...INTER-NATIONAL COOPERATION IN COMBATING TRANSNATIONAL CRIME Note: Any views expressed are those of the author and are not attributable to any government or organization. I INTRODUCTION With advances in technology, and the ease of global travel, the world we live in has become, in many ways, as Canadian author Marshall McLuhan predicted "a global village". This has had a dramatic impact on many aspects of life and society and law enforcement is no exception. The technological explosion and the growth of transnational organized crime and the response of the international community to it, has created many new challenges, not the least of which is the impact on the jobs of law enforcement authorities. In a 1989 case, United States of America v. Cotroni, the Supreme Court of Canada, made the following statement: The investigation, prosecution and suppression of crime for the protection of the citizen and the maintenance of peace and public order is an important goal of all organized societies. The pursuit of that goal cannot realistically be confined within national boundaries. That has long been the case, but it is increasingly evident today. The challenge for law enforcement authorities in every nation is that sovereignty, a fundamental principle which grounds the relations of states, is also a major tool in the armoury of the criminal element in our societies. Criminals depend heavily upon the barriers of sovereignty to shield themselves and evidence of their crimes...
Words: 11148 - Pages: 45
...Introduction: Organized crime was characterized, in 1994, as: "group organization to commit crime; hierarchical links or personal relationships which permit leaders to control the group: violence, intimidation and corruption used to earn profits or control territories or markets; laundering of illicit proceeds both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate economy; the potential for expansion into any new activities and beyond national borders; and cooperation with other organized transnational criminal groups."1 ------------------------------------------------- Criminals are on the go up all over the world, and their illegal activities go further than local or national restrictions. This article explores the economic penetrations of criminal enterprises to run their strongly ordered activities. ------------------------------------------------- Generally, illicit activities of a conspiratorial group of criminals are known as Organized Crime (OC). Criminal actions are surreptitiously synchronized through a nexus or syndicate for making money. Structured in a pyramidal hierarchy, criminals employ violence and bribery in carrying out operations. Threats of grievous consequences are made to the targets for internal and external control in their connections. ------------------------------------------------- Among the numerous types of political crimes, secret killing, violent politics, campus violence and militant actions are salient in Bangladesh...
Words: 3444 - Pages: 14
...language as a resource of internal and international activity of “nations without states”. bulat n. khalitov, kazan state power engineering university, kazan, russia The issues of language and language policy have become the objects of interest of different branches of political theory nowadays. From one side the basic reason for this is the fact that language can play an important role (either positive or negative) in the context of different political processes developing in the world and also in the context of a growing number of confrontations and conflicts, which often have linguistic diversity at their basis. From the other side, the development of political theory within the framework of general “linguistic turn” that influenced almost all social sciences leads to the studying of language policy aspects. In modern world linguistic diversity and other language issues have turned into a significant basis of contradictions that influence stability of different societies. In Western Europe we can distinguish several types of unsolved problems which have to do with language. Diachronically the most important and most severe are conflicts between the dominant language group and various linguistic minorities historically rooted in some areas within the state borders. As an example we can name linguistic conflicts in Belgium (Flanders), Spain (Catalonia and Basque country), Italy (South Tirol), Switzerland (french- and italian-speaking cantons). ...
Words: 4714 - Pages: 19
...CREATION OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION The process of European integration was launched soon after the end of the World War II. It relies on tragic experiences connected with the largest and also most tragic armed conflict in human history, caused by Nazi Germany. After the war, in Europe, and more specifically in its western part, there arose conditions favourable for the start of a new, planned integration of the countries of the Old Continent. Western European countries, though very weakened after the war (destroyed economy, infrastructure, human resources), were, however, as never before agreeable to the necessity of defending basic human rights and democratic values. Western European leaders decided to undertake coordinated actions aiming at the reconstruction of European countries and their economies and introduction of a new political order, which could guarantee the security of nations and give a chance for their successful development in the future. The genesis of the integration process in Europe after the World War II: In the process of planning the introduction of a new political order in post-war Europe, it was acknowledged that the key task was the reconstruction of European economies. Western European leaders realised that only efficient and effective European economy would be a foundation on which new safety and development structures could be built. The American aid plan for Europe - the European Recovery Plan, called the Marshall Plan, was a great support for...
Words: 4137 - Pages: 17
...EU JHA INTIATIVE AGAINST TNOC EU JHA INTIATIVE AGAINST TNOC (Your name) (Your school) (Subject) EU JHA INTIATIVE AGAINST TNOC Europol has the greatest potential in fighting multinational crime. JHA primarily was aimed in facilitating international cooperation for the EU countries. The cooperation included migration, crime management, border management, issues related to internal security, counterterrorism and civil law. It came into place to make the four freedoms of movement of people, goods, services and money. Framed within the context of the Treaty of the European Union, Europol’s authorization composed all serious types of international crime, including international terrorism. Europol is shown to have demonstrated the dual forces of political control over the association of the European Union, on the one side, and the institutional autonomy and professional expertise of participating police agencies, on the other[1] . The outcome of these dual forces can be likely to determine the course and result of counter-terrorist policing in the European Union in coming years. Europol's endeavor is to advance the effectiveness and co-operation between the capable authorities of the member states primarily by giving out and getting intelligence to prevent and fight serious international organized crime. Its mission is to make a significant contribution to the European Union's law enforcement efforts targeting organized crime. Europol is prospective but...
Words: 1348 - Pages: 6
...Our aim is to assist enterprises of all forms of ownership in increasing the efficiency of activities and achieving maximum economic results. In our work we apply system approach, and we believe that only a comprehensive vision and identification of problems, integration of different components of activity represent the approach to the organization of the business environment, which provides our customers with access to a qualitatively new frontier efficiency and stable development of business. It is especially effective system approach in the work with large-scale projects connected with the breeding of the new company on the market or optimization of already existing companies, study of consumers, competitors, and construction of structure of the company, formation of the state, the decision of legal issues, definition of strategies for successful development. Individual approach to each client will be used and allow us to find the decisions, based on the deep understanding of business' specifics and problems of the client, his key competences and opportunities for successful development. Absolute confidentiality, trust and respect, multiplied by professionalism, here is the formula of successful cooperation, which we offer to You. LEGAL SERVICES In the fast paced world of business legal support of activity of any company is guarantee of security, and it promotes the increase of demand for high-quality legal services, including legal consultations in various fields of law...
Words: 3063 - Pages: 13
...through computers and automatic agents rather than face-to-face meetings, which increases distance and allows anonymity, it is another avenue for crimes to perpetuate. “Computer Crime” encompasses crimes committed against the computer, the materials contained therein such as software and data, and its uses as a processing tool. These include hacking, denial of service attacks, unauthorized use of services and cyber vandalism. “Cyber Crime” describes criminal activities committed through the use of electronic communications media. One of the greatest concerns is with regard to cyber-fraud and identity theft through such methods as phishing, pharming, spoofing and through the abuse of online surveillance technology. There are also many other forms of criminal behaviour perpetrated through the use of information technology such as harassment, defamation, pornography, cyber terrorism, industrial espionage and some regulatory offences. The existing criminal laws in most countries can and do cover computer-related crimes or electronically perpetrated crimes. Offences against the computer are relatively new as they arise from and in relation to the digital age, which threatens the functionality of the computer as an asset of a borderless information society. New laws are required in order to nurture and protect an orderly and vibrant digital environment. Offences...
Words: 24175 - Pages: 97
...between Switzerland and the People's Republic of China was signed by Federal Councillor Johann Schneider-Ammann and Minister of Commerce GAO Hucheng on 6 July 2013. Following initial exploratory contacts in November 2007, joint workshops in 2009 and a joint feasibility study in 2010, the negotiations were officially opened in January 2011. The agreement was then negotiated in nine rounds of negotiations and various intersessional meetings from April 2011 to May 2013. The FTA will improve mutual market access for goods and services, enhance legal security for the protection of intellectual property and bilateral economic exchange in general, contribute to sustainable development and deepen bilateral cooperation. For the vast majority of bilateral trade, the FTA will dismantle tariffs fully or partially, sometimes subject to transition periods. In the area of technical barriers to trade and sanitary and phytosanitary measures, sector-specific cooperation agreements are aimed at reducing non-tariff barriers to trade. For trade in services, more precisely defined rules compared to the GATS of the WTO will apply, e.g. for approval processes, as well as improved market access commitments for various services. Regarding intellectual property, the level of protection in selected areas will be improved compared to the multilateral standards of the WTO and include provisions on enforcement. The FTA provides for coherent implementation, orientated towards the basic principles of international...
Words: 4305 - Pages: 18
...through computers and automatic agents rather than face-to-face meetings, which increases distance and allows anonymity, it is another avenue for crimes to perpetuate. “Computer Crime” encompasses crimes committed against the computer, the materials contained therein such as software and data, and its uses as a processing tool. These include hacking, denial of service attacks, unauthorized use of services and cyber vandalism. “Cyber Crime” describes criminal activities committed through the use of electronic communications media. One of the greatest concerns is with regard to cyber-fraud and identity theft through such methods as phishing, pharming, spoofing and through the abuse of online surveillance technology. There are also many other forms of criminal behaviour perpetrated through the use of information technology such as harassment, defamation, pornography, cyber terrorism, industrial espionage and some regulatory offences. The existing criminal laws in most countries can and do cover computer-related crimes or electronically perpetrated crimes. Offences against the computer are relatively new as they arise from and in relation to the digital age, which threatens the functionality of the computer as an asset of a borderless information society. New laws are required in order to nurture and protect an orderly and vibrant digital environment. Offences...
Words: 24175 - Pages: 97
...community demonstrated the political will to answer a global challenge with a global response. If crime crosses borders, so must law enforcement. If the rule of law is undermined not only in one country, but in many, then those who defend it cannot limit themselves to purely national means. If the enemies of progress and human rights seek to exploit the openness and opportunities of globalization for their purposes, then we must exploit those very same factors to defend human rights and defeat the forces of crime, corruption and trafficking in human beings. One of the starkest contrasts in our world today is the gulf that exists between the civil and the uncivil. By “civil” I mean civilization: the accumulated centuries of learning that form our foundation for progress. By “civil” I also mean tolerance: the pluralism and respect with which we accept and draw strength from the world’s diverse peoples. And finally, I mean civil society: the citizens’ groups, businesses, unions, professors, journalists, political parties and others who have an essential role to play in the running of any society. Arrayed against these constructive forces, however, in ever greater numbers and with ever stronger weapons, are the forces of what I...
Words: 27646 - Pages: 111
...ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Assignment I – CIA 1- 2013 is the International Year of water cooperation. Discuss the socio-political significance of water cooperation in India. INTRODUCTION “Water is a key foundation, whose importance can hardly be overestimated. It is a common denominator of the leading global challenges of our time - energy, food, health, peace and security. Water management can reduce the risk of disasters, such as droughts and floods. With trans boundary river basins and aquifer systems representing almost half the earth's surface, water cooperation is vital for peace.” - Irina Bokova, UNESCO Director-General. The fulfillment of basic human needs, our environment, socio-economic development and poverty reduction are all heavily dependent on water. Good management of water is especially challenging due to some of its unique characteristics: it is unevenly distributed in time and space, the hydrological cycle is highly complex and perturbations have multiple effects. Rapid urbanization, pollution and climate change threaten the resource while demands for water are increasing in order to satisfy the needs of a growing world population, now at over seven billion people, for food production, energy, industrial and domestic uses. Water is a shared resource and its management needs to take into account a wide variety of conflicting interests. This provides opportunities for cooperation among users at all levels. Water, a vital resource unlike any other knows no borders...
Words: 1729 - Pages: 7
...|Dr. Thongloun SISOULITH | |Deputy Prime Minister | | | |President of the Committee for Planning and Cooperation | | | |Chairman of the Committee for Investment and Cooperation | | | |Foreword | |For the last two decades, since the �open door policy� of the Lao Government has been implemented, both...
Words: 2873 - Pages: 12
...INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY - CHAPMAN GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS | INSIDER TRADING | A CRITICAL APPROACH | | Juan Guillermo Gonzalez | 12/20/2014 | This academic document in intended to make an analytical approach of insider trading in the U.S. It will also discuss the European case and how it compares to the U.S. Finally, it will describe international implications of insider trading and the cooperation among nations. | TABLE OF CONTENT Page Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Insider Trading – Opposing Viewpoints ……………..………………………………………………. 5 Insider Trade in the United States .………………………………………………………………………… 7 Insider Trading in the E.U ……………………………………………………………………………………. 9 Comparing the U.S. and the E.U ……………………………………………………………………….. 10 International Cooperation …………………………………………………………………………………… 11 Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 End Notes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 INTRODUCTION The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission defines insider trading as both legal and illegal conduct of corporate insiders in relation with buying or selling securities in their own companies . When corporate officers, directors, or employees trade securities within their firm, they are required to report such activities to the SEC. However, some individuals take advantage of their privileged position; having access to nonpublic, material information about the security, insiders sometimes...
Words: 3358 - Pages: 14
...Legal Forms Of Business Susan Greene American Intercontinental University Busn 105 5/4/13 Legal Forms Of Business Susan Greene American Intercontinental University Abstract The main purpose of writing this document is to explain all of the legal forms of business and to also explain the three different organizations that there are in a company and all of the similarities and differences that are in each organization. Being an inventor the first order of business is that he needs to apply for a patent so that he has all the right to the invention. After getting the patent in place this will allow the invention to be protected and it also give the inventor the exclusive rights to sell his/her product, license for any further distribution without the consent of the inventor. Next the inventor needs to take into consideration the type of business that I want and why it would benefit people every day. To be able to do this the inventor needs to know all of the different types of businesses and to then decide which one that would be best to use for starting out, and also what strengths and weaknesses each type of business has. The first one is Sole Proprietorship and it would be a good choice for a person that is looking to start out from scratch but there is a lot of risk to doing that. It’s really easy to start up and it usually incorporates a skill, hobby or mindset that an individual or individuals might have. (Editorial Board, 2011, P.44). Even...
Words: 579 - Pages: 3
...International Law really Law’? (Arend 1999) Discuss with regard to the frequency of breaches of international law, the enforcement of international law and the difficulties in ascertaining international law. Introduction International law is ‘the body of law composed of principles and rules of conduct which states feel bound to observe and do commonly observe in their relations with each other’. However, it is constantly being questioned whether international law really can be considered law at all. The uncertainty as to its validity can be explained by the arguably frequent breaches that occur as well as the difficulties in ascertaining its content and ensuring its effective enforcement. As such, the validity of international law as a real legal order will be evaluated by examining the following. (a) The sources of international law (b) The enforcement of international law (c) The frequency of breaches within international law (a) The sources of international law The substantive content of international law can be ascertained by reference to a number of different sources. Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) recognises that the Court when deciding on disputes of international law can apply the following: a. International conventions establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. International custom as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. The general principles of law recognized...
Words: 2984 - Pages: 12
