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League of Legends

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DIODA ZENER

Efectul de străpungere al joncţiunii p-n polarizată invers este folosit în special în cazul diodei Zener care este în aşa fel construită încât prin ea să circule un curent invers de valoare semnificativă. Un rezistor trebuie conectat întotdeauna în serie cu dioda Zener pentru a preveni distrugerea ei ca urmare a creşterii excesive a curentului invers prin ea. Dioda Zener stabilizează tensiunea continuă aplicată la circuitul de intrare la o valoare corespunzătoare valorii de străpungere la care lucrează. De exemplu dioda marcată 5V6 va stabiliza tensiunea continuă în circuitul de ieşire la o valoare de 5,6 V. Dioda Zener reprezintă cel mai simplu circuit de stabilizare a tensiunii continue: stabilizatorul parametric cu dioda Zener pe care îl vom prezenta în continuare.
[pic]
Tensiunea continuă nestabilizată are o variaţie cuprinsă între 8 şi 12 V. Rezistorul RS limitează curentul prin dioda Zener în scopul prevenirii distrugerii acesteia. Rezistorul RS şi dioda Zener formează un circuit serie. Se observă că tensiunea de intrare este suma dintre tensiunea pe dioda Zener şi tensiunea pe RS. Dacă presupunem că tensiunea continuă de intrare este de 12 V atunci căderea de tensiune pe rezistenţa RS va fi URs= 12 V – 5.6 V = 6.4 V. Se ştie că prin dioda Zener curentul invers este aproximatv egal cu [pic] din valoarea maximă a curentului absorbit de rezistenţa de sarcină.Rsarcină care are valoarea de 100 mA. Rezultă că prin dioda Zener vom avea un curent invers de aproximativ 10 mA. Dioda Zener şi rezistenţa de sarcină Rsarcină sunt conectate în paralel astfel încât suma curenţilor de pe cele două ramuri este chiar curentul care circulă prin rezistenţa RS.
IRs= IRsarcină + IZ = 100 mA + 10 mA = 110 mA.
Tensiunea pe RS este
URs = 12 V – UZ = 12 V – 5.6 V = 6.4 V (Volţi). Unde:
12 V este tensiunea continuă maximă de intrare
5.6 V este tensiunea pe dioda Zener
Acum putem aplica legea lui Ohms pentru a calcula valoarea rezistenţei RS
[pic]
Acum putem calcula şi puterea pe rezistenţa RS
[pic]
Acesta este cel mai simplu stabilizator de tensiune: stabilizatorul parametric cu dioda Zener.

Dioda Zener

Utilizarea diodelor Zener pentru stabilizarea tensiunii

[pic]
Din păcate, când diodele redresoare normale ating punctul de străpungere, acest faptul duce şi la distrugerea acestora. Totuşi, se pot construi diode speciale ce pot suporta tensiunea de străpungere fără distrugerea completă a acestora. Acest tip de diodă poartă numele de diodă Zener, iar simbolul este cel din figura alăturată.
Dioda funcţionează într-un regim de străpungere controlat, în care atât curentul cât şi puterea disipată sunt menţinute la valori pe care dioda le poate suporta în regim permanent, fără să se distrugă.

Dioda Zener este construită cu siliciu, caracteristica de funcţionare a acesteia modificându-se la variaţia temperaturii de lucru.

[pic] Caracteristica curent - tensiune a diodei Zener

Tensiunea Zener

La polarizarea directă, diodele Zener se comportă precum diodele redresoare standard: tensiunea directă are valoarea de 0,7 V, conform ecuaţiei diodei. La polarizarea inversă însă, acestea nu conduc curentul decât peste o anumită valoare a tensiunii de alimentare, valoare denumită tensiune Zener; după atingerea acestei valori, dioda Zener va putea să conducă un curent substanţial, dar va limita căderea de tensiune la bornele sale la acea tensiune Zener. Atâta timp când puterea disipată sub formă de căldură nu depăşeşte limita termică a diodei, aceasta nu va fi afectată în niciun fel.
[pic]
Diodele Zener sunt confecţionate cu tensiuni Zener de câţiva volţi până la sute de volţi. Tensiunea Zener variază uşor cu temperatura, dar acestea pot fi folosite cu succes ca dispozitive de stabilizare a tensiunii datorită stabilităţii şi acurateţii lor în funcţionare.

Polarizarea corectă a diodelor Zener

Atenţie! Orientarea diodei Zener faţă de sursa de tensiune în circuitul de mai sus este astfel încât dioda să fie polarizată invers. Acesta este modul corect de conectare a diodelor Zener în circuit! Dacă am fi să conectăm dioda Zener invers, astfel încât să fie polarizată direct, aceasta s-ar comporta precum o diodă „normală”, iar tensiunea de polarizare directă ar avea o valoare de doar 0,7 V.

Limita termică şi distrugerea diodei Zener

Ca şi oricare dispozitiv semiconductor, dioda Zener este sensibilă la temperatură. O temperatură excesivă poate duce la distrugerea diodei, astfel că va trebui să se ţină seama de puterea maximă permisă a diodei la proiectarea circuitelor. Interesant este faptul că, la distrugerea diodei Zener, datorită căldurii excesive, distrugerea rezultată duce la scurt-circuitarea diodei, nu la deschiderea. O astfel de diodă „stricată” poate fi detectată foarte uşor, întrucât se comportă precum un conductor electric: căderea de tensiune este aproape zero atât la polarizarea directă cât şi la polarizarea inversă.

Exemplu practic de utilizare a diodei Zener

[pic]
Vom rezolva matematic circuitul precedent, determinând toate tensiunile, curenţii şi puterile disipate, pentru o tensiune Zener de 12,6 V, o sursă de tensiune de 45 V şi o valoare a rezistorului de 1.000 Ω.
Să calculăm prima dată puterile pe rezistor şi pe diodă:
[pic]
[pic]
O diodă Zener cu o putere de 0,5 W şi un rezistor cu o putere de 1,5 sau 2 W sunt suficiente pentru această aplicaţie.

Minimizarea puterii disipate

Dacă puterea excesivă disipată este atât de importantă, de ce nu am proiecta un circuit astfel încât să existe o putere disipată minimă? De ce nu am introduce un rezistor cu o valoare foarte mare a rezistenţei, limitând prin urmare curentul şi menţinând puterea disipată la valori foarte scăzute?
[pic]
Să luăm de exemplu circuitul alăturat, cu un rezistor de 100 kΩ în loc de rezistorul de 1 kΩ din circuitul precedent. Atât tensiunea de alimentarea cât şi tensiunea Zener sunt cele din exemplul precedent.
Având un curent de 100 de ori mai mic decât înainte (324 µA în loc de 32,4 mA), ambele valori ale puterilor disipate ar trebui să fie de 100 de ori mai mici:
[pic]

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