...Just War theory is a doctrine, also referred to as a tradition, of military ethics studied by theologians, ethicists, policy makers and military leaders. The purpose of the doctrine is to ensure war is morally justifiable through a series of criteria, all of which must be met for a war to be considered just. The criteria are split into two groups: ‘the right to go to war’ and ‘right conduct in war’ . The first concerns the morality of going to war and the second with moral conduct within war. Recently there have been calls for the inclusion of a third category of just war theory - jus post bellum - dealing with the morality of post-war settlement and reconstruction. Just War theory postulates that war, while very terrible, is not always the worst option. There may be responsibilities so important, atrocities which can be prevented or outcomes so undesirable they justify war. Origins The Indian epic, the Mahabharata, offers one of the first written discussions of a 'just war'. In it, one of five ruling brothers asks if the suffering caused by war can ever be justified, and then a long discussion ensues between the siblings, establishing criteria like proportionality, just means, just cause, and fair treatment of captives and the wounded. The war in Mahabharata is preceded by context that develops the "just cause" for the war including last minute efforts to reconcile differences to avoid war. At the beginning of the war, there is the discussion of "just conduct" appropriate...
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...crucified him. This links to how war can be justified because Jesus Gods only son did not punish those who purposely killed him without reason. So to punish those with to an extent have a valid reason could be seen as hypocritical. Augustine believed that justified wars were commanded by God in the bible and split his theory into two parts they are; jus ad bellum-just reasons for going to war, and jus in bello-just practice in war. This was then further developed by Aquinas. Jus ad bellum contains seven key points. If these points are met then war can be justified. The points are; just authority-war must be ordered by legitimate authority, just cause-there must be just reason for going to war, just intention- war must be intended to achieve lasting peace, proportionality- the injustice which led to the war must be proportionate to the damage it causes, last resort- all peaceful alternatives must...
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...TOPROMOTE PEACE” |Peace Education | http://missmakanani.blogspot.com/2007/07/50-ways-to-promote-peace.html 1. Make friends with someone of another race, ethnicity, age, ability, or sexual orientation. Appreciating and embracing diversity helps to promote peace. 2. Get to know your neighbors. It’s hard to reclaim peace without a sense of community. 3. Take an adventure to neighborhoods of your town or country that are ethnically focused to appreciate diverse cultures. Cross-cultural understanding is key to building peace. 4. Travel to learn. Get first-hand experience in how things happen in other places and bring home questions about how you do things at home. 5. Drive with patience and tolerance. Keep the peace on our streets and highways. 6. Listen more. Really listen, without giving unsolicited advice. The validation of being heard is often more important than solving the problem. 7. Spend time with a youngster. This can often remind us of the meaning of a peaceful world. 8. Practice the art of patience. Be careful not to rush to judgment or action. 9. Start peace conversations...
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...Essay Title: Is Global Civil Society an answer to War? Introduction War is not a modern phenomenon but as old as human existence itself. Wars are not like natural calamities or phenomenon but are very much part of human existential dynamics that seeks both peace and ability to survive acknowledging its natural competitive behaviour which unlike realist assumptions is conditioned and not natural. However, realism has dominated the field of international relations since the end of World War 11. It dominates political thinking, with exclusive emphasis on the state as the primary actor in world politics. Realists display a very overt pessimistic view of human nature, advocating with religious conviction that selfish human nature drives international relations into conflicts subjugating state to resort to organized violence and wars in order to gain upper hand and to always resort to wars to resolve international conflicts. Thus resulting in a system framed to maximize state’s military power in a predominantly anarchical environment. As a distinct school of thought, Realism emphasizes separation from domestic to international with little or no democratic structures within its sphere. Consequently, warfare has remained an institutionalized social order against the predatory behavior of others and consequently a legitimate instrument of survival. Moreover, growth in the size of armies and the development of weapons technology has led to an increase in the frequency of wars resulting...
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...intimidation to international peace and security. With the new epoch, the number of military, police and civilian in peacekeeping personnel of the United Nations in the entire world has reached unprecedented levels. It has been observed that peace keeping by U.N. has not only developed in magnitude but it has come to be increasingly intricate. Some says that United States has their own limitations and one of them is peacemaking. However, it is fair to say that the deteriorating situations are being resolved by UN peacekeeping operations by spending...
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...Bellum iustum or the Just War Theory is a military ethics doctrine derived from Episcopal philosophy of the Roman Catholic Church. As studied today, the Just War Theory is considered hugely informed by the Christian understanding of the justifications of wars of invasion. In ethicist literature as in moral theology and policy making, the Just War Theory is associated with the belief that conflicts can be justified under certain philosophical, political and religious criteria. This paradigm dates back to the times of Marcus Tullius Cicero, a Roman statesman, philosopher, lawyer, theorist and constitutionalist. The connection of the theory to medieval Christian theory and particularly, contemporary Catholicism is in the works of Thomas Aquinas and Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis (Gutman & Rieff, 2000). The former, also called Thomas of Aquin was an Italian Dominican priest, a theologian and a philosopher. The latter, also called St. Augustine, Blessed Augustine or Augustine of Hippo, was a onetime Bishop of Hippo Regius, a philosopher and theologian. This paper describes the tenets of the just war theory derived from the works of these philosophers and the utility of the theory within contemporary warfare. Specific focus is on the justification of the US invasion of Iraq and the consequences thereof. In the works of these three philosophers, the Just War Theory took a Christian connotation of the Roman Empire’s view of warfare. The Christian understanding of provocation to war...
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...The Somali Conflict: Finding a Solution for Lasting Peace in the Horn of Africa The Civil War in Somalia History of the Somali Conflict The colonial territories of Somalia and Somaliland joined to for m the Somali Republic under the East African nation’s first constitution in 1960, marking the first time that the territories enjoyed independence from foreign colonial rule since the 1880’s. Unfortunately, political strife and tension was present even at the time of the country’s formation. Prior to colonial rule, the two territories were governed by a highly decentralized form of pastoral rule, consisting of large clans of nomadic and agricultural familial units (Ahmed 1999, 114). It has been argued that the incompatibility of such a decentralized form of governance with a highly centralized Western-style governmental structure is the fundamental driving force behind the ongoing political conflicts, formations of factions, and civil war in Somalia (Ahmed 1999, 115). Indeed, centralized government was not successful in the fledgling African country. By 1969, less than a decade after its inception, the Somali government was taken over in a swift and virtually bloodless military coup led by the commander of the Somali Army, Major General Mohamed Siad Barre (Linke 2011, 47). Upon seizing power, Barre quickly dissolved the country’s parliament and court system, suspended the constitution, and constructed a military dictatorship based largely on Marxist principles (Linke...
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...A Term Paper on UN peacekeeping and the Role of Bangladesh Submitted to: Dr. Syeda Rozana Rashid Assistant professor Department of International Relations Submitted by: Roksana Mohammed(rk-56) Nafisa Noor(km-76) 2nd year 3rd semester Date of submission:11.05.2013 Abstract Peacekeeping operations by the UN are the operations designed to restore or protect the peace in certain areas of conflict. Peacekeeping has proven to be one of the most effective tools available to the United Nation to assist host countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace. Bangladesh has contributed the largest amount of troops in the UN peacekeeping operations. Bangladesh’s troops is being praised and honored by world widely because of its efficiency in UN Peacekeeping operations. This term paper is based on the activities of UN Peacekeeping and the role of Bangladesh in the UN peacekeeping missions. Bangladesh Army started its journey in the UN Peacekeeping mission in 1988.Bangladesh Armed Forces has so far participated in 52 Peacekeeping missions in 40 countries. This paper also regards with the view of the performance of troops of Bangladesh in UN peacekeeping missions and the importance of Bangladesh’s role in Peacekeeping mission as the contributor of the highest number of troops. The various issues with the troops of Bangladesh are also provided in the paper. References are also included in this paper. Content * Methodology………………………………………………………………pg-01 ...
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...INTRODUCTION In the United Nations charter for maintenance of international peace and security, the Security Council has primary responsibility to play in that. It is for Security Council to determine when and where a UN peacekeeping operation should be deployed. The Security Council response to crises around the world on a case by case basis and it has a range of options at its disposal. It takes many different factors into accounts considering the establishment of new peace operation including: i. whether there is a ceasefire in place and the parties have committed themselves to a peace process intended to reach a political settlement ii. Whether a clear political goal exists and whether it can be reflected in the mandate iii. Whether a precise mandate for a UN operation can be formulated iv. Whether the safety and security of UN personnel can be reasonably ensured, including in particular whether reasonable guarantees can be obtained from the main parties or factions regarding the safety and security of UN personnel The changing role of the United Nations includes the following. Conflict resolution, conflict prevention, women peace security Collective security, disarmament, peace building, and The development of new international arrangement to promote peace stability and the general welfare among others. ROLES OF UNITED NATIONS IN MAINTENANCE OF PEACE AND SECURITY CONFLICT RESOLUTION Many international controversies do not even come before the UN because the parties...
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...EMMERGING ROLE OF UN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FUTURE CONFLICTS INTRODUCTION Since the end of cold war, the world has been in a constant flux of changes, resulting into serious security risks. These risks range from border disputes to ethno-religious conflicts, most of which are likely to cause regional and global destabilization. In today’s unipolar world no single or group of states has the capacity to counter balance by themselves and therefore, the world is looking more towards United Nations (UN) for establishing World peace. The Collective power to shape the future is greater now than ever before. The world needs a new vision that can mobilize people everywhere to achieve higher levels of cooperation in areas of mutual interest. The foundation of UN some fifty five years ago was an expression by world leaders towards a new world wherein the international behavior and governance was about to begin. The domination of power blocks and less respect for use of UN forum for vested interest has curved the UN role. The potentialities of international organization led by UN are immense in this regard though not utilized to its full potential. At this new millenium every ones expectations are of more peaceful world order. But the natures of conflicts in future days are likely to be more diverse and complicated to be handled by UN. The causes of these conflicts will be mainly of race for nuclear power, global militarization, prolong economic sanction on...
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...TERRORISM, WAR, PEACE AND HUMAN RIGHTS FACULTY GUIDEBAC 445 FONTBONNE UNIVERSITY OPTIONS BACHELOR OF ARTS IN CONTEMPORARY STUDIES COURSE DESCRIPTION This course will explore ethical, theoretical, and practical questions relating to terrorism, the engagement of war, cultural and ethnic conflicts. This course will explore why we wage war, the development of terrorism and its impact on societies, society’s quest for peace and the methods attempted to achieve peace. This course will also explore the concept of human rights and how terrorism and war impact these rights. © Copyright Fontbonne University, St. Louis, MO, January 2007. COURSE OVERVIEW TOPICS • Historic and philosophical positions on war • Contemporary moral foundations on war • Human rights • Terrorism • Humanitarian intervention and preemptive war • Religious positions on war • Toward a theory of just peace COURSE OVERVIEW INTRODUCTORY NOTES TO FACULTY The subjects of war, peace, terrorism and human rights are daily fare in the media. While people form strong opinions on these matters and tend to regard them as right or wrong, many do not have the skills to analyze and clearly articulate a rationale for their positions. The purpose of this course is thus twofold: to equip students with the ethical theories needed to make a judgment...
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...line to present his feelings and emotion. From aggression to peaceful, Goldworthy presented an array of emotions. I noted some of the examples of how Andy uses line to present emotion. One emotion that I detected was freedom. He talked about how water was so unpredictable and free and in one of his pieces; he connected dozens of green leaves and formed a line with them. He then put those leaves in a river. The leaves’ movement was not predictable and showed freedom. Goldworthy also depicted peacefulness in one of his pieces. Andy woke up early one morning before sunrise and worked on an ice sculpture. Ice is peaceful to me because it his frozen and never moving, depicting stillness and peace. The sculpture was finished just as the sun rose and gleamed perfectly on the piece, which depicted peace in my eyes. Andy Goldworthy was also passionate about the color red. Red in my eyes shows aggression, anger, and power. In one of his pieces, he would grab different rocks from riverbeds that would produce a deep red color. He would then put that color in several places around the river, which in my eyes depicted aggression. Goldworthy is very passionate about the emotion that he puts in his work and it was clear from the...
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...Jason Palmer ENC 1102 [ 10 June 2013 ] The Vent Analysis Justin Scott (born August 26, 1986), better known by his stage name Big K.R.I.T (King Remembered In Time), is an American hip hop recording artist and record producer from Meridian, Mississippi. The lyrics of this song are commonly written like most songs with consonance, rhyme, and metaphors. In the case of the song The Vent it is fully written with other figures of language such as, imagery, allusions, that reveal the subject of the song, which is the mind of a person conflicted with emotions and nowhere to go, like holding a filled cup of water and it keeps filling and you have nowhere to empty it as it piles up and starts to overflow before the person drops and breaks the glass as a shattered psyche similar to a mental breakdown. The first topic of discussion is derived from the title. Venting is something we all at some point in our lives have been known to go through. It refers to the very moment when immense emotion is pent up in our mind our souls and most importantly our hearts so we need to find a way to channel these emotions calmly and peacefully through a listening ear. The Vent, like anyone else who has gone through this was a moment in this man's life where he had all of these emotions, these mental aches and pains, and what he goes through when he can no longer repress these emotions and needs to get something off his chest . The writer uses allusion in some parts of the lyrics, trying to explain...
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...Global Peace and Justice Begins at Home. Wars are everywhere. Wars define destruction. Not only does it destroy the Earth and whatnot but what a lot of us, naive people do not realise is that it also destroys the pure innocent minds of the little, chaste children. Many of us people misunderstand the concept of opening the minds of the kids to wars. The main reason why we do so is to make sure that the kids would not start any wars and let the peace on Earth sustain. Without realising the consequences, the erroneous thing that people do now is to open the minds of these children to the basic ways of starting a war. Global peace is a personal choice, hour by hour. Ask yourself, "Am I going to add to the fighting in the world? Or offer up something greater?" If you want to obtain peace, then start changing the world by changing the ways you teach these children. They are supposed to be playing hopscotch, filling in colouring books, having pets, playing hide and seek. What happened to that? I no longer see kids doing these things. Based on what I see on the Internet, parents are starting to neglect their responsibilities and instead of teaching their children good things, they are literally teaching them stuff like how to use a gun and how to use army knives. Despite the fact that these kids are still too small to be carrying out these type of activities, they are also too gullible to barely even think about the ramification of learning these stuff. Parents who train their...
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...Peacemaking in the School Systems War versus Peace War and peace, people have heard this phrase from such things as movies, marriages, sports figures and owners, union workers and employers. Because conflict generally involves two or more parties, each person tries to find the balance between the conflict and the solution in order to find the peace he or she seeks. There is a fine line between conflict and peace. For individuals looking to find peace sometimes it takes a conflict to open his or her eyes to a solution for the problem. What is a conflict? For there to be a conflict there has to be some type of situation that each party does not agree upon. This results in the conflict. One person may view the situation one way while the other individual has a completely different view of the situation. Meeting in the middle is where each individual needs to meet but sometimes that is easier said than done. Finding a solution becomes the main focus when people have conflicts with one another. Individuals on each side of the conflict do not want to give in because they feel as if this is a submission of failure or loss of their own goals. According to Myers (2010), “People in conflict perceive that one side’s gain is the other’s loss:” (pg. 483). What is Peacemaking? Peacemaking starts with a compromise where each person experiencing the conflict can reach the goal or action he or she is trying to reach. Peace is achieved by each individual analyzing his or her...
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