...Teaching English to Young Learners: How They Learn and the Pedagogical Implication Rojab Siti Rodliyah (rojab.siti@gmail.com) UPI Bandung There is now a growing tendency among Indonesian people to introduce English to children starting from the early age, through either formal or informal education. This can be seen from the mushrooming of bilingual and international schools where English is used as the language of instruction as well as the increasing number of English courses aimed especially for children. Sometimes people hold a misconception regarding teaching English for young learners, in which they believe that the earlier the kids learn a foreign language, the better it will be. As a matter of fact, this assumption is not completely true. Only when handled with care will the teaching of foreign language to young learners succeed as expected. Otherwise, this will not gain a significant effect on children’s language development. This paper will elaborate some principles on how young learners learn a foreign language, which should be the foundation of the way the teaching English to young learners is conducted. Some theories on how children learn will be drawn on, followed by a discussion on the pedagogical implications. This paper is expected to give insights to English teachers in general and teachers of English for young learners in particular, about the importance of taking into account the aspects related to the way young learners learn in designing their teaching...
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...lessons with effective use of the language. Teachers who have a good command of the language definitely are able to explain the lesson effectively.” Hence, dynamism is greatly needed in a language classroom such as in the case of MTB-MLE since the program formalizes the teaching of the first language (L1) or mother tongue of Grade 1 and Grade 2 pupils. Ideally, an MTB-MLE teacher should also possess a native competency level in the language he/she teaches to become a dynamic teacher. Palma (2009, 93-94) emphasized that teachers also function for ‘character...
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...Advanced Teaching Methodology Instructor: Dr. Nguyen Thu Huong Student: Nguyen Le Ba Tong Class: TESOL 13B REFLECTION PAPER That ‘teaching is simply the process of transferring knowledge from teachers to students’ is what I used to think. However, since I started studying Advanced Teaching Methodology, my point of view has changed dramatically. The course has provided me with valuable knowledge which not only broadens my horizons but also help me develops my own professional competence. This paper will focus on some main points of the course including theories about learners’ characteristics and influences of the setting as well as important pedagogical approaches and techniques, and demonstrate how they help to shape my teaching style. The very first lesson in the course was about learners’ characteristics. Lightbown and Spada (2006) have mentioned some factors such as ‘intelligence, aptitude, learning style, personality, motivation, attitudes, identity, beliefs and age’ which may affect the language learning ability and the teaching process. Talking about ‘intelligence’ and ‘aptitude’, they explained that individuals have different strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, a method which is effective in teaching a group of learners may prove to be ineffective when applied to another. Learning vocabulary by memorizing, for instance, seems to be suitable for ones who have good memory but not for those who lack this ability. Learners also have different learning ‘styles’ and ‘personalities’...
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...to explain it to others, is when real learning has occurred and personal knowledge has been acquired. Nowadays is indeed true for learners in a variety of guided situations. The natural reaction of mulling over a complex problem or situation with others allows for deeper levels of reasoning, new perspectives, shared responsibilities and greater motivation to remain focused on the learning. A practical implication when conversation and interaction is encouraged rather than discouraged is more noise, less quiet; greater movement, reduced lecturing. When teachers have participated in workshops designed with this style of learning. Teachers need to recognize collaboration as a viable method of creating individual meaning, and learning courses. 2. Point of View 1. Defining of Learning 2. Defining of Teaching 3. Understanding of Language Learning 4. Elements of Language Learning CHAPTER II EXPLANATION Defining of Learning We use the term 'learning' all the time in everyday life. But within the field of educational psychology, the term learning is actually a specific term. Different people use different words to define learning within educational psychology, but in general, we're talking about a step-by-step process in which an individual experiences permanent, lasting changes in knowledge, behaviors, or ways of processing the world. Let's go through a few examples of different types of learning you might hear about in the field of...
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...LEARNING STYLES Students preferentially take in and process information in different ways: by seeing and hearing, reflecting and acting, reasoning logically and intuitively, analyzing and visualizing, steadily and in fits and starts. Teaching methods also vary. Some instructors lecture, others demonstrate or lead students to self-discovery; some focus on principles and others on applications; some emphasize memory and others understanding. When mismatches exist between learning styles of most students in a class and the teaching style of the professor, the students may become bored and inattentive in class, do poorly on tests, get discouraged about the courses, the curriculum, and themselves, and in some cases change to other curricula or drop out of school. Professors, confronted by low test grades, unresponsive or hostile classes, poor attendance and dropouts, know something is not working. They may become overly critical of their students (making things even worse) or begin to wonder if they are in the right profession. Most seriously, society loses potentially excellent professionals. To overcome these problems, professors should strive for a balance of instructional methods (as opposed to trying to teach each student exclusively according to his or her preferences.) If the balance is achieved, all students will be taught partly in a manner they prefer, which leads to an increased comfort level and willingness to learn, and partly in a less preferred manner, which provides...
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...ENVIRONMENT IN SCHOOLS 指導教授: 張玉玲 博士 Advisor: Dr. Ye-ling Chang 研究生: 呂淑文 撰 Graduate: Shu-Wen Lu 中 華 民 國 九 十 五 年 十 一 月 November 2006 Significance of the Study The reason why this study is significant can be explained from three aspects. First, this study investigates Junior high school students’ perceptions, attitudes, viewpoints, and their participation towards the bilingual environment. Consequently, this research might offer some empirical messages for English teachers in Taiwan about conducting a bilingual environment. Second, the results of how students improve their English learning in a bilingual environment can inspire teachers to provide appropriate stimulations to their students. Third, it is hoped that this study may help junior high school students for providing the information of how they can improve their English learning in a bilingual environment. Limitations of the Study Three limitations of the study are generalized as follows. First, the sample size of this study is small. The subjects in this study were 35 students from two classes in a junior high school in southern Taiwan. The sample for this study was restricted to the urban area. Consequently, it is hard to generalize the study findings to all the EFL students in Taiwan. Second, it is unpredictable whether the subjects respond to the questionnaires honestly. The subject responses to the questionnaires may be out of researcher’s control. Third, owing to...
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...Despite the fact that language learning or acquisition is an apparent requirement for translation, the role that translation might play in language learning and acquisition has been considered one of the most hotly debated issue in both Translation Studies and language pedagogy in the West as well as Arab world. Thus, translation studies have been taught in translation classes without being seen in normal foreign or second language (FL) classrooms. In spite of the claims in opposition to make use of translation in English language classroom, recent studies regard highly that far from being counter-productive and fruitless, translation can be an effective boost in (FL) learning and teaching. In most of Arabic countries, the mother tongue, Arabic,...
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...and strategies to transform. Since those difficulties exist, more efforts are needed to explore potentials, make changes quickly and successfully. Language Ability Language ability plays a critical role in the process of transformation, and language problems could trigger a set of inconvenience. Many Chinese students have pretty high TOEFL scores, but higher scores do not guarantee fluent English in living and studying. So, when they first come to the U.S., many feel totally lost, confused, and incompetent. They could not express themselves freely, sharing feelings; or even lost confidence and thinking ability. The reason for this problem is partly due to their learning habit. Students in Asian countries pay more attention to reading and writing in English language, rather than listening and speaking. In addition, the language leaning styles in Asian countries are teacher- central, and transferring knowledge is considered the duty of teachers. Most students are receiving knowledge from teachers, rather than discovering knowledge on their own. Therefore, students tend to be quiet, shy, and silent in classrooms. They do not like the way of public discussion and the expression of opinions and emotions. Especially, Chinese students are taking “ listening to teachers” as their most frequent activity. Teaching Style In comparison of professors in the US and the People’s Republic of China, American professors are more knowledgeable of general educational...
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...Promotion NRS-429V Colleen Darrow March 9, 2014 Vark Analysis Paper Learning Style is the way individuals begin to concentrate on, process, internalize and remember new and difficult academic information (Dunn & Griggs, 2000). There are many different models of learning styles. The Kolb model, Honey & Mumford model and Felder & Silverman models are just a few. According to the Kolb model there are five different learning styles. These are Aural, Reading/Writing, Kinesthetic, Visual and Multimodal. Kinesthetic learning style uses all of your senses i.e.; sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell. This is a familiar learning style for me. It is more of a hands on approach to learning. Some examples of this kind of learning are case studies, real-life examples, collections of things, laboratories and trial and error. Kinesthetic learners do best when what they are learning is relevant to them or their life experience. They are confident and can solve problems when facing a difficult situation (Shahin Gholami and Mohammad S. Bagheri. (2013). Kinesthetic learners condense their notes making them into a learnable package with photos, examples, and relevant material that relate to real life. Kinesthetic people like to answer practice questions and do role playing as a means of studying for exams. People with Reading/Writing learning style also like to answer practice questions as a way of studying. Reading/Writing style is more of a word play kind of association. They study by rewriting...
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...Factors affecting L2 learning Conceptual objective: the students will be able to enumerate those factors connected to L2 learning success Procedural objective: the students will explore those factors that have promoted their success as language learners, making a chart and comparing it with other people Attitudinal objective: the students will develop a critical attitude towards the causal correlations between factors and learning success Attitudinal objective: the students will realize the need for further research A. Internal/ Individual B. External a. 1. Age 2. Aptitude 3. Motivation and Attitude 4. Personality 5. Cognitive Style 6. Hemisphere specialisation 7. Learning Strategies 1. Learning and Teaching Contexts 2.Teaching a second language: Effects 2.1. Input and interaction: How these elements affect learning A.1. AGE AND L2 LEARNING • Effects of age on RATE of second language learning ΚAdults are superior to children in rate of acquisition ΚOlder children learn more rapidly than younger children ΚWith regards to morphology and syntax, the adolescents do best, followed by the adults and then the children ΚGrammar differences diminish over time, and children begin to catch up, but adults outperform children in the short term Κ Where pronunciation is concerned, adults do not always progress more rapidly than children do Thus: adults learn faster than children, and this is more applicable to grammar than pronunciation, although in the case of formal learning situations adults...
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...Reading competence Hedge (1990) as cited by Yah Awg Nik et.al,(****)agrees that reading and exposure to language help students to improve their writing performance. The authors also agreed with the Ministry of Education of New Zealand (2004) that a student who is familiar or has a mastery of a topic, can eventually produce a proficient and effective writing output. However, there are students who are poor in reading which results to failure in correcting and monitoring their writing output. The study made by Yah Awg Nik et.al (****) concludes that extensive exposure to English Language has enhanced the writing performance after they had given different instruments and being assessed. This is in accordance with Hedge’s (1990) argument that exposure and reading extensively are beneficial to effective writing skills. They also added that writing maybe difficult and demanding but frequent exposure in reading and writing will help improve writing performance. Intelligence Farris in Garnace (2006) admits that thinking and language are related to each other and their development occurs at the same time. Learners that have proficiency in speaking, listening, reading and writing can deal effectively with the tasks that have something to do with the thinking strategies. Motivation Factors The studies of Bandura, (1986); Ellis, Lenz, & Sabornie, (1987); Paris & Winograd, (1990); Wong, (1994) asserts that students with writing problems frequently are unmotivated because...
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...The Call Triangle: student, teacher and institution Learning register variation. A web-based platform for developing diaphasic skills∗ Adriano Allora, Elisa Corino and Cristina Onesti Dipartimento di Scienze Letterarie e Filologiche - Università di Torino Via Sant’Ottavio 20, Torino 10124, Italy Abstract The present paper shows the first results of a linguistic project devoted to the construction of web learning tools for reinforcing sensitivity to diaphasic varieties and for learning style variation in L2/LS learning. Keywords: L2/LS learning; style variation; web based platform 1. Introduction This paper aims at presenting a project analysing formal varieties of European online languages, working on a suite of Net Mediated Communication (NMC) corpora and studying lexical, discourse and macro-syntactic phenomena. The practical implications of the studies aim at developing freely available resources devoted to L2/LS learning and the development of a web-based delivery platform. 2. The VALERE project The project (‘Varietà Alte di Lingue Europee in REte’: Formal Varieties in Newsgroups of European Languages: Structural Features, Interlinguistic Comparison and Teaching Applications) aims at investigating the wide range of formal language in some main European languages with particular attention to NMC. The research is based on the NUNC (i.e. Newsgroup UseNet Corpus1), a collection of corpora created from newsgroup messages implemented at the University...
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...Title: Teaching Methods used to teach English to pre- school children’s Date | Author/ References | Title of Journal | Comments | Research method | 18/09/2012 | Sandradu Plessis and Brenda low | Challenges To Pre –School Teachers In Learners Acquisition Of English As Language Of Learning And Teaching | This journal highlights problems that teachers might come across in teaching English to pre –school children. The importance of identifying them and solving them because its believed here in this journal that preschool teachers play a key role in the acquisition of English language by the children because children spend most of their waking hour with the teachers. Therefore it’s believed that teachers do play a big role in the children’s life in order for them to acquire the language | Quantitative research method | 19/09/2012 | Karen E Johnson | The Relationship Between Teachers Believe And Practises During Literacy Instruction For Non –Native Speakers Of English | In this journal it is discussed teachers theoretical believe helps them to perceive, process, and act upon information in classroom. This also study extends the current research on teachers' theoretical beliefs within literacy contexts to the field of teaching English as a second language (ESL).Specifically, it examines the relationship between ESL teachers' theoretical beliefs about second-language learning and teaching and their instructional practice during literacy instruction with non-native speakers of...
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...Materials for Developing Speaking Skills According to Bygate, Speaking skills maybe viewed into 2 basic aspects: 1)Motor Receptive Skills- involved mastering of sounds and sructures not necessarily in any particular context. 2) Interaction Skills-involves making decisions about what and how to say things in specific communicative situations to convey the right intentions to maintain relationships. More research on language awareness suggest s that the teaching sequence does not have to be structured before the communication of meanings, but content –based activities can help learners to experience and and respond to meanings.Arguably, speaking skills are best developed when learners learn eventually to take control of their own performance from an insider persperctive rather than constantly dictated to by an outsider manipulation. As viewed by Tomlinson, second language teaching materials can be treated not only by writers, but also by teachers and learners. In other words, the act of developing materials should be understood beyond the act of writing scripts for coursebooks, and in fact can bedynamic, creative process which stretches from the writers desk to real classroom. Tomlinson’s perecption coincides with Nunan’s vision that communication should be seen as process rather than a set of products. It is also closely related calls the “process syllabuss”. According to this syllabus, when materials are scripted by a writer, they appear in the form of a predesigned...
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...procedures used to identify teaching and learning styles and what effect a match between the two has on student learning outcomes and evaluation of instructors. The review focuses on a number of different instruments used to identify teaching and learning styles. The chapter begins with a definition of learning styles, teaching styles, and matching, followed by the findings of researchers using various instruments to measure learning and teaching styles. The research outcomes germane to learning styles, teaching styles, and a match between the two in relation to course grades, final exam scores, and instructor evaluations are discussed. Learning and Teaching Styles Many researchers have proclaimed the significance of identifying preferred teaching styles and preferred learning styles. Claxton and Ralston (1978, in Miller, 1982) alluded to this significance: The research findings on learning styles offer substantial promise to teachers, counselors, and the students themselves in terms of finding better ways for students to learn. But while matching learning style with instructional mode apparently facilitates positive interpersonal relations, and while it would seem to point the way for increased learning, the empirical data that support this idea are rather scarce. Such a significant gap in the research must be filled if knowledge about learning styles is to become a significant force in improving college and university teaching (p. 36). However, identifying...
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