...Facts About Laws of Thermodynamics • Zeroth law: Although the concept of thermodynamic equilibrium is fundamental to thermodynamics, the need to state it explicitly as a law was not widely perceived until Fowler and Planck stated it in the 1930s, long after the first, second, and third law were already widely understood and recognized. Hence it was numbered the zeroth law. The importance of the zeroth law as a foundation to the earlier laws is that it defines temperature in a non-circular logistics without reference to entropy, its conjugate variable. • First law is nothing but a connotation of Energy Conservation • Second Law of Thermodynamics has been formulated differently by many scientists like Kelvin, Planck, Clausius and Caratheodory. But this law is the outcome of a very basic fact that Entropy of a spontaneous system always increases. Entropy is also defined qualitatively as Disorder of state. This is a common experienced fact that if let on its own, the disorder of a system always increases and work has to be done to bring it back in order. • According to the second law the entropy of any isolated system, such as the entire universe, never decreases. If the entropy of the universe has a maximum upper bound then when this bound is reached the universe has no thermodynamic free energy to sustain motion or life, that is, the heat death is reached. • The famous theory of evolution violates our Second Law of thermodynamics. Second law states that the...
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...Laws of Electrolysis Faraday's laws of electrolysis In 1833 M. Faraday studied the quantitative aspects of electrolysis, and postulated two laws named after him.Faraday's First Law of Electrolysis This law states: The mass of any substance deposited or dissolved at any electrode during electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the solution. Mathematically, if W gram of any material gets deposited or dissolved when Q coulombs of electricity is passed, then W µ Q But Q = I x t Therefore,� W µ I t or W = Z It where, Z is the electrochemical equivalent of the substance. If I = 1 unit (say,1 ampere) and t = 1 unit (say,1 second). Then Z = W, i.e., the electrochemical equivalent of a substance is equal to the mass of that substance deposited or dissolved, when a current of one ampere is passed for one second. The electrochemical equivalents of some common elements are given below. The electrochemical equivalents of some elements Faraday's Second Law of Electrolysis The second law of electrolysis is defined thus: The masses of different substances, liberated or dissolved by the same amount of electricity are proportional to their equivalent masses. Thus, when the same quantity of electricity is passed through a number of electrolytic solutions connected in series, then the masses of the different materials liberated or dissolved at the respective electrodes are in the ratio of their equivalent masses. For example, when...
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...ASSIGNMENT #1: PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS USED BY PLANTS TO HARNESS SOLAR ENERGY Introduction This document will educate us on the theory that energy is around us. It will be proven that energy comes from many forms and in fact is created multiple ways. Photosynthesis and the process that a semi-conductor solar can go through to make energy are just two ways in which energy is created for life forms here on earth. This study will allow us to see by comparing the two it’s evident that while they are alike how they use the sun to produce energy, they are very different in their processes. Similarities The similarities of semiconductors and photosynthesis are similar because they aim to trap energy from the sun. Example: the plants use photosynthesis to trap energy from the sun and will manufacture food and the semiconductors trap energy from the sun and convert it to electricity. Another, similarities between photosynthesis and semiconductor is that both have cells that traps energy from the sun, the semiconductor has solar cells that trap energy from the sun and convert it into useful product. (O'Connell) But semiconductor and photosynthesis can also be noted with more similarities because they can transform the solar energy into useful form. Remember the energy absorbed by the solar cells will and can covers into electricity and the energy absorbed in the plant is transformed can produce concrete products. Photosynthesis and semiconductors systems can work...
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...Nernst Heat Theorem Introduction : In the chemical thermodynamics, it was difficult to find a quantitative relation between ∆G and ∆H in chemical reaction. & To find out ∆G from thermal data i.e.… ∆H Various attempts to relate ∆G & ∆H are as follow (1) Joule-thomsan concept : They found that ∆G & ∆H values are same in case of Daniel cell :: they proposed that ∆G & ∆H are identical. (2) Berthelot’s concept : He suggested that “when heat is given out in a reaction, the free energy of System decreases. ” qt describes the qualitative relationship between ∆G & ∆H qt was found to be true in case of condensed system at ordinary imperative but failed in no. of other cases. (3) Gibbs – Helmholtz Concept : For the first time they deduced quantitative relation between ∆G & ∆H by the Gibbs – Helmholtz equation, The limitation of the Gibbs- Helmholtz equation that it does not allow to calculate ∆G from thermal date i.e. ∆H. *1* (4) Richard’s concept: In 1902 Richard measured the emf of cells at law temperature and Concluded that…… ∂ (∆G / ∂T) gets decreased gradually with lowering of temperatures. i.e. ∆G and ∆H approach each other marl closely at extremely low temperature. i.e. Lit ∆G = ∆H T -> O * The Nernst Heat Theorem: From the data of Richard in 1906, Nernst postulated that………. “For a process in condensed system...
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...Relationship among Force, Power, Work and Energy Force, work, energy and power are words used frequently in our everyday lives. What exactly do they mean? To put it simply, force is that which causes an object to move, while work is done when that force causes movement. Energy is the inherent ability of any object to do work, while power is the rate at which that work is done. Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy Mechanical energy is stored in an object due to virtue of its motion. Potential energy and kinetic energy are the two types of mechanical energy, and the law of conservation of mechanical energy is associated with the conservation of these two energies in a system. Mechanical energy is basically a combination of potential and kinetic energy. Principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy According to the law of conservation of mechanical energy, in an isolated system, that is, in the absence of non-conservative forces like friction, the initial total energy of the system equals to the total energy of the system. Simply stated, the total mechanical energy of a system is always constant (in case of absence of non-conservative forces). For instance, if a ball is rolled down a frictionless roller coaster, the initial and final energies remain constant. Conservative forces are those that don't depend on the path taken by an object. For example, gravity, spring and electrical forces are examples of mechanical energy. Conservation of Mechanical Energy Equation The...
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...Plant Cell versus Solar Cell Katrina Minchew July 18, 2011 Strayer University | | Photosynthesis is defined as the process in which green plants and other organisms by which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water using light as an energy source. It takes place mainly inside the leaves. This process utilizes light energy and it is transformed into chemical energy used to create organic compounds. Photosynthesis consists of two processes that use both light and dark energy. The first process, light reaction transforms light into energy. The second process utilizes dark reactions, use the energy and carbon dioxide to produce sugar. The process needs sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. These materials are transported through the leaves. Water is absorbed by the plant through the roots and is then delivered to the leaves through the plant tissue. The carbon dioxide is absorbed through small holes in plant leaves known as stomata. It also releases oxygen. The process known as chlorophyll is when the green pigment of plants and photosynthetic algae and bacteria trap the energy of sunlight. In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplasts, which is the organelle that carries out photosynthesis and starch grain formation. A chlorophyll-containing organelle in plants is the site of photosynthesis. A solar cell also known as the photovoltaic cell is a solid state electrical mechanism that converts the energy of light directly into electricity...
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...Running head: PHOTOSYNTHESIS VS. SEMICONDUCTOR BASED SOLAR CELL Photosynthesis Vs. Semiconductor Based Solar Cell Biology – SCI 115 23 January 2012 Abstract This paper discusses photosynthesis and how it is used by plants to harness solar energy. It also discusses semiconductor-based solar cells and how they are able to harness solar energy and convert it to electricity. This paper also compares the two types of solar energy systems and provides an overview of how the two systems are alike and how they are different. In closing, this paper will briefly explain how the laws of thermodynamics apply to each of the two energy systems. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a process that transfers solar energy, or energy from the sun, into a chemical energy that provides nutrients to plants and animals all over the world. Without these important nutrients, plants, animals and humans would not be able to survive on earth. “Animals and plants get energy by metabolizing nutrient molecules made by photosynthesizers.” (Mader, 2010) Semiconductor-Based Solar Cell Before discussing what a semiconductor-based solar cell is, I would first like to define a semiconductor and then explain how it is used in a solar cell type environment. A semiconductor is, “a class of materials, such as silicon and germanium, whose electrical properties lie between those of conductors (such as copper and aluminum) and insulators (such as glass and rubber)...
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...Running Head: Photosynthesis and Semi-Conductor based Solar Cells Photosynthesis and Semi-Conductor based Solar Cells Your Name goes Here Your Course Name Instructor Name October 22, 2011 Photosynthesis and Semi-Conductor based Solar Cells Plants opened opportunities to develop a source of energy from the photosynthesis process. Experts have tried to reproduce the process of photosynthesis with unproductive outcomes. For the purpose of this assignment, will explore energy generated processes through photosynthesis and a semi-conductor based solar cell. Also, will explain how both processes are related to the laws of thermodynamics. Both processes have similarities, and differences. Amid the similitude's are that both processes gather sunlight, separate water molecules, and generate energy outputs. For instance, plants receive sunlight when are on direct contact with the sun, while solar cells collect rays through photovoltaic (PV) panels. Sunlight energy is immersed when "large numbers of chlorophyll molecules acts as the antenna that actually harvest sunlight and start to convert it in to a useful form"(Why are plants green? - MSU Physics and Astronomy, 1996). Both photosynthesis and semi-conductor based solar cells are significant due to their possibilities of production. “Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar...
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...Photosynthesis and Semiconductor-based solar cell Robyn Beavon Strayer Univestity SCI 115 Professor Meri Stanec July 23, 2012 Photosynthesis and Semiconductor-based solar cell Photosynthesis, by definition, “is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert the light energy captured from the sun into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organism's activities”. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis) A solar cell “is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell) Photosynthesis and a semiconductor-based solar cell have several similarities and differences. Photosynthesis and solar cells both require solar energy or sunlight for the process to begin. We rely on both processes for survival, photosynthesis produces us oxygen, food and materials for living on Earth (fiber for clothes, wood for our homes, ect) and solar cells provide us with electricity. Another similarity is that they both lose electron during the process. When the electrons are lost in solar cells they are replenished once the electrical circuit is complete. In photosynthesis the electrons lost by the pigments are replaced by splitting water. Splitting water occurs in both plant cells and solar cells, a chemical reaction in which water is separated into oxygen and hydrogen. Water splitting occurs naturally in the process of photosynthesis, however...
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...Semi-conductor based solar cells and Photosynthesis has many qualities that are in common. Plants receive sunlight from contact (light reaction). A photovoltaic (PV) panel provides sunlight to the solar cells. Similar to how sunlight helps produce chlorophyll in plants, semiconducting material absorbs sunlight. (Oppapers.com). Because of their outputs, photosynthesis and semi-conductor solar cells have great value.. In order to create food, plants absorb sunlight and create oxygen. While this process takes place, plants use sunlight and carbon dioxide to convert water molecules into hydrogen, oxygen, and electrons (Oppapers.com). The light reaction of photosynthesis can be easily compared to how electricity is created with solar cells. The electrons that are in the solar cell get energy from the sun; from that point they are converted to a high energy level. After being turned into a high energy level, they are then accepted by the wire to run the semi-conductor motor. These processes are similar because they both lose electrons. In solar cells electrons are replenished when the electrical circuit is complete and in plant cells, splitting water furnishes more electrons (Johnson, S.). Although they have similarities, they are also very different. Plants have a more difficult time at absorbing sunlight than solar cells. Plants have the responsibility of providing energy to live on, whereas solar cells only have to provide electricity for a wire. It is very important...
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...PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND SEMICONDUCTOR-BASED SOLAR CELL 2 Abstract Energy is the capacity to do work and make things happen (Mader, 2009, p. 72). Human or other living things would not be on Earth without the source of energy. In photosynthesis, plant cells harness the sun’s solar energy with carbon dioxide to transform water molecules into oxygen, hydrogen and electrons and a semiconductor-based solar cell harnesses solar energy to convert it to electricity required by humans. In this paper, I will discuss the comparison and contrast of the two systems. I will also describe ways in which the plant cell and the solar cell are similar and different to each other. In addition, I will discuss how the laws of thermodynamics apply to each system. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND SEMICONDUCTOR-BASED SOLAR CELL 3 Photosynthesis and Semiconductor-Based Solar Cell Two ways in which energy is created for the various life forms on earth are photosynthesis and the process that a semiconductor-based solar cell goes through to make energy. Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert the light energy captured from the sun into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organism's activities. Semiconductor-based solar cells utilize photovoltaic (PV) panels to harness solar energy and coverts it to electricity without the use of chemical reactions. SIMILARITIES One similarity between photosynthesis...
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...The Second Law of Thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of any segregated framework dependably increments. Confined frameworks suddenly advance towards warm balance—the condition of most extreme entropy of the framework. All the more basically: the entropy of the universe (a definitive disconnected framework) just increments and never diminishes. A basic approach to think about the second law of thermodynamics is that a room, if not cleaned and cleaned, will perpetually turn out to be more muddled and confused with time - paying little respect to that one is so watchful to keep it clean. At the point when the room is cleaned, its entropy diminishes, yet the push to clean it has brought about an expansion in entropy outside the room that surpasses the entropy lost. The Third Law of Thermodynamics The third law of thermodynamics expresses that the entropy of a framework methodologies a steady esteem as the temperature approaches supreme zero. The entropy of a framework at supreme zero is regularly zero, and in all cases is resolved just by the quantity of various ground states it has. In particular, the entropy of an unadulterated crystalline substance (immaculate request) at total zero temperature is zero. This announcement remains constant if the ideal precious stone has stand out state with least vitality. Source: Boundless. "The Three Laws of Thermodynamics." Boundless Chemistry. Vast, 03 Feb. 2016. Recovered 14 Apr. 2016 from...
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...BSc MPC PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 1030242 PART A Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 5 Q 6 Q 7 Q 8 Q 9 Q 10 PART B Q 11 Q 12 Q 13 Q 14 b photosensitization, the process of initiating a reaction through the use of a substance capable of absorbing light and transferring the energy to the desired reactants. The technique is commonly employed in photochemical work, particularly for reactions requiring light sources of certain wavelengths that are not readily available. A commonly used sensitizer is mercury, which absorbs radiation at 1849 and 2537 angstroms; these are the wavelengths of light produced in high-intensity mercury lamps. Also used as sensitizers are cadmium; some of the noble gases, particularly xenon; zinc; benzophenone; and a large number of organic dyes. In a typical photosensitized reaction, as in the photodecomposition of ethylene to acetylene and hydrogen, a mixture of mercury vapour and ethylene is irradiated with a mercury lamp. The mercury atoms absorb the light energy, there being a suitable electronic transition in the atom that corresponds to the energy of the incident light. In colliding with ethylene molecules, the mercury atoms transfer the energy and are in turn deactivated to their initial energy state. The excited ethylene molecules subsequently undergo decomposition. Another mode of photosensitization observed in many reactions involves direct participation of the sensitizer in the reaction itself. Q 15 b Polarization (also polarisation) is a property that describes...
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...Barry Faith and Doubt The Second Law of Thermodynamics If there's anything anyone can ever be certain of, it's that there will be change. There are a few things in life that can be considered irrevocably constant. Change comes in different forms and degrees of intensity, yet everyone reacts a different way to it. In all the books we read, this was evident in the stories and the characters. In Night, the Holocaust causes Elie to lose his faith. In Barabbas, Jesus' death resulted in a journey for Barabbas to find his faith. In The Fault in Our Stars, Augustus struggles with change in his disease by trying to find control and making the most of life. The characters in the story here try to find order in an otherwise chaotic setting. This...
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...Table Of Contents PHS 100-552 Lab Part I: Scenario H Graph……………………………………………… 2 Scenario H Regions and Force Diagrams…………………………….3 Region and Force Diagram Information……………………………...4 Part II: Graph 6 ………………………………………………………….5 Step-By-Step Instruction………………………………………………..6 Regions and Force Diagrams……………………………………………7 Region Information……………………………………………………….8 Newton’s Laws…………………………………………………………… 9 Self-Assessment…………………………………………………..……..10 Scenario H You are stopped at a stop sign. Your friend pushes your car forward at an increasing velocity for two seconds. She then pushes your car for three more seconds at a constant velocity. Your friend stops pushing and you immediately apply the brakes for one second, but do not come to a stop. Regions and Force Diagrams Graph #6 Step-by-Step Instruction Regions and Force Diagrams Region Information Region A Region B Region C Region D Region E The cart remains still for 2.6 seconds 0.7 meters away from the sensor. Net force equals zero. All three graphs show the cart is stationary with a flat line across the 0.7 line. Acceleration graph begins sloping negatively once the force of hand is applied. After 2.6 seconds the cart is pushed towards the sensor until it reaches 0.2 meters. At this point the power of fan becomes greater than the power of the hand and the cart changes direction. Net force equals Fhand. All three graphs show this movement with a negative sloping and then a positive sloping in...
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