...Latin Heresiarch: Ending the Socialism of Language with Vernacular Language Could the use of Latin have been a means of socialism of language? Many 12th century writers thought so. With the fall of the Roman Empire came the desire from the common people to let go of some of the common practices and beliefs of Rome and to reach back to their native tongue. For some it was to gain an understanding that had been unclear in the Latin language. For others, it was a new beginning for national realization. The literary movement of Italy helped to shape the medieval climate and eventually bring about the ending of what could possibly have been used as a socialistic language. Latin Heresiarch: Ending the Socialism of Language with Vernacular Language What is Latin? Is it possible that without Latin, English wouldn’t even exist? Latin is a descendant of the Proto-Indo European language that originated in the Italian peninsula. Even though Latin is considered to be a dead language, it is still used to create new words in many languages including English. During the time period 1200 AD Latin went through a lot of phases such as the development of the literary movement, the medieval climate, and the socialism of language. These things along are why Latin is one of the oldest languages of all time. Development of the Literary Movement Latin owes its dominance to the rise of the Roman Empire, but with the demise of Rome comes the demise of the Latin language around 1200...
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...The native language of the Romans was Latin, an Italic language the grammar of which relies little on word order, conveying meaning through a system of affixes attached to word stems. Its alphabet was based on the Etruscan alphabet, which was in turn based on the Greek alphabet. Although surviving Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin, an artificial and highly stylized and polished literary language from the 1st century BC, the spoken language of the Roman Empire was Vulgar Latin, which significantly differed from Classical Latin in grammar and vocabulary, and eventually in pronunciation. While Latin remained the main written language of the Roman Empire, Greek came to be the language spoken by the well-educated elite,...
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...Topics in Cultural Studies-HUMA215 Candice Kelley Waugh 1/21/14 “To be or not to be…?” If the question is whether to confine all literary works to only the Latin language, then the answer for scholars and writers alike in the 12th century was indeed not. While Latin was spoken and read by educated men throughout Europe at the time, the growing availability of education for even the common man and women made for an increase in the amount of works created. It would then follow that with proper knowledge of the written word, those with the creative inkling would begin to write, not as a scholar, but rather in the vernacular most commonly recognizable to those who would read their works. Vernacular simply means the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region (Sayre, 2013). The Latin language however is far from dead. Its roots can be found in nearly every language throughout the world. Even with the complexity of the English language, Latin bases, roots, prefixes and suffixes are very apparent. Without the shift from exclusivity to commonality the literary world would have suffered greatly. Prior to the 12th century, literature was primarily written in Latin. According to Dr. Deborah Schwartz, a professor at Calpoly University, writers of the time adapted poetry from Latin to French as part of a movement known as “translation studii” (Schwartz, 1999-2008). Not only were current works translated to language that could understand by...
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...Latin America is more than just an exotic travel destination for Americans or any travelers from around the world for that matter. Though Latin America is filled with several breath-taking wonders of the world; including their crystal clear waters and beautiful sandy white beaches, tropical rain forests, and ancient historical landmarks. Latin America’s tranquil atmosphere should not be underestimated as the little more than underdeveloped sibling. After examining the history, politics, and economic stand point of the countries in Latin America, they have many similarities with the United States and several differences that should be taken into consideration when dealing with United States foreign policy with Latin American countries. What is Latin America? Where is Latin America? What countries are considered to be a part of Latin American? These are the initial questions a person thinks about when Latin America comes into a discussion. Around the world people will have their own ideas and stereotypes about Latin America, but here are the facts. The term Latin America is used to describe the countries in the sub regions of the Americas that were once the old colonies of European nations. The reference to Latin corresponds to the fact that as product of the colonization from the European nations the languages now spoken in these countries are Latin based. The languages spoken are derived from the so called “Romance tongues” of Spain, Portugal, and France. Latin America...
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...How Latin Effected the Medieval times Lisa J. Schneider AIU Online Abstract Latin had a great effect on the world as it is today, but it all started around the twelfth century. Latin was a language that was used among people that were educated and throughout literature. It was the language used around the time of the Roman Empire, but started to fade after the Empire fell in 1200 A.D. How Latin Effected the Medieval times After the fall of the Roman Empire in 1200 A.D. the Latin language began to fade, and most of the other countries at this time went back to their vernacular language. At this time only the educated people and people throughout literature used this language. However soon after the fall of the Roman Empire the Latin language faded away slowly. Because of the fall of the Roman Empire along with the fade of the Latin Language, vernacular language became its replacement. French After Latin faded away as a language because of the Roman Empire falling, France became the first country to take on the vernacular language and roughly around the fourteenth century, vernacular works spread throughout Europe. The changes that arose presented an important change in the interest of courtly literature. This gave people a greater freedom of expression. This is seen in the poems of troubadours about courtly love. Christianity Christianity was easily spread using vernacular language, as the bible was already translated into the vernacular language in the...
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...Historical Foundations- Latin America Brandy Barnum HUMA215-1302B-06 6/22/2013 Abstract Latin was the language of the Roman Empire. It is widely debated how Latin started to be spoken by the Romans. Latin is one of many of the Italic languages. The Romance languages are made up of the languages that are descended from Latin. Much of language today is still derived from Latin beginnings and influences the English language as well as other modern languages. Historical Foundations – Latin America Latin is one of the oldest languages known to man. Dating back with beginnings noted in 2nd century BC and continuing through the 18th century, the Latin language has spread and evolved, deriving much language used today from Latin origin. The history of the Latin language includes Archaic Latin, Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin, Medieval Latin, Renaissance Latin, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin. Archaic , or “Old Latin”, refers to all Latin that was used before 75 BC. The early Latin alphabet, known as the Etruscan Alphabet, was written from right to left but later got revised and was then written from left to right. Vulgar Latin was used from 200-900 BC. Although it is called Vulgar it is not filled with naughty words, but is quite the opposite. Vulgar Latin is how the Romance languages were developed. Medieval Latin was used from 900-1300 BC. Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, it was how scholars spoke and used in the medieval Roman Catholic...
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...Inequality: The Most Pressing Problem in Latin America Throughout the years, Latin America has experienced dramatic political, social, and economic changes amongst it’s numerous countries. As time went on, various leaders brought grand ideas to the table in hopes of bettering the region. However, in most cases, the outcome was far from grand, failing to address social conflicts that derived from deep inequality and high levels of poverty. Without successfully conquering the underlying causes of conflict within the region, change in a positive direction for Latin America does not exist. This paper will define inequality as the most pressing problem that Latin American countries continue to face, and how inequality, discrimination, poverty, and crime violence stem from the underlying problem of inequality. As a result, social programs currently in place fail to properly address the issues of inequality and poverty within Latin America, thus being unsuccessful. In their literature review of the Southern Commands, Jorge Castaneda and Patricio Navia remind the reader that, “be it in the Caribbean heat or in the Andes-mountain cold, the uniform and lasting defining characteristic of Latin America is inequality” (82). They continue to explain that, “Latin America brings together – often within the same countries, same cities and occasionally even the same neighborhoods – the wealth and prosperity of the most-industrialized nations in the world and the dispossession, despair and hopelessness...
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...In Latin America, the popularity of the sport is growing rapidly and the most recent of talent into the NBA is migrating from Latin America. The cultural popularity of the sport was growing exponentially and is well documented in China with the likes of Yao Ming and Jeremy Lin who are Asian sensations. With Latin American backgrounds integrating into the game of basketball, I wonder how these international translations are in turn changing the game we see at home. In Latin America, where the climate and geographies are so much different than the one in the United States, we find growth in basketball. Though the NBA in Latin America is growing, it is still not a hit in Central and South America. Though whenever you go either it is Latin America, China, America, etc… there is always someone playing the game. Even in the likes of Mexico, they are mostly known for militant based political revolution than anything else, but basketball courts do exist. The courts might be used for other things like farming during the day, but you will always see some kid playing and working on his game. Just like what I do when I am in my hometown hooping outside of my house, no court just the concrete and the hoop I have next to my garage. The growth of basketball throughout Latin America region is unexpected, only because they compete for national attention in their number one sport soccer. Basketball has to compete in Central American countries like El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Cuba, and...
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...Revolts in Latin America I. Discontent Fans the Fires • Spanish born peninsulares dominated Latin American political and social life. • Many creoles resented their second-class status. • Creoles were European-descended Latin Americans. • Mestizos were people of Native American and European descent. • Mulattoes were people of African and European descent. • Mestizos and Mulattoes were angry because they were being denied the status, wealth and power that the white people had. • Enslaved Africans that worked on plantations wanted freedom. • In the 1700s, educated creoles became Enlightened as they watched colonists in North America throw off British rule. However, many creoles were reluctant to do anything. • Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in 1808 sparked the rebellion in Latin America. II. Slaves Win Freedom for Haiti • Revolution had erupted in a French-ruled colony on the island of Hispaniola. • French planters in Haiti owned very profitable sugar plantations. • The half a million slaves who worked on these plantations were overworked and underfed • The rebels were fortunate to find an intelligent and skillful leader in Toussaint L’Ouverture. • Toussaint L’Ouverture was a self-educated former slave but he was untrained. However, he was a brilliant general and inspiring commander. • Toussaint’s army faced many enemies like when the mulattoes joined French planters against the rebels. • Napoleon Bonaparte sent a large army to reconquer the former colony. Toussaint...
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...This paper will discuss the poverty in Latin America. Latin America has always been in poverty and although there have been some ups and downs, the poverty level remains great. First, we will discuss the region that is known as Latin America, the determining factors of poverty, the statistics and history of the poverty in Latin America and the future of the poverty in Latin America. Latin America refers to the areas of America in which the Spanish or Portuguese languages prevail. These areas include Mexico, most of Central and South America, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Brazil. Latin America can be subdivided into different regions, such as North America, South America, Central America and the Caribbean. (Wikipedia, Retrieved 2010). Latin America consists of many different ethnic backgrounds and races. It is one of the most diverse regions in the world. Some of the predominant races/backgrounds include European-Amerindians (Mestizo), Amerindians, European, Mulatto, Black, Asian and Zambo (mixed Black and Amerindian). Latin America continues to be challenged by inequality and poverty. Poverty is defined as, “the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions.” (Merriam-Webster, Retrieved 2010). According to the World Bank, nearly 25% of the population of Latin America lives on less than $2.00 a day. At least 182 million people are living in poverty in Latin America and at least 68 million people are living in extreme...
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...Analysis on Open Veins of Latin America History is a subject most people tend to disregard and see it as only the class they needed to pass in school. Most individuals don't take the time to reflect how history has had an impact on them, their family and even their culture. By studying and understanding history and why events happened they way they did it can help us analyze our current situation and even help predict future events. This is what Eduardo Galeano tries to do in his book Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the pillage of a Continent. He discusses the events in history that have led to Latin America be in the state it currently is in. Galeano argues that because of both European and U.S intervention, Latin America has been led down a path which has caused damage to its politics, its society and most importantly its economy. The book begins with the arrival of Christopher Columbus, the Spaniard who tried to find a faster passage to Asia but instead would discover by accident the Americas. Columbus would get started with his voyage after asking the Queen and King of Spain to fund his expedition so he could bring wealth to the Spanish Empire. During this time, the Spanish had been fight a war to expel the Moors out of its Kingdom and all those who were not of catholic faith. This included people of Islamic religions and Jews. But the cost of this war was increasing by the day and the Spanish crown was running out of funds to continue this war. But...
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...Eugene Harmon Poverty in Latin America Inequality: The Most Political and Economic Problem in Latin America Throughout the years, Latin America has experienced dramatic political, social, and economic changes amongst its numerous countries. As time went on, various leaders brought grand ideas to the table in hopes of bettering the region. However, in most cases, the outcome was far from grand, failing to address social conflicts that derived from deep inequality and high levels of poverty. Without successfully conquering the underlying causes of conflict within the region, change in a positive direction for Latin America does not exist. This paper will define inequality as the most political and economic problem that Latin American countries continue to face, and how inequality, discrimination, poverty, and crime violence stem from the underlying problem of inequality. As a result, social programs currently in place fail to properly address the issues of inequality and poverty within Latin America, thus being unsuccessful. In their literature review of the Southern Commands, Jorge Castaneda and Patricio Navia remind the reader that, “be it in the Caribbean heat or in the Andes-mountain cold, the uniform and lasting defining characteristic of Latin America is inequality” (82). They continue to explain that, “Latin America brings together – often within the same countries, same cities and occasionally even the same neighborhoods...
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...Tatiana Magaña Professor Friedman Latin American Politics 7 December 2011 Women’s Struggles in a Socialist Venezuela Venezuela has overcome many obstacles, and triumphs as a country that always been full of oppression on the people. With years of oppression and marginalization, a new president in 1998 came into power, this President is Hugo Chavez. Hugo Chavez was able to win the presidency, perhaps because he has been viewed as a people’s man. Chavez has made it very clear that he is for socialism, and not for a neoliberal Venezuela, “Es el neoliberalismo el camino? Sí, el camino al Infierno. Ese es el camino al Infierno” - Hugo Chávez. Hugo Chavez has set out a plan for his socialist government, this plan has been designed to finally put an end to all the oppression the many lower class marginalized groups have faced over the decades. However, it is very evident that putting this plan into action has proved a lot more difficult than Chavez and his administration thought it would. For this reason, it is clear that for social justice, and the democratization of this country have been widely affected, and not for the good. As Chavez has changed the agenda, but in the view from social justice and democracy, he has lacked to really implement change for the better, and this is why we still see a high number of marginalized groups that are fighting constantly for more rights. Women have continued to fight in the name of social justice and democracy to pave a way for all the women...
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...Practical Latin Vocabulary Level 1 5 units of vocabulary will be presented each 9 weeks. There will be a vocabulary quiz (10 pts.) each week followed by a 9 weeks’ test worth 50 pts. The weekly quizzes are considered major due dates. No make-ups will be given; instead, the next week’s quiz will be doubled in the case of absence. In the event that a student should miss the last 10 pt. quiz in a 9 week period, a 10 pt. grade will be extracted from the 9 weeks’ test. Format for weekly list: 1. quote / famous saying 2. abbreviation or educational term 3. legal terminology 4. medical terminology, especially prescription terms 5. motto 6. prefix 7. root 8. root 9. author 10. title of the above author’s work week 1 1. beati pacifici “Blessed are the peace makers.” 2. A.D. (Anno Domini) “in the year of our Lord” 3. ad hoc (for this purpose) an ad hoc committee is established to complete a certain task; once the task is complete, it is disbanded 4. insomnia (in) not + somnus (sleep) = sleeplessness 5. “Audemus iura nostra defendere.” “We dare defend our rights.” Motto of Alabama 6. a/ ab/ abs--from/ away 7. ferr--iron 8. hibern--winter 9. Plautus 10. Menaechmi week 2 1. carpe diem “Seize the day” (Horace) Live today, for tomorrow you may die. 2. A.M. (Ante Meridiem) “before noon” 3. argumentum ad hominem (argument against man) an argument aimed at attacking the person rather than the issue or position taken; logical fallacy ...
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...The economy in Colonial Latin America was complex and contained elements of similarity to the mother country system. Although many of the colonies’ economies in Latin America are influenced by the parent country, there different in nuance. Steve Stern does a great job of showing Colonial Latin America utilize attributes from both capitalism and feudalism to create its own sense of an economic system. The fusion of feudalism and capitalism helped to sustain slavery and provide European colonists with political and monetary power over indigenous people living in Latin America. Systematic forced labor proved Stern was correct about how European settlers established a feudalistic society in the Americas. The first establishment of forced labor came in the form of the Encomienda. The Encomienda allowed conquistadors to control Indigenous...
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