...LASIK Eye Surgery Abstract: The human eye is used to view objects but some individuals have trouble viewing objects clearly. Commonly the problem is known as a refractive error. Solutions to correct refractive error are glasses, contact lenses and LASIK eye surgery. Three common forms of refractive errors are myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. These are defect in the eye or in a lens caused by a deviation from spherical curvature. Myopia is the inability to see things that are far in distance, nearsightedness. Hyperopia is the error in which one cannot view things that are near clearly, farsightedness. Astigmatism is a condition in which someone’s eye cannot focus. The start of LASIK began in 1848 with several complications and uncertainty. Over the years LASIK has developed but many are still concerned due to some complications. Complications continue to lessen as more surgeries are performed but many individuals still have fear about the surgery. Introduction: The human eye is composed of the iris, pupil, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous, retina, fovea, and the optic nerve as seen in Figure 1. One sees an object from the reflection of light which bounces off an object into the eye. Light initially travels past a thin layer of tears which begins to bring focus to the eye. Then light passes through the cornea, which bends the light through aqueous humor to the pupil. The amount of light that is trying to pass through the pupil will cause the iris to do one of two things...
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...About LASIK About LASIK surgery: LASIK is laser vision-correction in the blink of an eye . The ultimate solution to replacing contact lenses and spectacles. What is LASIK? LASIK stands for ‘Laser In-Situ Keratomileusis’ which means ‘ to shape the cornea within its layers with the use of the Excimer laser’. Hi-tech solution combining advanced computer technology with laser precision: LASIK is a skilled procedure that combines the state-of-the-art computer technology with advanced laser precision. While the earlier laser procedure viz PRK treated the surface of the cornea, LASIK treats the inner tissue of the cornea and restructures it in a manner which grains down myopia (minus power) and hypermetropia (plus power). LASIK Knowledge Centre: LASIK procedure -step-by-step: * First, the eye surgeon uses an instrument known as a microkeratome to make a thin flap of the outer layer of the cornea. * Then he folds back the flap, which remains attached on one side. * Next, he uses the cool laser light from the Excimer laser to ’ablate'‘ i.e. remove the pre-determined amount of tissue to reshape the cornea with great accuracy and corrects the individual's refractive error. * The cornea is made flatter to treat near-sightedness, and steeper to treat far-sightedness and/or more spherical to correct astigmatism. * Finally, after the laser is administered, he lays back the corneal flap in its original position, where it bonds itself instantly. * Due to...
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...Liceo de Cagayn university – graduate studies | Visual Perception Deficits | Cataract & Glaucoma | Submitted by: | Nadine Angelica C. Gadia – Casiño, RN | March 18, 2012Submitted to:Ms. Delia V. Realista, RN, MANProfessor | | I. Intoduction Cataract Cataracts are common and significant cause of visual defects all over the world. A cataract is an opacification or clouding of the lens of the eye. Cataracts develop because of the alteration of transport of nutrients and metabolism in the lens. This interferes with light transmission to the retina therefore affecting the ability to perceive images clearly. All cells of the lens formed in the lifetime is retained therefore prevalence of cataracts increase rapidly with aging. WHO estimates that cataracts account for 48% of reversible blindness worldwide, which translates to about 18 million people. Cataracts affect slightly more women than men. The Beaver Dam Eye Study in the US found that 23.5% of women and 14.3% of men had a visually significant cataract by the age of 65 years. Although cataracts can be surgically removed, in many countries surgical services are inadequate, and cataract remains the leading cause of blindness. Age is the greatest risk factor in the occurrence of cataracts. Cataract, though with unclear links, may be acquired through heredity and genetics (e.g., Wilson's disease, galactosaemia, myotonic dystrophy). Early formation of cataracts is associated with the following risk factors: ...
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...leader for the introduction of a new laser for the eye surgery that will be launch in North America. Although Jim had never worked in Germany, he was selected because of his qualification, experience, speaks fluent German and a wife who is from Germany which makes him culturally prepared. Even though the launching of the new product was a success, there were issues, concerns and behavior that may have failed in the launching of the new product. Not in the order of priority, I have identified the following key organizational behavior issues either in the American or German perspective: * Culture Ready Environment * Leadership and Management style * Communication * Expectation * Motivation * Problem solving * Adaptability 2. Reflection on the identified issues along with recommendations or potential solutions to identified issues. Today, facing tough economic times, many companies are cutting resources, employees, and cost to survive the competition. Yet in spite of cut backs and struggles, the war for talent remain as strong as ever – company focus has simply shifted to strategic hiring and retention. However, innovative companies are committed and determine to re-investing and re-designing their strategy to deliver results with fewer or less resources. In the case of the company headquarters in Philadelphia, sending Jim to Stuttgart, Germany to lead the launching of a new laser product for eye surgery is what I called...
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...MMA Case Study Lasik Eye Surgery: A Consumer’s Dilemma By Jayapriya JV and Josephine Gunze Executive Summary Myopia is a short-sighted disease which can only be treated by wearing of eye glass, contact lens and Lasik surgery. Linda, Carla and Gwen were friends affected by this disease, Carla’s sister found newspaper concerning Lasik eye surgery which was been treated in Canada with low cost compared to US. Carla and Gwen decided to do their treatment in Canada because it was cheaper than US. Linda wanted to do more research in order to make her decision to stay whether in US to do her Lasik eye surgery or to do it in Canada. Laser eye surgery is being examined by food and drug administration (FDA) had approved Lasik Eye surgery which has less risk compare to Photo Refractive Keratectomy (PRK). After doing lot of research Linda found out insurance was guaranteed through the government policies to clinic in US while in Canada there is no guarantee of insurance to patients. Another factor which she found out from research is while doing surgery in US there is no requirement to sign in agreement, since is a policy in PLIC Clinic through the government to take care of their patient. In LLV Clinic there is a requirement to sign in agreement before doing their surgery, because they do not want to hold responsible for the patient. Carla and Ron had positive experiences during the surgery process which explaining both US and Canada were doing well in their services. Linda has to take...
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...Name: Ali Almas Student Number: S00155721 Apprentice Ireland 2010 Experiential Marketing Apprentice Ireland 2010 Experiential Marketing Q1: identify and discuss any organisational issues within each team which you feel merits discussion. (These issues can be negative or positive or indeed a mixture of both). One issue that arises in Niamh team is when her team members suggest two ideas, first was of a juggler who will juggle and the second idea was of a model dressed in bikinis with a large snake. When Niamh is informed about these ideas, she agrees on the juggler but when she hears the idea of the model dressed in bikinis she straight away says no to that idea. This is where I see that Niamh has good perception skills because she knew that people were needed to be kept happy because the managers from her brands were going to visit this event, so that’s why she agreed on this idea. At the event we do see that the juggler is entertaining people and nobody complained about the juggler. The moment Niamh hears the idea of a model dressed in bikinis she gave a false expression and then says no to this idea, even though her team said that she made a bad decision. It would have looked cool and would have been a centre piece plus her team said that she was playing it too safe but Niamh rejects this idea. In my opinion I think that Niamh made a good decision of rejecting the model idea because she has to percept each idea as to what effect will it have on all...
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...people over 65, and it can affect people at younger ages as well.' The risk of developing AMD steadily increases with age. People in their 50s bave about a 2% chance of developing it, while the risk rises to nearly 30% in those over age 75.^ Every three minutes, another case of AMD is diagnosed in the US.^ Each year, 200,000 people with AMD lose all central vision in one or both eyes.' More people than ever before will be forced to live with AMD as the baby boomer generation continues to grow older. This article reviews the anatomy and function of the normal retina. It also identifies tbe risk factors for AMD and its causes, as well as its diagnosis and treatment. A diagnosis of AMD means a significant decrease in vision, and, in some cases, complete blindness. Because patients face important concerns related to their everyday activities, methods of addressing those issues will be discussed. Normal Vision For a person to see properly, light must pass through the cornea, pupil, and the lens. Then it must be focused onto the retina, the innermost layer of tissue at the back of the eye. The surface of the retina must he flat and smooth to produce a good visual image. The retina contains two types...
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...Angel Lopez 9/12/2013 A Significant experience in my life would start off the first year of Middle School, I had a major problem with depression because I had a problem with my eyes, which was having a lazy eye. Everyone made fun of me and the main part is that my own brother made me feel like I was different and not normal. Even though he started everything from home, he still continued to tease me about my lazy eye outside of home. I got use to the fact that my brother teased me but in school was a different story because everywhere I went anyone would make fun of me and tell me “Are you looking at me or the ceiling” and every time I heard that I felt so bad that I had to ask the teacher if I could go to the restroom so I can cry there in private. Then, seventh grade came and I was really scared they were going to keep making fun of me for one more year. People sort of grew up in the case of teasing me and I was sort of glad but knowing that I was still different and horribly hurt for one year which was the first year of middle school, which I thought was supposed to be the best year. It was still not going to be a good year since I was still going to come home to get teased at from my brother. During the second semester of seventh grade I told my mom I couldn’t handle being made fun off and she told me “Son I know it hurts to be made fun of something...
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...Dylan Spille March 2, 2013 6th hour Pre-AP Biology “Retinoblastoma Research Paper” “Retinoblastoma” Retinoblastoma is a cancer that develops in the retina, but can be cured with the right information and technology to help. Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer that forms in the retina. It is a progressive genetic disorder. The retina is the light sensitive part of the eye. The retina covers approximately 65% of the interior of the eye. In immature retinal cells, the cancer will develop in children from the time the eyes develop in the womb to 5 years of age. The tumor starts in the retina, the light sensitive layer of the eye, which allows the eye to actually see. “ It can occur in either one eye (unilateral) or two eyes (bilateral)”(Hulett, WashBurn, and Orenic). If the cancer is caught early, it is curable, but if caught late, it is deadly. That is why in developing countries, 87% of children worldwide with this genetic disorder will die. For developed countries, 97 % survive but will have moderate to severe visual impairment. Before enucleation was known to help retinoblastoma, it was incurable. It was considered incurable and death always occurred because inheritance patterns had not been established, leading back to more deaths. But in all actuality, the survival rate will drop with every decade of life when the patients have the genomic mutation. The genomic mutation is a gene mutation within every cell of the individual’s body. Those patients...
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...Stem cells: What they are and what they do Researchers believe stem cells offer great promise for new medical treatments. Learn about stem cell types, current and possible uses, ethical issues and the state of research. By Mayo Clinic staff You've heard about stem cells in the news, and perhaps you've wondered if they might help you or a loved one with a serious disease. You may wonder what stem cells are, how they're being used to treat disease and injury, and why they're the subject of such vigorous debate. Here are some answers to frequently asked questions about stem cells. Why is there such an interest in stem cells? Researchers hope stem cell studies can help to: * Increase understanding of how diseases occur. By watching stem cells mature into cells that eventually become bones, heart muscle, nerve cells, and other organs and tissue, researchers and doctors may better understand how a variety of diseases and conditions develop. * Generate healthy cells to replace diseased cells (regenerative medicine). Researchers hope they can train stem cells into becoming specific cells so that those specialized cells can be used to regenerate and repair diseased or damaged tissues in people. People who might benefit from stem cell therapies include those with spinal cord injuries, type 1 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and multiple sclerosis. Stem cells could also be grown to become new...
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...When deciding to attend the University of Maryland, the Gemstone Honors Program was an enticing attribute. It would allow me to be a part of a smaller group as soon as I started at UMD. I decided against the larger University Honors Program because I could get lost in such a large, unspecified program. With Gemstone, I immediately was involved on campus with a well-known, prestigious group. In addition to enjoying the specificity and closeness of Gemstone, I also was very excited for the research aspect. For my last three years of high school, I was a part of my schools Gifted and Talent Research Program. I completed independent research and research with a mentor in the “Mentorship/Internship” program. I knew I really enjoyed completing research...
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...American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS), the number of surgical enhancement procedures performed in the United States is continuously on the rise due to the fact that these surgeries are ever more available and accepted at a reasonable price. Nearly 12 million plastic surgeries were carried out in 2007 alone. These numbers show an increase of 7% from the previous year and almost a 60% increase from the year 2000 (Plastic Surgery Research.info, 2009). Cosmetic surgery is increasingly popular amongst teenagers; yet the risks associated with these controversial procedures should not be overlooked because of its quick fix for low self-esteem. What was once considered a procedure surgically to correct abnormalities or to reconstruct an accident induced victim, cosmetic surgery is now popular for a number of other personal reasons. The vast increase of interest in cosmetic surgeries is not only popular amongst the older generations seeking their young adult bodies but is also progressively more popular with teenagers seeking the “picture perfect body.” Although teen surgeries made up less than 2% of all cosmetic surgeries in 2007, the obsession produced by modern media to emulate the flawless bodies of the rich and famous puts added pressure on teens to undergo the knife. In today’s society of high-tech devices and “quick fixes,” teens now, more than ever desire the immediate gratification associated with these popular surgeries. The most common procedures for teenagers...
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...strategy where companies find ways to differentiate themselves from their competitors in effort to attract more business. Service-based industries, such as health care, use competitive advantage strategies to gain an elevated position in the field. In every area of our economy, when people compete for your business, consumers win. Prices drop and quality improves. And now there's good news: A little competition has begun to improve health care. There are some doctors' waiting rooms in America that are elegant … and open on Saturdays. Some doctors even take e-mail from patients and give out their cell phone numbers (N.C. Smith, et al. 2005). Of course, those doctors usually work in fields that insurance rarely covers, like laser eye surgery and cosmetic surgery. STRATEGY The health care industry is competitive. Doctors compete for patients and hospitals compete for funding. The ultimate goal is to attract customers and make a profit. With all the industry competition, health care professionals are looking for ways to enhance their competition and give themselves a leading edge. SERVICES Health care entities can gain competitive advantage based on the services they provide. Faster services, such as same-day results for lab work or X-rays are appealing to patients. Offering free consultations is another way to gain patient popularity. COST One way health care companies achieve competitive advantage is by lowering the price of their services. If patients can save money and...
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...correction yourself. In fact, three out of four people in the United States have vision correction (“Vision Impact Institute...” Essilor). This means that at least three out of four people see an optometrist. Optometrists are doctors of optometry and are commonly known as eye doctors. These doctors treat and diagnose problems with eye health and vision. Doctors of Optometry see a variety of patients and have many responsibilities throughout the day; this job requires extra schooling but seems to be well worth it. Optometrists are doctors that specialize in eye care. They identify vision issues, and correct them by prescribing glasses or contacts. Optometrists also...
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...Leishay Julian Write-up for Eyes Date: 2/21/2014 Time: 1200 Biographical: D.T, 42, Female, African American, D.O.B 12-4-1971, Student, referred by Dr. Thompson, Oriented to person, time, place, reliable source of information History of Present Illness - Chief Complaint: Difficulty with vision bilaterally Symptom Analysis: Difficultly with vision bilaterally 1. Where: States difficult vision in eyes bilaterally. Denies symptoms of increased pain patterns.. States symptoms first noted at school on 5/20//2002. 2. When: The symptoms occurred the afternoon of 5/20/2002. Symptoms developed gradually and have worsened since onset. States “my vision has remained poor, but stabilized since 2009.” Denies specific time or day of week correlated to symptoms. 3. What: Experiences blurry vision when viewing distant objects. Denies any specific event in relation to symptoms. States use of prescription lenses correct vision difficulty. Denies any aggravating factors. States symptoms as “an annoyance”. Denies any strenuous daily activities that contribute to blurry vision. 4. How: States “nearsightedness is likely due to genetics”. Denies any additional factors or stressors occurring at work, school, or home. States nearsightedness present in father and mother. Reports similar episodes occurred in the in the past. 5. Why: Suspects nearsightedness is likely due to genetics. Denies other symptoms occurring at same time. Denies any major changes...
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