...Background[edit] The 1864 Geneva Convention, one of the earliest formulations of international law. The concept of a peaceful community of nations had been proposed as far back as 1795, when Immanuel Kant's Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch[5] outlined the idea of a league of nations to control conflict and promote peace between states.[6] Kant argued for the establishment of a peaceful world community, not in a sense of a global government, but in the hope that each state would declare itself a free state that respects its citizens and welcomes foreign visitors as fellow rational beings, thus promoting peaceful society worldwide.[7] International co-operation to promote collective security originated in the Concert of Europe that developed after the Napoleonic Wars in the 19th century in an attempt to maintain the status quo between European states and so avoid war.[8][9] This period also saw the development of international law, with the first Geneva Conventions establishing laws dealing with humanitarian relief during wartime, and the international Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 governing rules of war and the peaceful settlement of international disputes.[10][11] The forerunner of the League of Nations, the Inter-Parliamentary Union, was formed by the peace activists William Randal Cremer and Frédéric Passy in 1889. The organisation was international in scope, with a third of the members of parliaments (in the 24 countries that had parliaments) serving as members...
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...The League of Nations was created in the harsh circumstances of the post-war period. As it was Wilson who gave to life the idea of the League it was discussed greatly at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The US president came up with the idea of the organization and so it was him that produced its regulations, also known as the Covenant. This Covenant decided which situations were of concern and how decisions on these were to be reached. At the same time it also decided how the organization as to act in order to achieve and to secure the aims set out. The league was incorporated into all of the peace treaties of the Paris Settlement and aimed at promoting international co-operating and to achieve international peace and security. It also aimed at promoting what became known as “collective security’ which is the guarantee that the states incorporated in the league would protect each other in case of aggression. The league faced many obstacles in achieving peace as some countries were not satisfied with the terms of the peace treaties and wanted to change them. On the other hand, the ones who had made gains in the war period wanted to maintain these and so acted in a manner that would not bring disruption. Having said this, nobody could be certain if all of the members of the league were ready to maintain the order that was achieved after the war. The three main channels of the policy of the League were moral persuasion, economic sanctions and the use of military force...
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...gave way to a brief window of opportunity that had the chance to alter the scope of international relations: the League of Nations. The League of Nations offered the world a stark alternative to achieve security, however the debate over the true reason behind U.S. Senate’s failure to join it still continues to this day. Some historians like Arthur Link posit that the divide between advocates of collective security and limited internationalism led to the failure to confirm while Walter McDougall believed that...
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...World War I was the first war to involve several nations around the world and to be fought with heavy machinery, thus making it one of the deadliest wars history had seen at the time. In order to call for peace between the Central Powers and the Allied Powers, the Treaty of Versailles was created in 1919. In the U.S., the strength of the opposition forces rather than the stubbornness of President Wilson led to the Senate defeat of the Treaty of Versailles because they refused to sign without some adjustments and the removal of the League of Nations. In the twentieth century there were many important wars, including the first world war. There were multiple attempts at peace for world war one that involved President Wilson’s Fourteen Points...
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...President Wilson’s ideology on creating the League of Nations, proposed a culmination of relations, based on the support of every single nation in the world. With Geneva Switzerland considered a neutral location, this would serve as the Leagues locations. All nations regardless of their size, were invited to join. This invitation was contingent on their acknowledgement of the Covenant of the League. In November 1920, The League of Nations held its first meeting. There were a total of forty-two nations represented, however, Germany, Russia, and the United States failed to make an appearance. With Germany, being branded as the antagonist in World War I, they were initially rejected admission, however, in 1926 Germany was allowed to attend....
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...speech was the formation on League of Nations which will usher in justice, peace, freedom and concord. The major participants in the formation of the league of the nation were the Great Britain, France, and the United States of America to preserve the future global peace and forestall such conflicts like first world war. (University of Virginia, Online: 2009)The League was based on the covenant which was written into the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties and provided for an assembly, a council and a secretariat with each section vested with a task to help the league maintain peace (UNOG, Online: 2009) Franklin D. Roosevelt the President of the United States of America, Winston Churchill the Prime Minister of the Great Britain and other notable leaders reasoned that the destructive consequences of WW2 warranted the call to form an international organization which would play a vital role in achieving the global peace. (US Department of States, Online:2005 and National Archives, Online: 2009) Hence, the United Nations replaced the League of the Nations after the demise of the latter. They both shared almost similar concept and ideological views for international peace delivered through an international body. (Rit, 2009) In this essay the author will analyze the birth of League of Nations and its achievement and failures. Furthermore, the formation of the United Nations and the relationship between President Woodrow Wilson league of nation and the...
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...To What Extent can the 1920s be considered successful years for the League of Nations? Fiona Murray The 1920s was the key decade for anticipating whether or not the ideas of the League of Nations and collective security would work in the post war world. The Leagues main aim was to prevent another World War breaking out and to keep peace between nations. On first sight it appears that the league essentially failed as World War 2 started in 1939 however it did have quite a number of successes during the twenties which kept peace. On the other hand, there were a lot of conflicts that the League failed to intervene in, thus not providing the security for countries it was supposed to offer. This essay will study both the successes and the failures of the League of Nations in the twenties and come to a conclusion if these were overall successful years for it. There were many conflicts between European countries during the century after the First World War and the League of Nations was designed to prevent these leading to an unjust outcome. However on many occasions it failed to do so. One such case was the argument between Germany and Poland over the state of Upper Silesia in the early 1920s. The League council was meant to come to the final conclusion of the fate of Silesia after a tight draw from a plebiscite. The council decided that the majority of the state would remain in Poland which was hugely unfair towards Germany. This was obviously France’s heavy influence as they wanted...
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...The NFL and Domestic Violence The National Football League (NFL) is an American professional football league, The NFL consist of 32 teams. The NFL is one of the 4 major professional sports in North America and the highest level of professional football in the world. Domestic violence defined as “violent or aggressive behavior within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or a partner” Domestic Violence has been a major problem within the National Football League. In the 2014-2015 season star players Adrian Peterson and Ray Rice where suspended because of involvement in domestic violence. The National Football league tends to turn a blind eye towards domestic violence, players are getting away with minor suspensions or not being punished at all. Ethos defined, as “an appeal to ethics, and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader”. An example of ethos in the Super bowl 2015: Domestic Violence PSA is the 911 operators. Throughout the United States emergency operators deal with millions of domestic violence cases yearly, they know from the second they answer the call that something is wrong and know what warning sings to look out for. In the PSA the women dials 911 and asks to order a pizza, she is frightened to speak about the issue because her spouse or partner is in the room with her, the operator who has dealt with similar experience uses his expertise and goes along with the call and comforts the lady and...
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...If the League of Nations was such a great deal; why didn't the United States ratify the Treaty of Versailles and join? Are you buyin' or sellin' the idea that it was the Republicans that torpedoed Wilson's 14 points? With an ambition to end the war and spread peace, President Woodrow Wilson assembled a group of advisors to devise a plan for lasting peace that would obviate future wars. The group accumulated data and statistics which were unveiled by Wilson in a speech on January 8, 1918, before a joint session of Congress. Woodrow Wilson this unique proposal for settlement of peace is recognized as “Fourteen Points”. President Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points comprised of: 1. No secret agreements between countries 2. Navigation should...
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...The political causes of World War 2 World War 2, famously known as the most devastating war, had causes dating back to WWI as well as,pre . Some people refereed it because of the Treaty of Versailles which most of the people agreed one that it was too unfair for Germany and that their anger was going to appear sooner or later. The people thought it will create fascism. Some historians saw that the failure of The League of Nations was also another factor. The Treaty of Versailles was the origin of all the problems that occurred to ignite the WWII. The treaty of Versailles was originally done to spread peace between countries and cool down the aggression that was spreading all over Europe. The treaty was believed to be an agreement between the winning sides of World War 1 powers. They were meeting up to decide what they were going to do with the losing allies of the war. They were mainly Germany and Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. It was supposed to make Germany literally a neutral country because of all the power it was abusing which was beginning to affect the whole balance of power in Europe. The power that Germany was beginning to acquire was going to have a negative effect on all the European countries that had power and didn’t want it to be loosened at all. As with Germany rising to more and more powerful state, that would mean they would have to start powering up their armies which will cost them more money that they didn’t have at the moment...
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...Peace Conference, convened to build a lasting peace after World War I, approved the proposal to create the League of Nations (French: Société des Nations, German: Völkerbund) on 25 January 1919.[24] The Covenant of the League of Nations was drafted by a special commission, and the League was established by Part I of the Treaty of Versailles. On 28 June 1919,[25][26] 44 states signed the Covenant, including 31 states which had taken part in the war on the side of the Triple Entente or joined it during the conflict. Despite Wilson's efforts to establish and promote the League, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in October 1919,[27] the United States did not join the League. Opposition in the U.S. Senate, particularly from Republican politicians Henry Cabot Lodge and William E. Borah, together with Wilson's refusal to compromise, ensured that the United States would not ratify the Covenant." In other words it was created BECAUSE of WW1, to premote the peice and stop anything like that from happening again. "Germany expected a treaty based on these fourteen points. However, negotiations between the 'big four' Lloyd George of England, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson of America did not go smoothly. Wilson believed that his fourteen points was the only way to secure everlasting peace. The French however, wanted the defeated nations to be punished severely and believed Wilson's plan too lenient. Privately Lloyd George sided with Wilson although...
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...History Revision Peace-making and the League of Nations The French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau wanted Germany punished for all the humiliation France had suffered in the past. Clemenceau wanted Germany to pay for the cost of the War, the damage and also wanted guarantees that it would never happen again. He wanted the Rhineland to be handed over to France and Alsace-Lorraine to be returned. Large areas of France had been destroyed and everyone blamed it on Germany. Some French Politicians wanted Germany totally destroyed. However Great Britain had not suffered to the same degree as France had during the war, but Britain had to pay an enormous cost for victory. The British people expected Germany to pay for the effects of the war. When it came to the Treaty of Versailles, the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George didn’t want Germany to be punished too hard, but be allowed to recover. The USA had not suffered any damage during the war. The President of the USA Woodrow Wilson arrived in Europe in 1918. His aim was to keep World Peace and to ensure that war could never break out again. So he decided to come up with his ‘Fourteen points’, one which suggested to set up the League of Nations. The Treaty of Versailles was set up on the 28th of June 1919. The Germans were horrified with the Treaty as they considered it too harsh. They wanted to start another war, but it was impossible. The Germans expected that the Treaty would be based upon Woodrow Wilson’s ‘Fourteen points’...
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...Week Two Case Study: Versailles Melyssa Ritter DeVry University Contemporary History May 2016 Week Two Case Study: Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was a text of peace that was written by Germany’s Allies and disagreeably signed by Germany. It was intended to end the First World War and to prevent the Second World War. The treaty contained many parts and articles; one being The League of Nations that was created by United States president, Woodrow Wilson. As a result of the treaty, Germany was forced to reduce the size of their army and they were restricted heavy artillery. They also lost a great deal of their land and money. Instead of preventing World War II, The Treaty of Versailles activated it (Brower& Sanders, 2014). Germany’s Economy In the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was instructed to lose a great deal of their land including Saar, West Prussia, Malmedy, Memel, Danzig, and Upper Silesia. These pieces of land were given to other countries like Belgium, France, Lithuania, and Poland. When Germany lost their land, they also lost their farms and industries making them also lose their economy. As part of the treaty, Germany was to pay Great Britain, Belgium, and France a large sum of money, adding to the economical stress (Brower et al, 2014). This was punishment to pay for all of the damage that World War I caused. The decline in Germany’s economy caused hyperinflation (Comments of the German Delegation, 1919). Applying Principles Attributed to Wilson ...
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...Communism is Classless society, government-less and automatic system based on the common ownership and social sameness. There is no one is rich or poor people in a communist system. It stands for a stateless society where all are equal. On the other hand, Fascism was founded in Italy by Benito Mussolini. Fascism is the glorification of the state and it considers state on top of everything; believes in nationalism where state control everything. Communism means state ownership and fascism means state control. Fascism became popular between 1919 and 1945. Communism became popular after the Revolution of Russia in 1917. Fascism began to rise in Europe directly following the First World War because there was a fear of Socialism. The first nation where fascism rose to power was in Italy with Mussolini and his government. He created this ideology as the exact opposite of socialism and the way to combat the rise of socialism. He saw the rise of the Soviet Union and was afraid that they would move across Europe to force communism. Fascism has the government supporting private business instead of the government . In the start of communism people believe that everyone should be the same and not classified by a certain class. Where in Fascism takes the views of karl Marks but use his writing for ones use, and believe that the nationalism is the most important and one person should be in control of the people and the state with very little say by its people. Fascism is differently...
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...Hitler, Mussolini and the British, 1935-36 The year 1935 began with the question of Germany getting back its coal producing Saar region – a region just south of independent Luxembourg, and about as big. The treaty that had ended World War I, signed at Versailles, had entrusted the Saar region to the League of Nations and an occupation by France, and a plebiscite was to decide the region's future. A little over two thousand people (0.4 percent) in the Saar voted to join France; nine percent voted to remain under the League of Nations; and ninety percent voted to join Germany. Hitler responded by saying he was proud of the German people. He announced that Germany had no more territorial claims against France (in other words no claim on Alsace and Lorraine) and he spoke of hope that the decision regarding the Saar was a decisive step on the road to gradual reconciliation with Germany's former enemies. Instead of moving closer to reconciliation, as the year progressed Europe moved closer to war. In 1935 Britain announced an increase in armaments, and the French increased conscripted military service from one to two years because of a shortage of young men of draft age. Hitler said he was responding to the failure of other European powers to disarm and to the Soviet Union having enlarged its military forces. He announced to the world that Germany was rearming, that he was establishing military conscription, enlarging Germany's army to thirty-six divisions and increasing Germany's...
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