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Synonymy
Is the state or phenomenon in which the words that sound different, but have the same or identical meaning, as another word or phrase. Words are synonymous if they have the same sense; if they have the same values for all their semantic features, or expression with the same meaning. E.g. mother and father – parents, politician = statesman, animal = fauna
Three types of synonymy: 1. Absolute synonymy if two or more expressions satisfy the three conditions 1. All their meanings all identical 2. They are synonymous in all context 3. They are semantically equivalent (i.e., their meaning or meanings are identical) on all dimension of meanings, descriptive and non-descriptive. 2. Partial synonymy which meet the criterion of identity in meaning but for various reasons fail to meet the conditions of what is usually referred to as absolute synonymy 3. Near synonymy that is expression that are more or less similar, but not identical in meaning e.g., dive-plunge, stream-brook, and mist-fog.
Antonyms are words, which are in the same sense opposite in meaning.
Types of Antonymy:
The word pairs of antonym can be divided into several types: 1. Implicitly Gradable Pairs (Graded Antonym): refers to the words related to the object they modify. The words themselves do not provide an absolute scale. e.g., hot/cool, (relatively) fast/slow, happy/sad, (comparable) young >< old 2. Complementary Pairs (Complementarity); refers to the existence of pairs that the denial of one, implies the assertion of the other. Examples: male >< female alive >< dead Incomparable present >< absent objects awake >< asleep 3. Relational Pairs (Converseness): refers to the pair of words that display symmetry in their meaning. e.g., give/receive, buy/sell, teacher/pupil.
Hyponymy (Superordinate)
A word whose meaning contains the entire

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