in psychology quite as controversial, or as fascinating, as extrasensory perception, or ESP. There are three forms of ESP that psychologists study: 1. Telepathy- transfer of information from one person to another without known mediation of sensory communication, 2. Clairvoyance- acquisition of information about places, people, or events without mediation of known senses, and 3. Precognition- acquisition of a future event that could not be anticipated through any known processes of inference. In a study of telepathy, or psi(link is external), for example, participants are seated in two separate rooms; while one “transmits” signals, the other attempts to “receive” them. However, critics argue that many of the effects demonstrated in ESP experiments can simply be explained by faulty methodology and sensory “leakage” in which participants inadvertently give away the answers. The only extra-sensory feature of ESP would be, if this were true, the fact that people who can perform feats involving ESP are actually very good at reading people’s very subtle signals. 2. Why do we dream? Our dreams mystify us and often leave us waking up confused, disoriented, frightened, or perhaps very, very satisfied. Freud, of course, proposed that our dreams represent unconscious wishes that we’re afraid to express in our waking life. The most recent explanations aren’t totally incompatible with this theory. According to the activation-synthesis...
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...University of Phoenix Material Yvonne E Tanner Philosophy Matrix Field | Definition | Historical Developments | Schools Of Thought | Key Contributors | Principal Issues | Epistemology | The theory of knowledge concerned with nature and scope of knowledge | From Ancient Greece forward, Plato, Socrates and developmental thought | Externalism, Internalism, Empiricism, Rationalism, Constructivism, Infinitism, Foundationalism, Coherentism, Skepticism | Aristotle, Plato, Spinoza, Locke, George Berkeley, Immanuel Kant. (with all the questions I think we can attribute some Socrates also) | Focused on the analysis of the nature of knowledge; how do we know what we know, why? How is knowledge acquired? What makes justified beliefs justified? | Metaphysics | Metaphysics is the study of the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and body, substance, and accident, events, and causation (Johnson, 2008). | Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity is considered by many to be based in metaphysics but was adopted into physics because of its significance (Howie, 1997). | Cosmology, Ontology, Natural Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion, Mind, Perception | Aristotle, Plato, George Berkeley, Anne Conway, Oliva Sabuco de Nantes, Benedictus de Spinoza, Émilie du Châtelet, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes | The study of existence; Natural Theology – study of Gods, nature of religion, what is the divine? Universal Science - what are the first principals and how...
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...Multiple Intelligences * Linguistic Intelligence * Mathematical-Logical Intelligence * Spatial Intelligence * Intrapersonal Intelligence * Kinesthetic Intelligence * Interpersonal Intelligence * Naturalist Intelligence * Musical-Rhythmic Intelligence Maslow Theory of Human Needs * Hierarchy * Physiological needs * Safety needs * Love and belonging * Esteem * Self-actualization * Self-transcendence DEFINE PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS HISTORY? DEFINITION Psychology is the science of human and animal behavior that includes the study of mental processes that influence overt behavior. Psychology is a science like biology, physics, or chemistry. Psychologists use scientific techniques to build a body of knowledge about behavior and mental processes. HISTORY Today, psychology is largely defined as "the study of behavior and mental processes". Philosophical interest in the mind and behavior dates back to the ancient civilizations ofEgypt, Greece, China and India. Psychology as a self-conscious field of experimental study began in 1879, when Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Leipzig. Wundt was also the first...
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...maslow's hierarchy of needs Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs motivational model Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needs model in 1940-50s USA, and the Hierarchy of Needs theory remains valid today for understanding human motivation, management training, and personal development. Indeed, Maslow's ideas surrounding the Hierarchy of Needs concerning the responsibility of employers to provide a workplace environment that encourages and enables employees to fulfil their own unique potential (self-actualization) are today more relevant than ever. Abraham Maslow's book Motivation and Personality, published in 1954 (second edition 1970) introduced the Hierarchy of Needs, and Maslow extended his ideas in other work, notably his later book Toward A Psychology Of Being, a significant and relevant commentary, which has been revised in recent times by Richard Lowry, who is in his own right a leading academic in the field of motivational psychology. Abraham Maslow was born in New York in 1908 and died in 1970, although various publications appear in Maslow's name in later years. Maslow's PhD in psychology in 1934 at the University of Wisconsin formed the basis of his motivational research, initially studying rhesus monkeys. Maslow later moved to New York's Brooklyn College. The Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs five-stage model below (structure and terminology - not the precise pyramid diagram itself) is clearly and directly attributable to Maslow; later versions of the theory with...
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...Personality Theory Course : Organizational Behaviour Course Code: MBA507 Section: 1 Submitted To: Dr. Nasreen Wadud Adjunct Faculty, Business Administration Department East West University Submitted By: Md. Faysal Ahmed ID: 2013-1-95-110 Mahmudul Hasan ID: 2013-1-95-031 Niaj Mahmud ID: 2013-1-95-055 Md. Samiul Islam Chowdhury ID: 2013-1-95-076 Submission Date: 24.08.2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Front Matter 2-5 Preface 2 Learning Objectives 3 Scope of the Project 3 Methodology 4 Limitations 5 I. Introduction 6-12 Introduction to Personality Theory 6 What is a Theory 7 Why Different theories 11 II. Theories of Personality 12-116 Psychoanalytic Theory 12-25 Humanistic Theory 25-43 Trait and Factor Theories- Big Five Factors 43-57 Biological and Genetic Theories 58-62 Social Cognitive Theory 62-87 Holistic-Dynamic Theory 88-116 III. Conclusion 116-117 Final Thoughts 116 Summary ...
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...Carl Rogers--Biography and other material, on site maintained by his daughter, Natalie Rogers (who is also trained as a therapist). Carl Rogers and Education--Site providing biographical information as well as examination of Rogers's ideas about education. Introduction to Person-Centred Counselling--A clear overview by Dr. Greg Mulhauser, on CounsellingResources.com. Abraham Maslow Like Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow is widely regarded as one of the founders of the Humanistic Approach. While less influential among therapists than Rogers, Maslow may actually be better known to the general public, because of his interest in applying psychological principles to areas like behavior in business settings. In this regard, his hierarchy of needs has been a basic concept in human resources and organizational behavior for several decades. Maslow coined the term "the Third Force" to describe the Humanistic Approach, to emphasize how it differed from the Psychodynamic and Behaviorist Approaches, which dominated psychology (at least in North America) in the 1950's. His theory emphasizes motivation as the key to understanding human behavior (an emphasis which is somewhat reminiscent of Freud's theory, though the two models focus on very different types of motives). Nonetheless, it becomes the basis of a theory of personality (as discussed in the text, talking about motives implies a person who experiences those motives!), and ends up describing the characteristics of healthy...
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...internationally to come and book a vacation with them. It targets mothers, who are usually the ones that plan the vacation and want to ensure that everyone will enjoy their time together. Mothers are mainly the ones who read parenting magazines to obtain ideas on how to maintain their family’s happiness and keep things fun. Disney sets themselves apart by appealing to the idea that your family would not just being going on an ordinary cruise but actually on an unbelievable sea adventure. Disney Cruise Line appeals to the parent’s need of belongingness and love and a mother’s need of self-actualization by promising that Disney Cruise Line will be a memorable experience the whole family can enjoy. Parents want to feel belongingness and love from their child and Disney Cruise line helps to gain that loving feeling within a family. The family is the largest image on the ad. It focuses on the body language to highlight their emotions and surroundings. The image shows that the parents can experience an incredible bonding moment with their children. The viewer gets to see a beautiful blue sky as the family of four walks along the ship. Disney Cruise line has created this perfect scene for the readers to fantasize their own family vacation. Having the mother and father surrounded by their children, hugging each other is the main message of happiness and fulfillment of family. Their smiles and gesture of laughing together gives the reader a feeling that the family is emotionally...
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