...discovered the vortices that are produced off the wings, and observed the alulae, or "thumbs" of the wings. He was concerned with the center of gravity, stability, and manoeuvrability. Leonardo sketched several types of flying machines: helical wing, beating wings, parachute, and bat's wings. Through real life trial and error Da Vinci learned the difficulty of realizing his great dream of flying in a machine powered by human propulsion, and turned his talents toward the problem of gliding flight. In the glider drawing below, the flyer's position is studied at the point where he is balanced through movements of the lower part of the body. The wings, modelled upon bats and birds of large wingspans, are fixed on the inboard portion and mobile at the external portion. This part of the wing in fact can be moved by the flyer by a control cable connected to handles. Leonardo arrived at this solution by studying the wing structure of birds and observing that the inboard part of their wings move more slowly than the outboard, and that therefore serve to thus sustain themselves and produce forward thrust. "The great bird will take flight above the ridge...filling the universe with awe, filling all writings with its fame..." - Leonardo Da Vinci Early Da Vinci gliders had a articulated wing with a system of belts passing between the thighs and around the body of the flyer. He later reduced the structure to a simple form with wings directly attached to the human body. Leonardo's...
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...Have you ever flown a drone? Well, I have. I love drones so much that the amazing experience that I'd like to share with you is building my racing drone. I want to share this with you because of the challenges I faced and the things I learned. The first reason for why building a drone is a valuable experience is the challenges I faced. When my dad and I first started building our racing drone we had absolutely no idea on how to build it but, after a few hours of watching youtube videos, we had the slightest idea on how to build a racing drone. The main challenge was when we accidentally fried our only circuit board. We fried the board by leaving the soldering pen on the board for too long. This mistake set us back a couple of days, and we had...
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...How Planes Stay Up In the Air I remember a picnic with Becky, my girlfriend, at Maidu Park five years ago. We lied on the lush green turf and held hands as we watched the clouds drift by. We were captivated and intrigued by the definitions in the clouds as we matched them to shapes of animals and other objects. She pointed towards a blanket of clouds on the right and said, “There! That one looks like a dragon.” Right at that moment, a plane flew right above us as it cut through clouds. She quickly sat up and followed the plane with her head. Her eyes widened and her eyebrows shot up as she burst out, “Wow! How do you think it stays up in the sky like that?” As any mischievous thirteen year old would, I simply the magic dust and invisible angels carried the plane on their backs. She laughed and called me stupid for not knowing the answer. However, now as a college student embarking towards my future, I made my personal goal to be a pilot and learn about planes. I got accepted to Embry Riddle, an aeronautical school in Arizona, straight out of high school. Although the fear of planes falling out of sky held me back; so I decided study at Sierra College until I’m ready. Sean palmer, a sophomore at Sierra College, flys planes for a hobby. He pointed out that, “Flying a plane is not like driving a car, it’s far more complicated, but at the same time fun… I fly almost every week, but it’s little expensive to rent planes. So, I’m saving up for my own Cessna 120 for almost two years...
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...perpendicular to the direction of its flight. A returning boomerang is designed to return to the thrower. It is well known as a weapon used by Indigenous Australians for hunting”. Ok so by definition boomerangs fly because: “Returning boomerangs fly and are examples of the earliest heavier-than-air man-made flight. A returning boomerang has two or more airfoil wings arranged so that the spinning creates unbalanced aerodynamic forces that curve its path so that it travels in an elliptical path and returns to its point of origin when thrown correctly. While a throwing stick can also be shaped overall like a returning boomerang, it is designed to travel as straight as possible so that it can be aimed and thrown with great force to bring down game. Its surfaces therefore are symmetrical and not uneven like the aerofoils which give the returning boomerang its characteristic curved flight. by wiki” They also return due to the shaping on the edge of wings, a physicist article said “The returning boomerang is most commonly two wings jointed at angle between 80° and 120°, however, some newer boomerangs have more than two wings. The combination of spin and forward motion create an uneven lift over...
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...“Just do it already.” “I can’t! The world looks too small from here!” “Well…then don’t look down.” “How far are we from the bottom again?” “Only about 15,000 feet.” “What if I forget to pull the strap?” “You won’t.” “What if the parachute doesn’t work?” “It will.” “What if I don’t land properly?” “Enough! I can’t force you to do this, but I will say this: What if you don’t do it? What if you shy away from the first choice you made as an adult? What if this is your only opportunity to prove to yourself that you are ready for the real world? All it takes is one leap of faith.” “Maybe I should have waited a few weeks after my 18th birthday to do this.” “If not now, then when?” “Alright, alright, just a few more minutes.” “You have...
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...Stella McCartney -Stella McCartney was born on the 13th of September 1971 in London, England. -Stella is a English fashion designer, who is the daughter of Paul McCartney a former Beatles member, and her mother is Linda McCartney who is a American photographer and animal rights advisest. -As a young girl Stella traveled the world with her parents along with her siblings, half sister heather, older sister Mary and younger brother James. -While at school Stella was a victim of bullying, as well as being a bully herself. -Stella became interested in designing clothes at a young age, at age 13 Stella designed her own jacket. -3 years later Stella was working with Christian Lacroxi on his first fashion design collection. -Stella studied her foundation at a college of design and communication, and then moved on to fashion design at a college of art and design. -Her later work was modeled by friends and super models for free at the graduation runway show, the collection was shown into a song by her famous father and made front page news, the whole collection was sold to a London boutique. -in 1998 Stella designed her sisters marys wedding dress for her wedding to Alister Donald a tv producer.[pic] -As a lifelong vegetarian Stella does not use any leather or fur in her designs, she supports PETA. Some of her work designs have text that elaborates on her “no animal policy” for example on of her Adidas jackets says on the sleeves “suitable for sporty vegetarians...
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...fire. The Tame Bird and the Free Bird by: Rabindranath Tagore THE tame bird was in a cage, the free bird was in the forest. They met when the time came, it was a decree of fate. The free bird cries, 'O my love, let us fly to the wood.' The cage bird whispers, 'Come hither, let us both live in the cage.' Says the free bird, 'Among bars, where is there room to spread one's wings?' 'Alas,' cries the caged bird, 'I should not know where to sit perched in the sky.' The free bird cries, 'My darling, sing the songs of the woodlands.' The cage bird sings, 'Sit by my side, I'll teach you the speech of the learned.' The forest bird cries, 'No, ah no! songs can never be taught.' The cage bird says, 'Alas for me, I know not the songs of the woodlands.' There love is intense with longing, but they never can fly wing to wing. Through the bars of the cage they look, and vain is their wish to know each other. They flutter their wings in yearning, and sing, 'Come closer, my love!' The free bird cries, 'It cannot be, I fear the closed doors of the cage.' The cage bird whispers, 'Alas, my wings are powerless and...
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...FLIGHT VEHICLE DESIGN PROJECT 2 Professor: Dr. Steven Lu Written By: Joey Haripersaud Design Specifications for a Particular Jet Transport Payload: 304 Passengers Crew: Two pilots and three cabin attendants Range: 4200 nm following by ¾ hour loiter Altitude: 35,000 ft Cruise speed: M = 0.84 at 35,000 ft Climb: Direct climb to 35,000 ft at maximum take-off weight WTO Take-off and landing: FAR 25 fieldlength 9,800 ft at an altitude of 5,300 ft and 98°F day. Landing performance at WL = 0.8WTO Engines: Four turbofans Certification base: FAR 25 Specification Project 1 WTO= 357,100 WF used= 106,722 WOE TENT=188,008 WE TENT=185,197 WE= 185,240 Procedure Step 1: The Temperature ratio (φ) has to be found so that σ can be determined. The pressure ratio (δ) is found using the atmospheric table with an altitude of 1500 ft. T= 98 °F Stofl: 5300 ft Temperature Ratio (φ): (T + 459.7)/518.7 = 1.0752 Pressure ratio (σ)= δ/φ = .822/1.075=0.765 Step 2: From observing Table 3.1 a range of values for CLmaxTO for the take-off flaps are found to be 1.6 to 2.8. In this case the values 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 2.8 are going to be used. Using equation 3.8: STOFL: [37.5 (W/S)TO] / [σ * (T/W)TO] which is simplified and rearranged to (T/W)TO= [ 0.014997 (W/S)TO] / CLMAXTO Step 3: This table was composed with the information given in step 2. T/W TABLE | | CLmaxTO | | At 5300 ft and 98 °F | At Sea Level | W/S | 1.6 | 2 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 2...
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...would share some of the knowledge I have gained on modelling aircraft in 3D. I’ve decided to do this tutorial with the free Blender software (2.45) so that anybody can have a go at it at without having to outlay lots of cash. The purpose of this tutorial is not to teach you how to use Blender (although I will give plenty of tips) but to show you how I go about modelling aircraft. The techniques I show should readily transfer to any 3D software that you use. For this tutorial we will use the Nieuport 11 as an example as a lot of the shapes are relatively easy compared to WWII aircraft or modern jets although the techniques shown are equally applicable to those types. We will cover how to model a wheel, cowling, fuselage, tail plane, fin, top wing and engine crankcase. I will also show how to uvmap those items so you can texture your aircraft. I will also give some tips on how to model the rest of the aircraft if you wish to finish it off. This is the first time I have ever used Blender so there may be better ways of doing things. Getting Started Step 1 Download Blender 2.45 & install. Optional Download Python 2.5 for your operating system & install. Note: Python allows full functionality of the software but you should still be able to do this tutorial without Python. Step 2 Download these 3 PDF files which teach you the basics of the interface, keyboard shortcuts and have some tutorials that are well worth going through before you start modelling aircraft. The Blender manual is...
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...Kate Chopin's The Awakening is a literary work full of symbolism. Birds, clothes, houses and other narrative elements are powerful symbols which add meaning to the novel and to the characters. I will analyze the most relevant symbols presented in Chopin's literary work. BIRDS The images related to birds are the major symbolic images in the narrative from the very beginning of the novel: "A green and yellow parrot, which hung in a cage outside the door, kept repeating over and over: `Allez vous-en! Allez vous-en! Sapristi! That's all right!'" (pp3) In The Awakening, caged birds serve as reminders of Edna's entrapment. She is caged in the roles as wife and mother; she is never expected to think for herself. Moreover, the caged birds symbolize the entrapment of the Victorian women in general. Like the parrot, the women's movements are limited by the rules of society. In this first chapter, the parrot speaks in "a language which nobody understood" (pp3). The parrot is not able to communicate its feelings just like Edna whose feelings are difficult to understand, incomprehensible to the members of Creole society. In contrast to caged birds, Chopin uses wild birds and the idea of flight as symbols of freedom. This symbol is shown in a vision of a bird experienced by Edna while Mademoiselle Reisz is playing the piano. "When she heard it there came before her imagination the figure of a man standing beside a desolate rock...
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...teach the student the avoidance and proper recovery from spins. Elements • Uncoordinated stalls • Aerodynamics of a spin • Recovery procedure Schedule Discussion 0:30 Equipment Model airplane Instructor Actions Discuss what is a spin (an aggravated stall that results in autorotation). Autorotation results from unequal angles of attack on the wings. The key is aggravated (i.e. uncoordinated). Draw or show the corkscrew/helical flight path of a spin. The difference between a spin and a steep spiral: spin—airspeed low, wings stalled; spiral—airspeed increasing, not stalled. Discuss the aerodynamics of a spin. Draw a wing in straight-and-level flight and in slow flight. Use actual angles of attack. Typical light aircraft wings stall at 18-22º. How can you enter a spin? Wing exceeds critical angle of attack with yaw acting on aircraft (uncoordinated). That is, a stall when in a slipping or skidding turn. Danger of base to final turn—cross controlled stall leading to spin. The high wing has the greatest lift due to the greater airspeed, and overall less drag and lower angle of attack. The low wing has the least lift (due to lower airspeed) and greatest parasitic drag due to its higher angle of attack. Center of gravity affects the spin characteristics. An aft CG makes spin recovery more difficult. The worst case is the aircraft may enter into a flat spin if CG is too far back, making recovery impossible. Center of gravity affects the spin characteristics...
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...Wings of birds and bats: the only two vertebrates known to fly; however, they share no close ancestor. This is known as convergent evolution in which unrelated species, such as the bird and bat, have developed similar structures in flight but their skeletal structures are very different (McGhee, 2002). The two biological and obvious differences are the bat’s wings, which are made up of a leathery skin membrane with hair and fur, while bird wings have feathers. The wingspans also differ in each species. In the Unites States, bat wingspans can be 12-16 inches in length (Neuweiler, 2000) while the wingspan of birds can range in length depending on the type of bird. For instance, condors can have a wingspan of 9 feet while the average wingspan of a hummingbird can be just 4 inches long. Bats belong to the taxonomic order, Chiroptera (Greek for hand and wing), (Neuweiler 4) and avian (winged) family. Bat wings are shaped differently as they are used for cutting through the air quickly and can dive in flight like that of birds. Bat wings have a webbed membrane, known as patagium, which is stretched between modified forelimbs to the extended digits, or chiropatagium, which is then attached to the side or the back of the bat and the lower leg (Avila-Flores & Medellin, 2004). This membrane is an extension of the skin of the body and has umbrella-like features. The formation of the patagium allows a greater surface area which is necessary for flight. The most elongated parts...
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...Tale of Two Airlines in the Network Age This appears to be a case where wit was very shy on the scholar’s end. Professor Roger McPherson’s assumed that the information systems at the London based airport were far better than what they actually were. It appears that he was making a pure assumption that each and every time he would fly first class, that all of his worries would be lost because of the reliability and experience he has had in the past with the very same airlines. I do believe that his assumptions were realistic for this time period only because back then the power of the internet would have not prevented the Professor from boarding the plane because most airlines in this day and age, check and see digitally if all passengers have boarded the plane before taking off. Thus his investment would have paid off as he anticipated. The reality of this situation is that in the game of connection flights, one should never schedule a flight so close together from transfer times. In this situation assuming that the flights are going to land on time and not taking into consideration that the weather or an issue with the plane can delay the time can seriously hurt your chances of making a meeting the very next day in a country across the Atlantic. Given that the year was 1995 and portable technology is almost non-existent (except for the function of making a phone call) he could not receive a text message or email stating what procedures to follow, he purely used his instinct...
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...Wisdom of the geese You have undoubtedly seen a flock of geese flying overhead. How the following behaviours of this species provide some insights for organization wishing to achieve performance excellence? o As each bird flaps it’s wings, it creates uplift for the other bird behind. By using a “V” formation, the whole flock adds 71 percent more flying range than if each bird flew alone. Lesson: People who are part of a team and share a common direction can get where they are going more quickly and easily because they are travelling on the thrust of another and lift up each other along the way. o Whenever one falls out of formation, it suddenly feels the drag and resistance of flying alone and quickly gets back into formation to take advantage of the lifting power of the birds immediately in front of it. Lesson: If we have as much understanding as a goose, we share information with those who are headed the same way that we are going and be willing to offer as well as accept help and support to others. If we do this, we will always stay in the formation just like the geese. o When the lead bird gets tired, it rotates back into formation and another flies at the point position. Lesson: It pays to share leadership and take turns doing hard jobs. With people as with geese, we are interdependent on each other’s skills, capabilities and unique combination of skills, talents and resources. o The birds in formation honk from behind to encourage those upfront to maintain...
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...Communication and Navigation, Take off and Landing and some others. A question that sounds easy but in theory, it’s not simple at all, “How does a plane fly?” whether it is an Airbus, a glider and any other planes, the forces that acts on a plane are exactly the same. There are four main forces to make a plane fly and they are Lift, Weight, Thrust and Drag. The Four Forces As I mention in the introduction, the four forces are Lift, Weight, Thrust and Drag and I will be describing these forces with more details in the following passage. A plane’s weight, descending towards the ground is balanced by the lift force, which ascends upwards. This is created by a flow of air over the wings. When air travels through the wing of a plane, it is bounce off downwards and all the pressure under the wing is bring in to bounce off the air that makes an opposite force, which is ‘Up’. Drag is the air resistance of all planes as they meet the airflow, and its force acts in the opposite directions. Thrust is provided by many sources of power, such as a jet engine, or by the energy descend from being carried into the air. Thrust must always balance drag for the plane to fly. (Barnard, 2007). Communication and Navigation For many training pilots, radio communication and navigation is one of the most irritating factors of aviation. This is because it’s embarrassing to come across as awkward on the radio and it is also embarrassing if you were lost and you had to communicate even though...
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