...The Concept of Power The concept of power is present within various realms of all organizations. Power, however, is not something that should necessarily be looked at negatively. There are justifiable types of power that may be important to criminal justice organizations. The main role of power in criminal justice administration should be to gain compliance from subordinates of all types, and turn that power over time into acceptable forms of authority (Stojkovic et al., 2008). It is for this reason that power is an important attribute in criminal justice agencies. It is important as a criminal justice manager, and agency as a whole, to have legitimate power. Power that is not coercive and works for the good of the organization is beneficial in gathering information, resources, and compliance. Legitimate, expert, and referent power can be effective in the attainment of goals (Stojkovic et al., 2008). Legitimate power operates on the assumption that those in traditional authority positions are the power holder and wield their authority over the power recipient because their internalized norms justify the amount of compliance needed (Stojkovic et al., 2008). Legitimate power is most useful within criminal justice agencies because it takes into account the culture, and social structure, and operates within a hierarchy to promote successful delegation of duties. While political power does have some benefits within a criminal justice agency, it is easily corruptible and...
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...THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES NAME: MWENYA MAKASA COMP NO: 14129965 COURSE: SOCIOLOGY 1110 LECTURE: MRS NTASHALA TUTOR: MR MWILA LUDAMO TUTORIAL DATE: WEDNESDAY 18-19HRS TASK: ASSIGNMENT ONE DUE DATE: 28TH January, 2015 QUESTION: Discuss the three Main Perspectives in Sociology and indicate their usefulness in Contemporary society? The nature of this essay is to discuss the three main perspectives in sociology and indicate their usefulness in contemporary society. The essay will first start with the definition of the term sociology and the term perspective. Later the essay will identify the three main sociological perspectives which are the key concepts of this essay. And a conclusion will be drawn at the end of this essay. The term sociology can be dated back in 1840. It was a word introduced by the French philosopher and the father of positivism (the use of scientific method in observing and studying social behavior). Auguste Comte (1789-1857) is considered to be the founder of the term sociology used to describe a new way of looking at the society. Therefore sociology can be defined as a scientific way of thinking about society and its influence on human groups (Taylor 2011). Perspectives in sociology provides us with different mindset in which we feel and see the world for example, a...
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...concerned with those factors that determine human emotions and behavior that individuals are often unaware of, there is no one more influential than the Austrian neurologist and the founding father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. In creating psychoanalytic theory, Freud himself developed various therapeutic methods to establish his central thought process. His analysis of dreams, outlined in his famous work, The Interpretation of Dreams, provided a framework that was used for clinical analysis and diagnosis. He redefined sexuality in his work, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, and formulated the concept of the Oedipus complex. Although Freud’s work dates back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, he is still relevant and his theories equivocally influential. In this essay, I will outline Freud’s key ideas with regards to dreams and sexuality as seen in his famous works, The Interpretation of Dreams, and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality as well as provide a critical background on both themes along with a assessment of his central concepts based on personal experiences and observations. Freud’s overall framework on dreams is very elaborate. According to Freud, dreams are all forms of “wish fulfillment” at the psychological level, which is that dreams are attempts by the unconscious mind to resolve a problem or conflict that could be rooted in earlier stages of an individual’s life or...
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...explain social phenomena. In this essay I will explain the origins and evolution of the three main sociological perspectives and listing the sociologists that made major contributions to these disciplines. “The functionalist perspective is a sociological approach which emphasizes the way that parts of a society are structure to maintain its stability,” (Schaefer & Lamm, 1998). This perspective takes a look at society in a positive manner and sees it as stable, when all the parts are working together. With the functionalist view every social aspect of a society contributes to the society’s survival, and if not, then the aspect will not pass onto the next generation. There were two people who were mainly involved in the development of the functionalist perspective. The French sociologist David Emile Durkeim and Talcott Parsons. Durkheim contributed to the functionalist perspective when he studied religion, and how it was responsible for people feeling solidarity and unity in groups. Parsons was a sociologist from Harvard University who was greatly influenced by Durkheim. In return, he influences Sociology by dominating the field, with his functionalist views for four decades (Schaefer & Lamm, 1998). When approaching a subject with the functionalist perspective, manifest and latent functions as well as dysfunctions are looked at and studied. A manifest function of an institution is one that is stated and expected. A latent function is one that is unexpected or can...
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...of his or her body, e.g. the mouth during breast-feeding, the anus during toilet-training. He proposed that adult neurosis (functional mental disorder) often is rooted in childhood sexuality; therefore, said neurotic adult behaviors were manifestations of childhood sexual fantasy and desire. That is because human beings are born "polymorphous", infants can derive sexual pleasure from any part of their bodies, and that socialization directs the instinctual libidinal drives into adult heterosexuality.[3] Given the predictable timeline of childhood behavior, he proposed "libido development" as a model of normal childhood sexual development, wherein the child progresses through five psychosexual stages – the oral; the anal; the phallic; the latent; and the genital – in which the source pleasure is in a different erogenous zone. Freudian psychosexual development Sexual infantilism: in pursuing and satisfying his or her libido (sexual drive), the child might experience failure (parental and societal disapproval) and thus might associate anxiety with the given erogenous zone. To avoid anxiety, the child becomes fixated, preoccupied with the psychological themes related to the erogenous zone in question, which persist into adulthood, and underlie the personality and psychopathology of the man or woman, as neurosis, hysteria, personality disorders, et cetera. THE STAGES 1. The Oral Stage 2. The Anal Stage 3. The Phallic Stage 4. The Latency Stage 5. The Genital...
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...CONTENT TITLE | PAGE | | | Introduction | 3 | Functionalist View on Football * Latent Function * Dysfunction | 4-567-8 | Conflict Theory * Conflict Theory on Football | 910-11 | Interactionisnt Perspective | 12-13 | The Reasons That We Choose Functionalist Perspective | 14 | Conclusion | 15 | Reference | 16 | Introduction The topic of our report is sports and football. The reasons why we choose this topic because football is the world’s most popular sports and also is the one of most influential sports. People call football as ‘world movement’. Besides that, football has many football stars as we know such as David Beckham and Ronaldo Luiz Nazario De Lima. Football is an ancient sport. In the middle ages, the ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games and some which include the use of the feet. Until early19th century, football is quite popular in Europe and some Latin or American countries especially in British. In 1848, ‘Cambridge Rules’ was born and it record all the rules of playing football. In 1863, the British Football Association was established and began the football league. In that time, football has become more professional in the world. As the sports developed rapidly around the world, the International Football was established in 1904.In 1908, football this sport was officially included in the Olympic Games projects. Where is the origin of football? Someone say the...
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...examples of your choice, consider how these genres mediate the ‘problem’ of the social. How significant is ideology, as well as genre theory, to your case-study? This essay will explore the ways in which the horror genre perpetuates repressive and oppressive social institutions, value systems and codes of behaviour surrounding the homosexual subject. It will be suggested that the generic conventions of horror films sustain repressive understandings of the normative order which position the homosexual subject as a threatening ‘other’. This essay will offer the opinion that it is through these representations that the horror genre produces the ideological figure of the ‘monstrous homosexual’. The discourses and ideologies explored will primarily be those relating to coding of the homosexual subject as predator and paedophile. This essay will engage with genre theory in order to demonstrate how narrative repetition in the horror genre mediates the homosexual subject as a disruption to the social order which must be eliminated in order to restore the heteronormative order. The methodology of genre theory will first be outlined, and the generic conventions of the horror film will be explored. The methodology of discourse analysis will also be employed in order to expose the ideologies at play in the case study. This essay will take Wes Craven’s A Nightmare on Elm St II: Freddy’s Revenge as a case study in the examination of the oppressive and repressive social institutions, value systems...
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...Capella University | Social Theory Essay – SOC1000 | SOC1000 – Introduction to Human Society– Professor Worley | | Zachary Skidmore | 7/11/2012 | | Living in the American society of today there are not many times we all come together to sit down and listen. We are busy, we have careers, we have kids, and our free time is expensive. However, there are times that we as nation collectively take the time to stop and listen, when the President speaks. Recently President Obama sat down with a white house reporter to discuss his newly evolved views toward gay marriage. His interview was candid, it was spontaneous, and it set off all kinds of alarms across the societal landscape of America. An article that was recently published The New York Times details this interview, during which our President came out said that he thinks that gay people should have the right to marry. The topic of gay marriage is a massive social marker, one to surely start a discussion no matter which way you see it. The nation is seemingly divided on the topic, an opinion which will seem to sway a few percentage points here and there depending on the temperature of the society at that particular time (Calimes, 2012). By the President coming out with these statements he was he was not only literally making a statement but figuratively as well. One of the best ways to analyze this event from a sociologist’s point of view is to observe the symbolic interaction theory. Although this theory...
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...Assess the usefulness of functionalist approaches in explaining crime. (21 marks) In this essay one will assess the view of functionalists and how they approach their view of the causes of crime. Functionalisms over all view is to try understand how society shapes us by using a positivist view. Crime is defined as an action which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law. One will assess each functionalist and their theories looking at how they coincide with one another, then challenge these theories to other sociologists. One functionalist sociologist is Talcott Parsons, he sees that society is based on a ‘value consensus’, and that without such a set of core values, social life would be impossible to maintain. Therefore society is a system and has to meet and fulfil certain needs, compared similarly to a biological organism. Parsons argued that certain things can be destabilising to society, for example when people do not conform to what is expected. By relating to a biological organism Parsons uses the idea of the ‘sick role’ where those that are ill don’t respect the medical profession by accepting that they are ill. He says that sickness is seen as deviant and has the potential for destabilising society. In comparison in society if someone has a ‘deviant illness’ they do not conform to what is seen as the norms in society, they are then seen as deviant and are likely to be rejected in society and turn to crime....
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION (CAPE) CARIBBEAN STUDIES For Self-Study and Distance Learning This material has been developed for The Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) With assistance from The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) Copyright © 2004 CXC/COL Prepared by Dr Jennifer Mohammed Mr. Samuel Lochan Dr. Henderson Carter Dr. David Browne CARIBBEAN STUDIES TABLE OF CONTENTS Study Guide 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Titles Society, Culture and the Individual Geography, Society and Culture History, Society and Culture Cultural Diversity in Caribbean Society and Culture Impact of Societal Institutions on Caribbean People Caribbean - Global Interaction Concepts and Indicators of Development Contribution of Sports to Development in the Caribbean Regional Integration and Development Factors Promoting or Hindering Development Intellectual Traditions The Mass Media Social Justice Investigating Issues in the Caribbean Pages 1 – 21 22 – 51 52 – 87 88 – 116 117 – 146 147 – 170 171 – 187 188 – 195 196 – 207 208 –222 223 – 247 248 – 255 256 – 262 263 – 303 INTRODUCTION Purpose The Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC), in collaboration with the Commonwealth of Learning (COL), has developed Self-Study Guides for a number of Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) and Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination (CAPE) subjects. The main purpose of the Guides is to provide both in-school and out-of-school...
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...Post-Test: Final Exam Goals: To experience the process of criticism holistically. To practice the skills of a rhetorical critic. To teach someone about how this particular, significant message works. As a critic, you will closely examine the message, analyze it, and develop some insight about how it functions. This insight will become the claim that controls your essay. Remember, what you write is the report (product) of your thinking and insights discovered. To get to that point, you must engage in four kinds of critical thinking: description, analysis, interpretation and evaluation (process). You will select, edit, and organize portions of all your thinking in each of these areas in order to teach the reader how the message works. So, your in-class paper will reflect these kinds of thinking, but the paper will be an integrated whole rather than a list or string of critical activities. Assume you have a reader who does not know what you are doing, why or how. Thus, you must define terms and elaborate on your ideas, showing the reader how your ideas relate to one another. Listed below are the specific criteria (rubric) by which the essay will be graded: 1) The essay contains an introduction that describes the context of the message and characterizes the message. (10 pts) 2) The critic states a reasonable, arguable claim about how the message works. The claim must go beyond what any average reader could conclude after encountering the message and feature...
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...behaviour (class note), offers different approaches to studying and explaining behaviours, the main approaches includes, behaviourist, psychodynamic, cognitive, humanistic and biological. In this essay, two of the approaches (behaviourist and psychodynamic) will be discussed. There are two categories of behaviourism; radical which explain operant conditioning and classic or methodological behaviourism which explains classical conditioning. Watson (1913, 1919,) developed and popularised methodological behaviourism, while . . . as Morris (1988) recorded, Skinner's radical behaviourism start to be recognised within the academic folklore, in the late 1950s. Psychodynamic perspective was originally explained in the publication by Freud (1900) titled The Interpretation of Dreams, although there are many other psychodynamic theories based on Freud’s ideas (such as Jung’s, Adler‘s, and Erikson’s). This essay is purposed to highlight the similarities and differences between the two aforementioned psychological approaches (behaviourist and psychodynamic). Behavioural approach emphasises scientific study of only observable and measurable behaviours, responses and their environmental determinant. In behaviourism learning theory applies and it has a focus on human behaviour as primarily a function of experience (nurture) instead of biology (nature). To a large extent, learning theories have been the foundation of many applications of psychology. Skinner explained behaviour with...
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...UKessays * Skip to content * United Kingdom * My Account * 0115 966 7955 ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form * UK Essays * Services * Instant Price * Order Now * Essays * Dissertations * Guarantees * Contact * tourism The tourism essay below has been submitted to us by a student in order to help you with your studies. 1. UKEssays 2. Essays 3. Tourism 4. Importance Of Human Resources In The Hospitaliy Industry Tourism Essay Importance Of Human Resources In The Hospitaliy Industry Tourism Essay In order to gain competitive power for the hotel, human resource management is an elementary issue. Human resource management can be regarded as the foundation for the hotel to acquire competitive advantage. Honoring the employees through effective communication, training programs for the employees and benefit programs is what effective hospitality management is all about. Human resource management and effective hospitality management is the corner stone of successful business in hospitality industry. The Human Resources Management (HRM) function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding what staffing needs you have and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various...
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...affective turn, there is the latent promise that it can account in some cases for how the material environment triggers specific kinds of intensities of awareness which elude description, representation, or intentional formation, but which Kahneman speculates, developed in “evolutionary history.” Altogether, evolutionary psychology and affect theory share a tenet where brains evolve to develop and function in social networks and have an appreciation of the costs of reproduction, and that these are impulses that shape our actions, oftentimes which not well understood by persons themselves, that there are pre-conscious motives that drive action. There are problems here. While certain decisions which were once thought to be self-consciously produced are automatic, this does not mean that all or most of our actions are automatically pre-conscious or without intent. So when evolutionary psychology and affect theory use neuroscience they say little to say about the individual person or even consciousness. Accordingly, when using the same axiomatic paradigm it is unlikely to have anything valid to say social organization and politics. But there is something more than simply adding notions of embodied appeals made within social discourse. Their big claim is made under duress: There is hope that computation and cognitive science will rejuvenate the humanities and stave off ever present political vulnerability. I will return and elaborate upon this point later in the essay. ...
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...Business ESSAYS IN POLITICAL MARKETING A Dissertation in Business Administration by David LeBaron 2008 David N. LeBaron Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2008 The thesis of David N. LeBaron was reviewed and approved* by the following: William T. Ross, Jr. Professor of Marketing Dissertation Co-Advisor Co-Chair of Committee John C. Liechty Associate Professor of Marketing Dissertation Co-Advisor Co-Chair of Committee Peter Ebbes Assistant Professor of Marketing David J. Huff Clinical Assistant Professor of Supply Chain and Information Systems Johannes Baumgartner Professor of Marketing Head of the Department of Marketing *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT Political marketing sits at the nexus of two disciplines, political science and marketing, but is not entirely accepted by either. The present research looks at the origin, development, and evolution of political marketing and examines how the adoption of a political marketing orientation is impacting the practice of political campaigns. The role of political marketing in actually changing voters’ preferences is also examined, showing that grassroots marketing efforts seem to have the greatest effect, especially with undecided voters. Finally, voter segments are derived for the last five presidential elections in the United States (1988-2004) using latent class analysis...
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