...Figure 1, each beaker of leaf disks had a different rate at which the disks rose to the surface of the solution. Table 1 indicates that within the 30 cm Light CO2 beaker, a total of four leaf disks surfaced, the first disk rose at the 10 minutes, the second at 12 minutes, the third at 14 minutes, and the fourth at 15 minutes. This results in a line of best fit with a slope of about 0.27 disk/min. Table 2 indicates that within the 30 cm Dark CO2 beaker, a total of three leaf disks surfaced in the 15 minute time period, the first disk rose at the 8 minutes, the second at 11 minutes, and the third at 14 minutes. It also shows that zero disks surfaced after it was taken out of the light. This results in a line of best...
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...Effect of Leaf Stomata Density on Variation of Different Environmental Conditions Author: Patrick Sperandeo Institution: The Department of Biology, James Madison University ABSTRACT Plant structures that are usually found under trees leaves that control water loss are called stomata. Plants control water loss through the opening and closing of the stomata or by varying density. The purpose of this experiment was to see how sunlight exposure affected stomatal density. Since high light density associates with high stomata density, it was predicted that there was more stoma on higher leaves than lower leaves. However, there may be more stoma on lower leaves due to water stress; higher leaves would create shade for lower leaves. Therefore, the effect of differing leaf heights on stomata density was tested. In order to carry out the experiment, samples of 12 leaves were attained from each sample, “sun” and “shade”. Clear nail polish was applied to the samples making an inscription of the stomata. Clear tape removed the nail polish; the tape with the imprint was put on the slide. Under the 400x power, stomata were counted using the slide and the density was determined using a micrometer slide. Afterward a two sample t-test showed significant results at alpha value= 0.05. This supported the alternative hypothesis that varying leaf heights have an impact on stomata density. The prediction that higher levels of leaves topped lower ones when determining stomata was not supported. The...
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...Nneze Akwiwu, Ruth Wangia & Bongeka Zuma General Physics 112 Dr. Derrick Hylton 02-16-2015 Desert Irrigation Problem Introduction As physics students in the second part of an introductory physics class, we have been tasked with considering the problem of famine that currently faces some parts of Africa. We have been tasked with answering the question of whether growing crops on desert land could alleviate the problem of famine if the desert was irrigated. We seek to explore whether irrigating the desert would make the land arable for crops growing above ground on trees. In the next set of calculations and explanations, we study the phenomenon of pressure, the principles that explain pressure and the variation with changing height. Using these, we will show that by manipulating the pressure that is exerted on the water, we can be able to grow plants in a desert, assuming that all the plants only need water to grow. We begin by exploring the various factors that can affect the growth of a tree on desert. Environmental Factors that determine desert irrigation Soil Type: Desert areas have highly permeable, and low water holding capacity sandy soils. Sandy soils have a low pore space and a high infiltration rate. The low pore space is responsible for the low water holding capacity. The depth of the soil layer of sand and gravel determines irrigation management decisions. Mohammed et al argues that the depth of soil layer greatly affects the available...
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...Transpiration and Leaf Resistance By: Bernina Berber Due: February 24, 2011 Lab: Thursday 1:40pm Section: 15227 Introduction Transpiration is a part of the water cycle process, and it is the loss of water vapor from parts of the plants. It is a process similar to evaporation. Evaporation and diffusion cause the plant tissue to have negative water potential. If you were to compare transpiration it would be like saying it is close to sweating (but in plants), especially in leaves but also in stems, flowers and roots. Stomata are dots with openings on top of the leaves surfaces, which in many plants have numerous on the undersides of the foliage. The stomas are boarded by guard cells that open and close the pore. Leaf transpiration happens through stomata, it is considered as a necessary need associated with the opening of the stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration is very important for plants because it cools them and enables the mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots and shoots. The amount of water vapor within the plant tissue, air humidity, and air temperature all play a roll in the rate of transpiration. The rate of transpiration can be measured using the mass of water lost per unit area of leaf tissue relative to time. When you take a leaf from a plant it is obvious that water is lost from the tissue, however it has no source of water to compensate for its negative water potential, which keeps...
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...MY BIOLOGY S.B.A Lab #1 Topic: Classification Aim: To classify organisms into groups Apparatus: Method: A list of 10 organisms in my school environment was made and observed. A table was constructed to show the organism and their visible characteristics. Another table was constructed to show the kingdom, phylum and class to which the organisms belong. Observation Organism | Visible Characteristics | Bird | They are vertebrates with a pair of wings. They also have a beak | Cat | They are vertebrates that have sharp claws, a smooth coat of hair (fur) and panted teeth | Earth Worm | Has a long, ring-like segmental body, lives in the soil, has a clitellum | Lizard | Has a scaly skin, 2 pairs of legs | Crab | Has a hard exo-skeleton, has claws, four pairs of jointed legs, seen in wet places | | | Plants | | Pine | Has stems, roots and leaves, produces seed that grow inside cones | Fern | Has roots, stems and leaves, has spores on the underside of the leaves, does not have flower | Hibiscus | Produces flowers, has root, stems and leaves | Leaf of Life | Does not produce flower, has roots, stems and leaves | Mahogany | Has roots, Stems and leaves | | Organism | Kingdom | Phylum | Class | 1 | Bird | Animalia | Chordata | Ares | 2 | Cat | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | 3 | Earthworm | Animalia | Chordata | | 4 | Lizard | Animalia | Chordata | Reptilia | 5 | Crab | Animalia | Chordata | Crustacea | Plants 1 | Pine | Plantae...
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...AP® Investigation #5 Cell Processes: Photosynthesis –STUDENT GUIDE Kit # 36W7405 Table of Contents Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Part 1: plant pigments and chromatography (Structured inquiry). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Part 2: floating disc assay (Guided Inquiry) . . . . . . . . . 6 Part 3: design an experiment (OPEN inQUIRY) . . . . . . . . . 9 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 **AP® and the Advanced Placement Program are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board. The activity and materials in this kit were developed and prepared by Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, which bears sole responsibility for their contents. Copymaster. Permission granted to make unlimited copies for use in any one school building. For educational use only. Not for commercial use or resale. US: www.wardsci.com Canada: www.wardsci.ca ©2012, Ward’s Natural Science All Rights Reserved 250-7455 v.7/12 AP® Investigation #5: Cell Processes: Photosynthesis –STUDENT GUIDE Kit # 36W7405 Background OBJEcTIVES ‹ Design a plan for collecting data to show that all biological systems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions. ‹ Use models to predict and justify that changes in the subcomponents of a biological polymer affect...
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...Name: |Date: | |Graded Assignment Lab Report Create a dichotomous key that identifies the 10 leaves on the Common Leaves sheet. Look closely at those leaf samples and devise a dichotomous key that helps you identify them. Be sure that your dichotomous key contains only pairs of statements about a single characteristic. For example, a pair of statements might be: A. leaf margin smooth B. leaf margin toothed However, you should avoid pairs of statements that do not address the same characteristic. The following pair, for example, would not be very informative in your key: A. leaf margin smooth B. leaf type needle-like As you develop your key, test it out with the 10 leaves provided on the Common Leaves sheet. When you've developed a key that identifies all 10 leaves, type your statements, “go tos,” and identifications, following the format in the example below. The example is based on this lesson’s dichotomous key for birds. |Statement 2a |The bird has a crest of feathers on the top of its head. |go to statement or |blue jay | | | |identify bird | | |Statement 2b |The bird has a smooth head. |go to statement or |3 | | | ...
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...experiment to show that starch is formed as a result of photosynthesis (testing for starch in a green leaf). It would talk about the aim, list of all apparatus needed and the different methods used. It would also illustrate the three conditions necessary for photosynthesis that is, if carbon dioxide, sunlight and chlorophyll are necessary for photosynthesis. In addition, a test would be carried out to demonstrate that starch is formed as a result of photosynthesis. Last but not the least, outcomes expected from each test carried out would be given in this report after each investigation is done. Plan Plan is to research on relevant information for my project and to produce a written report at the end. I would be researching about the apparatus and equipments that are required for the experiment. Would ensure good lab practice is followed at all times when a test is being carried out. I would research on methods or procedures that are needed to carry out the experiment. Again would be carrying out practical work in each session to improve the design of the project. I would also research on conditions necessary for photosynthesis, which is to investigate the need for carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. Last but not the least; investigate if the necessity of sunlight and chlorophyll are necessary for photosynthesis. Aim The aim of this experiment is to show that starch is formed in a leaf as a result of photosynthesis. Apparatus/Materials Iodine solution, 2 small leaves from dicotyledonous...
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...Effects of wind on stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of Betula papyrifera Previous studies on transpiration rates of plants suggest that in the presence of wind, transpiration rates can increase as the boundary layer is removed. A branch of Betula papyrifera was set up as a potometer and exposed to windy conditions and its transpiration rate measured, as well as the stomatal conductance. Although the average rate of transpiration and stomatal conductance were lower for the branch exposed to wind, there was no significant difference between the treatment and control group data sets to suggest a direct relationship. Introduction Plants are able to take in water and move it throughout its systems through the process of transpiration, in which moisture is carried from the roots to the leaves to be evaporated out through the stomata. Water loss through transpiration is crucial for plant survival as it allows them to cool their temperature, as well as increase their nutrient intake as additional water is absorbed to compensate for the loss. Although most of the water absorbed from the soil is lost through transpiration, plants utilize a small percentage of water to undergo photosynthesis. The energy required to carry out both transpiration and photosynthesis is obtained from sunlight, which can have a direct effect the transpiration rate. Plants are at a higher risk of wilting in hot, sunny weather due to the increase in rate of transpiration and lack of water abundance...
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...HST III R&D Stomata Lab Report Beginning the lab with our null hypothesis: there is no difference in stomatal density of Prunus Peraca leaves in which both were selected from the same section of the tree, yet one was on a higher branch and one was on a lower branch; my lab partner, Jaylann Rawls, and I quickly set up our lab to figure out if we can agree or disagree with this statement. We chose the leaves from a peach tree in my garden, and used clear nail polish, tape, slides, and a microscope from our teacher, Mr. Pemberton. Procedures we used to establish the flow of the lab includes us covering our leaves with clear nail polish, then leaving it to dry. Next we covered the dried section of the leaf with tape and after pressing down on it, we gently pulled it off and placed the tape across our slides. Once our slide was completed we observed stomata from the microscope. As we counted the stomatal density we logged the information into our database and cleaned our slides and station. We did eight days of research, in which we doubled up for two days. After collecting all of our data, we created a T-test to compare the differences between all of our collected data and means. In order for us to have rejected our null hypothesis, we would have needed to pick a level of statistical significance. By default, this is 1 or 5 percent. If we get a P value smaller than our significance level, we can reject the null hypothesis. The data we collected did not support our hypothesis...
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...| Normal | With Fan | With Heather | With Lamp | Arrowhead | 3.6 | 7.5 | 6.6 | 4.0 | Coleus | 0.9 | 6.0 | 3.9 | 3.0 | Devil’s Ivy | 2.9 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 3.0 | Dieffenbachia | 4.1 | 7.7 | 6.0 | 3.9 | English Ivy | 1.8 | 5.1 | 3.2 | 2.1 | Geranium | 1.2 | 4.7 | 5.8 | 2.4 | Rubber Plant | 4.9 | 8.4 | 6.8 | 4.3 | Weeping Fig | 3.3 | 6.1 | 4.9 | 2.5 | Zebra Plant | 4.2 | 7.6 | 6.1 | 3.2 | LAB 1 Journal 1. Transpiration is when water from plants is evaporated into the atmosphere. It usually happens when, during photosynthesis, the plant's stomata is open so that Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen can pass through. When transpiration occurs, not only is the water cycle being executed, but also it pulls water up from the roots into the plant leaves, supplies needed materials for photosynthesis and even cools the leaf 2. my experiement is exposing plants to more or less light, so my experiemental control a plant that had normal lighting conditions. 3. we use heather,fan and lamp..No because for zebra plant i used lamp and it dicreased. 4. yes it increased. 5. arrowhead was 3.6 and i used with fan and it became 7.5 but celous was 0.9 but with fan it was 6.0... because they're different plants that evolved in different conditions 6. The rate of transpiration would be prevented due to the petroleum jelly covering and blocking the stomata thus stopping water loss through them. 7. Transpiration is the property that allows a vascular plant to move water...
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...BIOLOGY 10 Introduction to Biology Laboratory Manual Prepared by: KLLabrador Table of Contents |Exercise |Title |Page No. | |1 |Observation and Description |2 | |2 |Formulation, Testing of Hypothesis, |6 | | |and Experimental Design | | |3 |The Use of Models and Controls |9 | |4 |Plant and Animal Tissues |14 | |5 |Cellular Respiration |22 | |6 |Photosynthesis |27 | |7 |Phylogeny and Systematics: Survey of Plant and Animal Families |30 | | ...
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...journey by four strap-like structures called elaters that catch the wind. The elaters coil and uncoil in response to changes in humidity. When the air is dry they extend outward and create wind resistance so that the spores float. When the air is humid the elaters coil around the spore so that buoyancy decreases and the spore drops--with luck onto moist soil where it can germinate. 5. a. The leaves are delicate, thin and flat and only one cell thick except at the midrib.A few mosses such as Polytrichum have extra rows of cells, making the leaves harder, drought-resistant and more difficult for chemicals to penetrate 1-2 Cells thick b. There is a slightly thickened midrib that runs lengthwise down the middle. c. Pores are visible on the leaf surface. d. The moss gametophyte is radially symmetrical, and is the most conspicuous phase of the moss...
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...The Last Leaf Many artists lived in the Greenwich Village area of New York. Two young women named Sue and Johnsy shared a studio apartment at the top of a three-story building. Johnsy's real name was Joanna. In November, a cold, unseen stranger came to visit the city. This disease, pneumonia, killed many people. Johnsy lay on her bed, hardly moving. She looked through the small window. She could see the side of the brick house next to her building. One morning, a doctor examined Johnsy and took her temperature. Then he spoke with Sue in another room. "She has one chance in -- let us say ten," he said. "And that chance is for her to want to live. Your friend has made up her mind that she is not going to get well. Has she anything on her mind?" "She -- she wanted to paint the Bay of Naples in Italy some day," said Sue. "Paint?" said the doctor. "Bosh! Has she anything on her mind worth thinking twice -- a man for example?" "A man?" said Sue. "Is a man worth -- but, no, doctor; there is nothing of the kind." "I will do all that science can do," said the doctor. "But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages at her funeral, I take away fifty percent from the curative power of medicines." After the doctor had gone, Sue went into the workroom and cried. Then she went to Johnsy's room with her drawing board, whistling ragtime. Johnsy lay with her face toward the window. Sue stopped whistling, thinking she was asleep. She began making a pen and ink drawing for a story...
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...Plants General Characteristics: * Multicellular, primarily terrestrial eukaryotes with well developed tissues * Autotrophic by photosynthesis * Chlorophyl a and b , carotenoids etc. * Store starch in chloroplast * Cell wall – cellulose * Protect the embryo from drying out by providing it with water and nutrients within the female reproductive structure * Alternation of generation’s life cycle ( sporophyte and gametophyte phase) Main Division: 1. Non Vascular * Lack vascular tissues * No true roots, stems and leaves * Rootlike, stemlike, and leaflike structures * Usually small * Found in moist habitat * Example: hornwort, liverwort, mosses 2. Vascular * Seedless * Include the ferns * With vascular tissues * With true roots, stems and leaves * Seed * Gymnosperm (naked seed) and Angiosperm (enclosed seed) * With vascular tissue * With true roots, stems and leaves * Gymnosperms * Cone bearing plants * Conifers * Cycads * Ginkgo * Gnetophytes * Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) A. Dicot (class Magniliopsida) * More primitive than monocots * Embryo has two cotyledon * Floral part’s in 4’s or 5’s or multiples of 4’s or 5’s * Mostly woody, some herbaceous stems * Oval or palmate leaves with netlike venation * Taproot system A. Monocot (class Liliopsida) ...
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