...Management http://jom.sagepub.com/ Servant Leadership: A Review and Synthesis Dirk van Dierendonck Journal of Management 2011 37: 1228 originally published online 2 September 2010 DOI: 10.1177/0149206310380462 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jom.sagepub.com/content/37/4/1228 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: Southern Management Association Additional services and information for Journal of Management can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jom.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jom.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://jom.sagepub.com/content/37/4/1228.refs.html Downloaded from jom.sagepub.com at The Hebrew University Library Authority on June 29, 2011 Journal of Management Vol. 37 No. 4, July 2011 1228-1261 DOI: 10.1177/0149206310380462 © The Author(s) 2011 Reprints and permission: http://www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Servant Leadership: A Review and Synthesis Dirk van Dierendonck Erasmus University Servant leadership is positioned as a new field of research for leadership scholars. This review deals with the historical background of servant leadership, its key characteristics, the available measurement tools, and the results of relevant studies that have been conducted so far. An overall conceptual model of servant leadership is presented. It is argued that leaders...
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...Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Leadership 2.2 Leadership Theories 2.3 Leadership Styles 2.4 Impact of Leadership on Organizations 3.0 Analysis and Findings 4.0 Conclusion References 1.0 Introduction Over the past decades the study of leadership has been carried out by a number of different scholars. The study of leadership has been faced with challenges of a number of definitions. However, these definitions have shown the significance of leadership among a group of individuals, and organisations. Three contemporary views on leadership have been provided by known scholars, such as transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and charismatic leadership views. In the globe today, people witness or work with several leaders with different types of leadership styles in their organisations. However, there are two major leadership theories that define or assume there is a particular personality or behavioural characteristics that leaders share. Leadership has been one of the most discussed and debated topics in social sciences. These debates and discussions have shown how vital and important leadership is regarded. The objective of this paper is to discuss the importance of leadership. The following section would provide a literature review. Thereby defining leadership and its importance, the impact of leadership in organizations. 2.0 Literature review Leadership in the past decades has been one of the most debated and discussed...
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...Discussion 3 3.1 Strategic leadership 4 3.2 Transformational leadership 4 3.3 Transactional leadership 5 4.0 Issues 5 4.0.1 Corporate vision and mission 5 4.0.2 Cultural diversity 6 4.0.3 Nurturing and delegation 6 4.0.4 Teamwork 6 5.0 Impacts 7 5.0.1 Unity of working teams 7 5.0.2 Setting organizational tone, strategy and right culture 8 5.0.3 Improved individual employee personal performance 8 6. 0 Conclusion 9 REFERENCES..................................................................................................... 10 1.0 Executive summary The hospitality industry has had great evolution over ages especially so in the aspect of leadership and management. It is one of the most dynamic industries across the globe in the modern day context with so much differentiation of products and embracing varying leadership styles in order to cope with the ever-increasing pressure in competition. It is in this understanding that this paper intends to critically analyze the leadership style upheld by the Hilton global hotel with special attention to the leadership of the serving CEO, Christopher J Nassetta. 2.0 Introduction Leadership is the art of imparting influence to people and making them willingly cooperate towards realizing an organizations purpose. In our analysis, Christopher, the CEO to Hilton Hotels exhibits great aspects of a leader and practices a range of leadership styles. In particular, he practices strategic leadership styles which entails the...
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...ethical leadership? Michel Dion ´ Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada Abstract Purpose – The aim of this study is to know if ethical theories could be connected to some leadership approaches. Design/methodology/approach – In the paper eight leadership approaches are selected: directive leadership, self-leadership, authentic leadership, transactional leadership, shared leadership, charismatic leadership, servant leadership, transformational leadership. Five western ethical theories (philosophical egoism, utilitarianism, Kantianism, ethics of virtue, ethics of responsibility) are analyzed to see to what extent their basic concepts could be connected to one or the other leadership approach. Findings – A given ethical theory (such as philosophical egoism) could be suitable to the components of various leadership approaches. Ethical leadership does not imply that a given leadership approach is reflecting only one ethical theory. Rather, ethical leadership implies that for different reasons, various leadership approaches could agree with the same ethical theory. This is what we could call the “moral flexibility of leadership approaches”. Research limitations/implications – This study focuses on western ethical theories. A similar study should be undertaken for Eastern ethical theories coming from Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, or Daoism. Practical implications – Some dualisms (such as Kantianism-transformational leadership, philosophical egoism-transactional leadership) do...
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...Transformational leadership in the South African public service after the April 2009 national elections Authors: Manasseh M. Mokgolo1 Patricia Mokgolo2 Mike Modiba3 Affiliations: 1 Department of Human Resources Management, University of South Africa, South Africa Learning and Development Unit, Tromso Management Consultants CC, Boyne, South Africa 2 Orientation: The implementation of transformational leadership in public services after national elections has been well recorded in other parts of the world. However, this is not the case in South Africa. Research purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine whether transformational leadership has a beneficial relationship with subordinate leadership acceptance, job performance and job satisfaction. Motivation for the study: Leadership is a critical issue that the public sector needs to address in order to survive and succeed in today’s unstable environment. According to Groenewald and Ashfield (2008), transformational leadership could reduce the effects of uncertainty and change that comes with new leaders and help employees to achieve their objectives. Research design, approach and method: The sample comprised 1050 full-time employees in the public sector based in head offices. The measuring instruments included the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), the Leadership Acceptance Scale (LAS), the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) and the Job Performance Survey (JPS). Main findings: Transformational leadership had a positive...
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...Leadership…changing over the years. The study of leadership and its styles over the years has proven to be quite a challenge owing to its abstract nature and differences in perception, making an objective discourse rather difficult. Over the years, different researchers have come up with models of their own, as they attempted to explain leadership and the various roles it encompasses. It is therefore a fruitful approach to first consider the major theories on the topic. This would help us better comprehend the evolution of perceptions on leadership, and help us explain the connection between leadership and motivation as we proceed through the report. * Trait studies of leadership Early studies on leadership focused on identifying the personality traits that contributed to success as a leader (Argyris, 1955; Mahoney et al., 1960). The underlying assumption in these studies, known as trait studies, was that successful leaders had innate qualities that could not be ‘learnt’, which made them different from non-leaders. In short, successful leaders were born, not made. Discussions of leadership in the 20th century essentially began with the trait approach. While this perspective is now seen as incomplete, there has been recent renewed interest in characteristics of effective leaders. In spite of the questionable premise of trait theory as originally conceived, recent research has identified some traits associated with effective leaders: intelligence, self-confidence, determination...
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... | CONTRASTING STYLE OF TWO LEADERS The traces of Leader and the act to guide have always been since the beginning of mankind. Numerous theories have been evolved; definitions have been coined by various famous and renowned authors, academicians and also from the various institutes. In today’s business active world lot of attention have been shed on leaders and various notions of leadership linked with them. Peter Drucker, in his work in 1954 pointed out that “Leadership is of utmost importance. Indeed there is no substitute for it. But leadership cannot be created or promoted. It cannot be taught or learned”. In an orthodox composition on ‘Kantian theory of Leadership’, Bowie mentioned that “leader has a hierarchical and even elitist connotation, opposite to Kant’s moral (basically egalitarian) philosophy” (Bowie, N, 2000).As per Machaivelli “power was seen as the sole purpose of leadership”. (Machiavelli, N, 1952). Were as academicians like Schiro, J. B. (1999) whose view is more vigorous; “Leadership is an elusive concept, so there are many definitions of...
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...Evaluation of Leadership in private sector organizations in Aruba Faculty of Hospitality & Tourism Management Leadership and Management Midterm Report Abstract This paper brings forward the key aspects of the Aruban Entrepreneur. These would be discussed and related to different theories. To obtain these aspects of entrepreneurial activity two local entrepreneurs were interviewed and their philosophies were put into this paper. Beside the key aspects this paper would also discuss entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship, the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth and the common traits and skills of the Aruban entrepreneur. Abstract Content Introduction to the organization Current leadership Scientific analysis and diagnosis of leadership Areas of improvements Recommendations Critical reflections Resources Introduction As part of the Master’s program at the University of Aruba, in the Faculty of Hospitality & Tourism Management Studies, in the course “Leadership & Management”, it is required to submit a paper on the “Evaluation of leadership in private organizations in Aruba”. More specifically, this paper will have an in depth look at the leadership styles within the Aruban businesses and analyze and explained the findings/ observations based on leadership theories. More particular, we will try to uncover the different leadership models that can be applied in order to improve effectiveness and efficiency, overall performance...
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...Leadership September 8, 2013 MGMT 1115 Instructor: Sandi Wakefield Leadership is the ability to inspire confidence and support among the people who are needed to achieve organizational goals. Leadership involves establishing a vision that is clear to others so that they will follow specific goals willingly. In leadership this person will guide and or direct a group of people. A person that has leadership skills always steps up in crisis, and has the ability to act and think in difficult crisis. Leadership cannot be taught like management can, it may be learned and improved through mentoring and instruction. Whereas, with management one act as a boss and a implementer. In management a person produces order, stability, and expectedness. As oppose to leadership this person produces change and adaptability to new products, new markets, new customers, and new work processes. (DuBrin, The Nature and Importance of Leadership, 2010) According to Ernie DiMattia in the Library Journal, leadership and management are two related terms related to the operation of any successful organization. He states that leadership refers to someone who guides or influences others while management is the process of directing or administering. Motivating different level of staff members encouraging them and organizing them, maintaining stability, and balancing external change with internal culture, are some of the ways leadership and management are internally linked. Not all leaders manage and...
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...LEADERSHIP Tamethea C. Willis Simmons College Leadership and Management NU 454 Leadership “Effective leaders bring out the best in people by stimulating them to achieve what they thought was impossible” (Leadership Education and Development INC. [LED], 2007, expression 17). It is often heard that an organizations success is based on the strength and effectiveness of its leaders. As concepts and theory’s of leadership continue to evolve, it is paramount that the proper leader is chosen to be the change agent in today’s workforce. In the context of this paper, I will define leadership; assess my own leadership style and my peer’s perception of my style, distinguish what type of leadership I work best under, and the style of leadership of my current manager. When choosing a leader, there are three aspects that should be considered: people, influence and goals. In the words of Richard L Daft, Jr. Professor of Management at Vanderbilt graduate school of management, “Leadership occurs among people, involves the use of influence, and is used to attain goals…Thus, leadership as defined here is the ability to influence people towards the attainment of goals” (Daft, 2000, p. 502). However, other theorist and researches have not come into agreement on what the definition of a leader should be. Early leadership definitions placed emphasis on the leader’s behavior or traits, while contemporary definitions of leadership places greater focus on one’s...
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...60 Academy of Management Perspectives February A R T I C L E S Leadership and Neuroscience: Can We Revolutionize the Way That Inspirational Leaders Are Identified and Developed? by David A. Waldman, Pierre A. Balthazard, and Suzanne J. Peterson Executive Overview Recent advances in the field of neuroscience can significantly add to our understanding of leadership and its development. Specifically, we are interested in what neuroscience can tell us about inspirational leadership. Based on our findings, we discuss how future research in leadership can be combined with neuroscience, as well as potential neurofeedback interventions for the purpose of leadership development. We also consider ethical implications and applications to management-related areas beyond leadership. L eadership development is a multibillion-dollar industry, with in-house as well as external consulting groups offering leadership development techniques and programs for their clients. The efficacy of traditional leadership development methods, however, has recently been called into question (Haines, 2009), with many researchers recognizing the need to go beyond traditional leadership assessment methods, which typically involve evaluating leader behaviors and qualities through some sort of survey process through which followers or peers rate a leader’s effectiveness. In particular, recent advances in neuroscience are expanding our understanding of behavior and learning...
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...Title: Effective Leadership Introduction: Leadership is "the conduct of an individual when he is guiding the activities of a group towards a collective goal". A leader is described as someone who sets supervision in an effort and influences people to pursue that direction. How they establish that direction and influence individuals depends on a variety of factors. Before I get started, let me characterize leadership according to all the books and academic journals I have read. Leadership is a course of action by which a person inspires others to accomplish a purpose and manages the organization in a way that makes it more systematic, coherent and run like an excellent tuned engine. Leaders carry out this practice by applying their leadership characteristics, such as vision, attitude, values, ethics, character, intelligence and skills. “Effective leaders rely more on personal power than on position power,” albeit your position in an organization as a manager, administrator, lead, etc. gives you the power by virtue of the position to accomplish specific tasks and objectives in the organization, this authority does not make you a leader...it merely makes you the person in charge by the position. Leadership varies in that it makes the followers want to accomplish high goals, rather than merely bossing or dictating people around. Leadership is said to be a whole lot and nothing. It is everything because it can be established at all levels in organizations, not just at the summit...
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...Introduction My definition of leadership is having a lasting impression on others, and not only inspiring them, but making a physical difference in their lives (hopefully in a good way). To have this ability to make impressions and differences, you need communication skills. One who cannot communicate well will never be a leader. A leader must know how to speak so his ideas are understood in the correct way. The next aspect of effective leadership is the ability to make decisions to change, and not always stick to the status quo. What good are leaders who are afraid of change? Another aspect of leadership is the ability to handle failure, because this is an aspect of leadership whether we want to believe it or not. My experiences in life have greatly influenced my definition of leadership. Throughout my career and life I have had a chance to experience different leadership styles and theories exhibited by different people. I have learned to use the good and not use the bad when dealing with followers. Different people and different situations require different approaches, as well as different styles and theories. The theories I will explore in my research that has also influenced my thinking on leadership and leaders are Transformational Leadership, Leader-Member Exchange Theory, and Servant Leadership. Philosophy Transformational leadership is a leadership style that I admire and hope to use effectively when I return to work. “Transformational leaders integrate...
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...Code 5741/41 LEADERSHIP –THEORY AND PRACTICE This essay will review the theory of leadership from early in the last century and critically assess the most relevant areas under debate. Theory What is leadership? Leadership is of itself constantly in debate, what is it, do we need it and how does it work are just some of the questions in what remains a live and ongoing debate. Whilst there are many definitions available in the wide array of literature the one selected here is that of Rost[1] who said” leadership is an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes that reflect their mutual purposes” having analysed the definitions of leadership used in the literature from 1900-1979 . At its most fundamental level there is a great deal of discussions about what is leadership and what is management with authors such as Kotter[2] who describes a leader as someone who creates an agenda through the establishment of a vision and gives direction to help align the followers to achieve a successful outcome , compared to his arguably less positive description of a manager as someone who prepares plans and budgets, organizes and staffs the team and monitors the results against a plan, hence the manager is seen to provide order, consistency and predictability. Rost on the other hand argues against this[3] “up with leaders and down with management” approach which he suggests Kotter’s approach describes and concludes this obsession with leadership is not perhaps...
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...or disagree with information from the leadership course? 7 Is the information in the article consistent or inconsistent with what you know from your own experience? 8 Conclusion 8 References 10 Abstract Servant leadership is a type of leadership quality that focuses on the philosophy to serve first. It addresses certain concerns like customer experience, employee engagement and ethical values that brings in a culture where the leader and follower both reach a goal without using authoritative power (Baghurts & Carter, 2013). The article discusses a focus group on eleven employees from a servant leadership restaurant and how it uses different methods to examine positive results influence by customer experience, engagements and loyalty to the workplace. Introduction Servant leadership is a management way of life; it tackles the concerns of customer experience, employee engagement and ethics, thus creating an only one of its kind organizational society, where both followers and leaders come together to arrive at organizational objectives without authoritative, or positional power. It is basically leadership through service and it has gained a lot of attention over the years due to its unique approach. This is a philosophy supported by 50% of ‘top100 Best Companies to Work For’. This is because this philosophy does not support leadership based on pursuit of power and self-interest...
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