...languages that vary from region to region within a particular country. A few examples include: Celtic Languages, such as, Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic (Erse), Manx Gaelic Germanic languages, such as, Bavarian German, Dutch, English (Old English, Anglo-Saxon), Frisian, High German, Low German, and Yiddish. During the rise of the Roman Empire Latin became the common language. Only the upper class and clergy were literate in Latin. During the High Middle Ages, the feudal aristocracy felt the need for literacy and education. This created a demand for literature that applied to the lives if the ruling military class. This brought about the beginning of the spread of different forms of vernacular language. The spread of vernacular languages was also due to the consolidation of monarchies and the decreased papal influence. Due to the breakdown of Christendom, separate countries ruled by one king or emperor (Applied History Research Group, 1997). These events created a newfound sense of closeness among people in their own region, as well as a sense of pride for their developing individual nations. By the end of the twelfth century, Latin was still used in formal politics, but in England and France government and legal documents were being written in the vernacular (Applied History Research Group, 1997). “Travelling entertainers like the...
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...spread of it and how it impacted the different cultures within the medieval age. From the rise of the Christian Churches to the time of courtly love, troubadours and the romantic love era vernacular languages impacted the people of France throughout Western Europe and the rest of the world. Though the people of the general population where not able to interpret and understand the Latin language known as the language of the elite (the educated or the people of higher and political authority) until mid to late middle ages, they began to write and speak through the common languages within their countries to make it easier to communicate and understand laws, romantic love and to also spread the words of god within the Christian churches. The Catholic Church was established in 325 CE (Sayre,2013), approximately 300 years after the death of Jesus Christ. By 476 BE, the Germans had taken over the Roman Empire under the rule of Constantine as he started to build his empire known as the Byzantine Empire . Constantine, the first Christian ruler, a believer of Jesus Christ, moved the Roman Empire to Instanbul, formerly known as modern day, Turkey. Upon establishing his empire and the Christian church Constantine named that city after himself, Constantinople. After the Christian Church was established came the Medieval Ages which took place in Britain. The Medieval Age was also known as the dark or the middle ages. Not many things changed or were created during this time, as the people...
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...parts in the research. They are Anglo/Germanic countries and Latin countries. There are three key findings. 1.Culture has an effect on salespersons' use of "smart" selling techniques. 2. Latin salespeople seem to use "smart" selling techniques significantly more than their British counterparts but not more than their German counterparts. 3.The more behavior-based the sales force control system, the stronger positive/negative effect on sales- persons' likelihood to select key decision-makers at higher hierarchical positions in a customer's organization for Latin salespeople versus for Anglo and Germanic salespeople. The key variables and the key hypotheses There are two control variables in the research -- sales experience and selling context (i.e., industrial, consumer, or services) because experience affects salespersons' motivation and selling context may be relevant to the choice of selling strategies. Also, compensation is another variable was used to figure out the outcome. Under the research aspect of the effect of culture on salespeople’s behavioral strategies, there are three hypotheses. HI: Latin salespeople are more likely to use "smart" selling techniques than Anglo and Germanic salespeople. H2a: The more behavior- (outcome-) based the sales force control systems, the stronger positive (negative) effect on salespersons' use of ''smart" selling techniques for Anglo and Germanic salespeople than for Latin salespeople. H2b: The higher (lower) level of fixed salary...
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...a) Briefly discuss the effects of gentrification [9m] Effects • Social and economic polarization • The upward spiral of desirability and increasing rents and property values(erodes the qualities that began attracting new people in the first place • Displacement of that community(renters(prices go up, tenants are pushed out • Arrival of new investment, new spending power, and a new tax base(increased economic activity • Rehabilitation, housing development, new shops and restaurants(higher-wage jobs (previous residents may benefit(but mostly to well-educated newcomers • Some local economic activity(forced out either by rising rents or shifting sensibilities • Industrial activities that employ local workers(viewed as a nuisance or environmental hazard • Local shops may lose their leases under pressure from posh boutiques and restaurants • Physical changes(older buildings are rehabilitated and new construction occurs • Public improvement to streets, parks, and infrastructure(new arrivals often push hard to improve the district aesthetically(codify new standards through design guidelines, historic preservation legislation, and the use of blight and nuisance laws • The social, economic, and physical impacts of gentrification(serious political conflict(exacerbated by differences in race, class, and culture • Earlier residents may feel embattled, ignored, and excluded from their own communities • New arrivals are often mystified by accusations that their...
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...A. ACCOUNTANT (v)—one trained in the management of financial records and reporting of the financial aspects of an organization. -Ac-coun-tant –syllabi.-(kount’tant) --ant; replacing late Middle English accomptant < Middle French, Old French acuntant, present participle of acunter to account --Bill Shannon’s career began as a trainee accountant with Hutton, turner, law son, now part of earns& young ACCOUNTING—the science of prov. Meaningful information about a company’s finances as a tool for manage Pronoun.-(ac-count-ing) –sylla.-\ə-ˈkau̇n-tiŋ\ --Accounting profession is quite influential in Hong Kong. -. ANNUITY (N)—a type of life insurance contract that guarantees periodic payments to the insured at some future time, usually retirement. -(- An-nui-ty) -syllabi (\An*nu"i*ty\,). -; late Middle English < Anglo-French annuité, annualté < Medieval Latin annuitās, equivalent to Latin annu ( us ) yearly (derivative of annus year) syllabi. -itās -ity -- The term annuity is used in finance theory to refer to any terminating stream of fixed payments over a specified period of time. ASSET (N)—any item of value, often descriptive of the strong point of a person or company. The property of a person or bus available for discharge of debt. -- Anglo-French, Old French asez enough. See assai -as·set- -syllabi.\ˈa-ˌset also -sət\ -- Assets acquired by taxpayers whilst resident outside the U...
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...and Fannie Mae) are now offering “Islamic home mortgages.” Such mortgages are described in detail in the textbook. The price of the Islamic mortgages tends to be very comparable to the price of traditional mortgages. Values and Attitudes * Values are the principles and standards accepted by members of a society; attitudes encompass the actions, feelings, and thoughts that result from those values. Attitudes about time, authority, education, and rewards reflect an individual’s deep-seated values and shape the behavior of, and opportunities available to, companies operating in a given culture. * Time. In Anglo-Saxon cultures, the prevailing attitude toward time is that it is valuable and should not be wasted. Conversely, Latin Americans and Arabs do not share this attitude and think nothing of starting a business meeting late, or being interrupted during a meeting. * In...
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...Latin America’s foreign and domestic policies were drastically influenced by Hugo Chavez and his regime. He successfully demonized the United States and rejected capitalistic ideas replacing them with government funded social programs. Due to a plethora of social and economic policy changes, the people of Latin America were profoundly impacted by Hugo Chavez and his sovereignty in Venezuela. Venezuela’s steady economic decline can be directly attributed to the rise of radical leftist, Hugo Chavez and his revolutionary socialist policies. Chavez was born in 1954 and raised as a low-middle class citizen of Venezuela. He attended the Venezuelan Military Academy and joined the Venezuelan Army in 1971 at age 17 (Biography). Because the majority...
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...CONTENTS INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………3 CHAPTER 1. LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN OLD ENGLISH AND MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD……………………………………………………………..5 1.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTHARK……………………………………5 1.1.1 THE RUNIC ALPHABET AS AN OLD GERMANIC WRITING TRADITION……………………………………………………………………6 1.1.2 OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE IN THE PERIOD OF ANGLO-SAXON ETHNIC EXTENSION…………………………………………………………7 1.2 LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN THE MIDDLE ENGLISH………………..11 1.2.1 LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND AFTER THE NORMAN CONQUEST……………………………………………….……….11 1.2.2 DIALECTAL DIVERSITY IN THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD.…...13 1.3 THE MIDDLE ENGLISH CORPUS……………………………………….15 1.3.1 GEOFFREY CHAUCER AND HIS LENDING SUPPORT OF THE LONDON STANDARD’S DIFFUSION……………………………………….17 1.3.2 THE ROLE OF THE PRINTING IN THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE………………………………………………….…….19 1.3.3 PRINCIPAL MIDDLE ENGLISH WRITTEN RECORDS AS A REFLECTION OF ONGOING CHANGES IN STANDARDIZATION………25 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….…………....28 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….30 APPENDIX 1……………………………………………………………………33 INTODUCTION linguistic history english language The English language has had a remarkable history. When we first catch it in historical records, it is a language of none-too-civilized tribes on the continent of Europe along the North Sea. From those murky and undistinguished beginnings, English has become the most widespread language in the world, used by more peoples for more purposes than any language on...
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...The Rise of Roman Papacy Hayden Wyrick Liberty University 201520 Spring 2015 CHHI 301-D13 LUO One of the most peculiar events in all of history is the rise of the papacy. During the time of the Middle Age Rome arose the need for a central figure. The Roman bishop filled that role to provide much needed stability and leadership. The focus of this particular paper will address the reasons for Rome, significant factors to dominance, and the implications of the papacy. Reasons for Rome Throughout the first centuries of Christian history, five cities emerged as epicenters for the church: Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Rome, and Constantinople. The Edict of Milan in 313 AD recognized Christianity as a legitimate religious entity. It was in this early stage of formation as an organization that the church took a similar structure to the government. The key leaders of the regional churches rose to power. The five bishops of the previous listed churches were looked to as geographical region leaders. Those five attempted to establish a stable structure upon which to build. However, the bishops would often disagree. From the time of the Edict of Milan until Constantine moved the capital of the empire away from Rome, the Roman bishop was a natural thought for the leader of the young church. Being at the center of the political, social, and economical scene allowed the Roman bishop the level of influence needed. After the political powers moved from Rome to Constantinople, the only...
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...Lecture ( 4 ) The Formation of the National Literary English language 1. Some effects of the Renaissance. The introduction of printing and the fixation of the written standard. 2. Growth of Literature in the Early English Language. 3. The formation of the spoken standard. 4. New sources of information about Language History in the 15th and 16th Centuries. The formation of the national English language, or Standard English, is considered to date from the period between the 15th and the 17th centuries. After that time the language continued to change, so one can speak of the evolution of Standard English instead of tracing the similar or different trends in the history of its dialects. We must mention at least two of the external factors that led to this development: the unification of the country and the progress of culture. Other historical events, such as the increased foreign contacts, produced a more specific kind of influence on the language: they affected the wordstock. The changes in the economic and social conditions were accompanied by the intermixture of people coming from different regions, the growth of towns with a mixed population, and the strengthening of social ties between the various regions. All these processes played an important role in the unification of the English language. All over the world the victory of capitalism over feudalism was linked up with the consolidation of people into nations and the unification...
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...Angela Evans Unit 2 Individual Project 2 Historical Foundations American Intercontinental University February 19, 2012 Latin was one of the languages of choice but in literature it began to change early in the twelfth century. The language beginning to be used was easily understood by all who read this particular literature. Because it was an understood and easy language it spread throughout Europe and Italy. The impact of this changed language would go on to impact a variety of areas including cultures. Latin originated in Rome mainly used in Latium, Rome. It was used as early as the 6th century in the Etruscan alphabet (Ager 2012). Its capacity was spread over other areas of Italy, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East as an ordinary language for everyone (Ager). The alphabet had 23 letters: A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z with none being lower case letters, the I and V were consonants and vowels, K, X, Y, and Z were used to write Greek words, and the name Julius as it known to us today was spelled IVLIVS (Ager). The vernacular language was the language that had pushed in front of the Latin language. It was easily understood because it was written in the language used by those within the region respectively. The vernacular language is the dialect used for that particular region whether it was Spanish, French, Neapolitan or Italian to name a few (Matthews, 2012). Some examples of these languages are a poem from the Italian dialect is ritmo...
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...The purpose of this paper is to Describe how European global exploration, particularly the Portuguese and Spanish, from 1500-1700, changed the character of both old and new societies. In the fifteenth century, European global expansionism was the driving force that kept the English motivated to expand. Europeans set out on a cycle of overseas voyages that would lead to the organization of European trading posts and colonies in both the Americas and the East. Colonialism is defined as a structure in a colony with a specific linkage; meaning economic, political, cultural, and social ideologies. The colonies linked England to the United States. England, being the mother country, also had a very important role play. The mother country was responsible for providing money for supplies for voyages such as ships, food, soldiers, and weapons etc. Also, England was responsible for the processing and manufacturing of raw materials. Settlers of the colonies needed markets to sell their goods and labor. They also needed a source of labor for the production of raw materials. This new labor force was made up of Native Americans, indentured servants (white slaves who served terms of up to seven years as slaves), and Africans. Columbus and his crew stated that when they arrived in the Americas they found Africans already there. In 1502, the Spanish were the first Europeans to enslave Africans in the Americas. Yet the local population died from European diseases like smallpox...
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...centuries before him, adding the idea for movable metal type. This led to the mass production of books, being them more available to the general public. The invention of the printing press helped ideas spread quickly making things easier for the reform of the Church and the development of modern sciences. "Renaissance" means "rebirth" in French and stands for the cultural, intellectual and economic changes that occurred in Europe from the fourteenth century and lasted through the sixteenth century. However, the Renaissance was not the first rebirth of learning during the Middle Ages since many beautiful cathedrals had previously been built using classical styles: universities such as Oxford and Bologna were founded around the 12th century and Arabic numbers had been brought from the East by the Crusaders. In this sense, it is said, that the Renaissance continued a process that had started in the Middle Ages. Yet this new Renaissance gave rise to a wide range of new ideas and revealing thoughts that paved the way for an understanding of the world which would have...
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...cultures and historical time periods. The study of the development of the English language has been used to represent the specific ideals and notions that pertain to particular cultures throughout history. Anglo-Saxon poetry express its cultural identity and values that underpin Anglo Saxon society, through ancient texts such as Beowulf exploring notions of heroism and servitude. Middle English literature such as The Millers Tale, unmasks the inner feudal system that deciphers the hierarchal structure within Middle England. The Holkam bible through both visual representation and literature highlights the Biblical understanding at the time and cultural barriers that were associated. The Miller’s Tale by Geoffrey Chaucer is an example of Middle English poetry that represents the societal structure of the time through language. The Miller’s Tale expresses the hierarchal structure in Middle England through denoting each individual characters social standing within society. The Miller’s Tale entails the story of a carpenter who falls in love with a juvenile/adolescent girl (“Of eighteteene yeer she was of age”); a love triangle develops between three men and a woman, further digressing into a story of humor and irony aimed to satisfy the upper class. Geoffrey Chaucer depicts the carpenter as man who acts above...
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...the language spread. Latin has significantly influenced the creation of the Spanish language as well as the development of many other Western languages. I will also discuss the ways in which Latin has influenced Western language development. History of Vernacular Language Spanish has one of the richest and longest histories of any of the world’s languages. It is the fourth most-spoken language in the world after Chinese, Hindi and English. Native Spanish speakers exist throughout Europe, the United States, Pacific Islands and Africa (Penny, 2002). Spanish originated on the Iberian Peninsula which is located in the southwestern region of Europe. The vernacular language was not originally known as Spanish, it was referred to as Vulgar Latin. The Celts were a nomadic tribe from central Europe who moved into the peninsula towards the end of the sixth century. The Celts mixed with the peninsula’s residents, the Iberians resulting in a new people known as the Celtiberians who spoke a form of the Celtic language. By the nineteenth century B.C.E., the region in southwestern Europe was known as Hispania and the inhabitants learned Latin from Roman settlers, traders and soldiers. Soon after the people in Hispania learned Latin, a new language was created as a mixture of the Celtiberians language and classical Latin (Penny, 2002). The new language became known as Vulgar Latin which developed into modern Spanish. Vulgar Latin was similar to classical Latin but implemented many...
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