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Leadership in Today's World

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Application of the Learning Curve Theory

Mario’s Pizzeria Store Layout Simulation

Alexis M. Rodriguez Homs

OPS/571PR

December 11, 2012

Prof. Angel Melendez-Melendez

El Liderazgo en el Mundo de Hoy En nuestros tiempos, el éxito o el fracaso de las organizaciones está en las manos de quienes pertenecen a los equipos gerenciales y son conocidos como líderes. Un líder es aquella persona con ciertas cualidades de personalidad, carácter, habilidades de comunicación, y que a la vez tiene aceptación, reconocimiento y confianza de quienes le rodean por sus acciones y decisiones. Estas decisiones, apoyadas por un grado de conocimientos técnicos y de experiencia general le permiten guiar o conducir un grupo y lograr los propósitos de la institución. Aunque no existe una manera perfecta de dirigir, es posible identificar los estilos más comunes y estudiar cómo afectan los resultados de grupos bajo distintas circunstancias. La mayoría de los líderes tienden a dividirse hacia una de dos orientaciones: orientación hacia el deber (autoritario o LPC) o con orientación hacia la gente (democráticos o HPC). El líder orientado hacia el deber ejerce de una manera más directa el control sobre la agrupación. Los líderes de la visión determinan la presentación del tema. Estos lideres realizan el análisis del procedimiento y manifiestan de qué manera procederá el grupo para lograr un resultado satisfactorio. Es probable que reseñen las tareas específicas para cada miembro del equipo y que sugieran los papeles que quieren que ellos representen. Por otro lado, el líder democrático o con orientación hacia las personas puede proponer matrices del tema, sugerir el procedimiento y ofrecer tareas y cargos para los individuos. Pero en cada faceta del debate, el líder con orientación hacia la gente promueve la participación del grupo para determinar lo que se llevará a cabo. Todos se sienten con la libertad de ofrecer sugerencias para modificar las propuestas del líder. Lo que el grupo realice con el tiempo se determinará por él mismo. Estos líderes tienden a escuchar, estimular, facilitar, aclarar y apoyar. En el análisis final, sin embargo, es el grupo el que decide. Toma en cuenta a la comunidad para la solución de problemas. Respeta las costumbres y creencias de la gente. Es paciente, humilde, respetuoso, y es un modelo en su comunidad.
Ventajas y Desventajas de los Estilos de Liderazgo Cada estilo posee ventajas y desventajas. Se realiza más trabajo bajo el mando de un líder orientado hacia la misión que un líder que se encauce hacia la gente. La motivación y la originalidad son mayores bajo el mando de un líder orientado hacia las personas. Un liderazgo orientado hacia la misión puede crear descontento entre la gente y tener como consecuencia una menor creatividad individual. Se demuestra más cordialidad en los grupos con orientación hacía las persona. La investigación de Fred Fiedler (1967) sugiere que el exito de un estilo de liderazgo particular depende de la situación. A este se le conoce como liderazgo Situacional. ¿Qué tan buena son las relaciones interpersonales del líder con el grupo? ¿Qué tan claro se definen los deberes y objetivos del grupo? y ¿Hasta qué grado acepta el grupo que el líder tiene una autoridad genuina de direccion? Casos como los de Enron y Worldcom, entre otros, también pueden ser ejemplos nefastos de estilos de liderazgo. En estos casos podemos establecer que los líderes de esas organizaciones fracasaron en su intento de administrar de manera turbulenta. Todas las acciones de esos líderes salieron a la luz, y hoy son motivos de estudio en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, algunas situaciones serán favorables para el líder en todas las dimensiones: cuando éste tiene buenas relaciones interpersonales con la agrupación, la meta está clara y el grupo acepta la autoridad del líder. Algunas situaciones no serán favorable para el líder en todas las dimensiones: cuando éste tiene malas relaciones interpersonales con el grupo, el objetivo no es claro y cuando el grupo deje de aceptar la autoridad del líder. Ademas existen situaciones que son en parte favorables y en parte no favorables para el líder en las diferentes dimensiones, por lo tanto, no se trata de qué estilo es mejor; todo depende de qué clase de circunstancias están presente. Por ejemplo, como líder me considero proactivo y establezco la solución de los problemas de acuerdo al momento y espacio en que suceden las cosas. La apertura y comunicación en cuanto a la toma de decisiones con mis empleados es una parte esencial para el exito. Además, considero que poseo no una, sino varias características de las que exponen diferentes expertos del tema de liderazgo, como por ejemplo: seguridad propia, receptividad adecuada a las situaciones, conocimiento propio, habilidad para diagnosticar y flexibilidad para adaptarme a diversas situaciones. Si yo trabajara en una empresa que estuviera pasando por un proceso de restructuración, o quizás ante una crisis, considero que podría enfrentar el reto y obtendría resultados excelentes. Según Yulk (2006), los líderes de hoy tienen que planificar, especificar tareas, establecer costos y fechas límites, definir objetivos, metas, responsabilidades, establecer las reglas de juego y funcionar como mentor y asesor de quienes ejecutan las labores. Todas estas cosas son parte fundamental de las labores que realizo en la actualidad y junto al trabajo en equipo que siempre fomento, son mi mejor carta de presentación. Sin embargo, los líderes necesitan ser concientes de su propio comportamiento y de su influencia sobre los otros. Por consiguiente, es necesario analizar si estamos conduciendo como líderes ideales. Hay que mirarse en un espejo, poder mirarse a sí mismo y establecer qué estamos haciendo bien, qué estamos haciendo mal y como los demás perciben nuestras instrucciones o recomendaciones. Desde los años cincuenta, instituciones como Ohio State University y Michigan State University publicaron estudios de este tema. Al parecer, ha pasado mucho tiempo desde esos estudios. Pero lo curioso es la aplicabilidad de todas esas teorías en el mundo de los negocios en el Siglo XXI. Sin duda alguna, el tema del liderazgo es de actualidad. Las empresas de hoy, buscan las nuevas tendencias de este tema para ejecutarlas. Sin embargo, es responsabilidad de nuestra generación poner en práctica las teorías que otros han formulado y aportar desde un escenario práctico al desarrollo de este tema.

Referencias
Yukl, G. (2006). Leadership in organizations (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge (2007). Organizational Behavior (Twelfth ed.)

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