...Title of Assignment: Trade barriers and their effect on foreign direct investment in India and France. CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP: I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed in the paper. I have also cited any sources from which I used data, ideas or words, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I also certify that this paper was prepared by me specifically for this course. While there are many differences in the political systems of India and France, there are also a number of interesting similarities. The French political system is special in two ways. Firstly, it is not a parliamentary system like the British one nor is it a separation of powers like in the USA, where the President must take account of congress. The French Fifth Republic is a semi-presidential system in which the president and prime minister are both active participants in the day-to-day administration of the state. When the president and prime minister come from opposing parties, the president is responsible for foreign policy and the prime minister is responsible for domestic policy. France is also different from most major democracies as it uses a two round single winner voting system, rather than the one round system, which is the system used in the United States and the United Kingdom. Like France, India also has both a prime minister and a president. India is a union of states. It is officially...
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...France: A close relationship with CSR More than a legal problem, we have a lexical one. Corporate Social Responsibility is a generic word used all over the world, but as to use carefully in France because of Social. In a country where people are proud to have the best social system, we have to understand what is related to social and how to talk about it when it is linked to mores. France has adopted many legal frameworks and many companies have joined the United Nation Global Compact that makes France, one of the largest network. Moreover, CSR is related to history in France with the Human Right constitution. Nowadays, CSR is a key issue that has to be taking into consideration in a domestic that will impact an international scale. For France, CSR is not only related to ethnic issues bus can also have a good and a bad impact in social issues, economic in France and overseas and in the environment. France is perceived as one of the leader in CSR, more than 47% of French companies have an exemplary CSR management and system while only 40% in the OCDE and 15% in the BRICS. But France has a problem with the integration of ethical issues regarding risk management, recent conviction or rules policy. (Ecovadis, 2015). This good performance is linked to a good structured in their CSR approach that covers several aspects from the global key issues that has to be covered, but also through a good communication of the diverse actions and a constant innovation in the process to improve...
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...unrepresentative of the general population of the UK which is a very diverse culture. We take it as a given that no-one should be prevented from becoming a judge merely by reason of their sex, race, religion or other protected characteristic as defined in the Equality Act 2010. Freedom from discrimination is a basic principle of fairness and equality which is enshrined in law.[2] In 1995, 80 per cent of Lords of Appeal, Heads of division, Lord Justices of Appeal and High Court judges were educated at Oxford or Cambridge and over 50 per cent of the middle ranking circuit judges went to Oxbridge but only 12 per cent of the lower-ranking district judges did.[3] Having judges from only public school and Oxbridge backgrounds puts the English Legal System at a disadvantage as these judges may be unaware of the problems in disadvantaged backgrounds and may discriminate defendants because of this, leading to unfair trials. The majority of judges come primarily from the Bar, a profession itself dominated by white men from privileged social backgrounds.[4] This then has a direct effect on the judiciary as the pool for choosing candidates is already very narrow. There is currently only one female Supreme Court judge, Lady Hale. Since her appointment 10 years ago, 13 new judges were promoted to her level, none of which were women.[5] This is disappointing as there has clearly been many opportunities for women to be promoted up to the senior positions within the judiciary yet this is not...
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...persons and international trade They intervene in their own account and also as an agent. 1. The capacity and power of attorney ( mandat) To intervene on his own account or on behalf of a third person, the person must be an adult or adult under guardianship or trusteeship. If the person intervenes on behalf of a third or as an agent, he needs a power of attorney. The capacity: it is governed by the person’s national law, the law of the country where the disputed act ( l’acte litigieux) is concluded ; or by the applicable law to the contract. * In France, the capacity is governed by the national law even if the person lives abroad (article 3 CC). If the person is a foreigner, his capacity depends on his own national law. Example: If the person is underage according to his national law but adult in France, the contract are legal if his French partner acted in good faith. * In the common law system , the capacity is governed at the contract’s law * In Switzerland, Germany or Italy, the capacity depends on the place where the contract is made. ( same for international law , The convention of Rome of June 19 th, 1980 on the applicable law for the contractual obligation ) The Power of attorney: Ability for represent or act on another's behalf in business. Governed by the national law of the principal (person authorizing the other to act) and the agent (the one authorized to act). If the power is given by a company, it is governed by the company national...
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...and third for its financial market developments. France France is the fifth largest economy according to nominal figures and the third largest European economy. Spain Spain is the thirteenth largest economy according to nominal GDP and the fifth largest European economy Due to the competitive and successful economies, employee recruitment and retention would be a focus in order to compete with other companies. Also, employee bonuses and benefits will be competitive. Social-Cultural South Africa South Africa has suffered after apartheid. Racial segregation has been disbanded. South Africa is very culturally and ethnically diverse. France France is ethnically diverse and is somewhat a melting pot much like the United States. France is very influential due to its history with art and fashion. Spain Spain has a family-based culture. The vast majority of the population practice Catholocism. Ethics and diversity training is always important when dealing with foreign countries, especially South Africa due to its history of apartheid. Foreign language classes would be beneficial as well. Market/Competition Changes South Africa Demographic trends suggest that by 2050, one of four workers in the world will be African. Both American and European companies compete for the chance to do business in South Africa. France France has a strong and steady economy, which provides them with...
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...INTERNATIONAL BANKING: HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS OF THE BASIC PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENTS OF THE MONETARY AND CREDIT SYSTEMS DURING THE 19th AND 20th CENTURIES A requirement in English 2 ( Writing in Discipline ) Second Semester SY : 2012 – 2013 TF 7:00 – 8:30 am PRINCE JOHN A. ARCILLA AB – Economics 1 DR. YOLANDA T. TARIMAN PROFESSOR - ENGLISH II FEBRUARY 8, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE PRELIMINARY PAGE Title Page Table of Contents Outline CHAPTERS 1 Introduction Overview of the Topic 2 Discussion 3 Conclusion BIBLIOGPAPHY CURRICULUM VITAE ii INTERNATIONAL BANKING: HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS OF THE BASIC PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENTS OF THE MONETARY AND CREDIT SYSTEMS DURING THE 19th AND 20th CENTURIES Thesis Statement: Our historical synthesis focuses on the economic and political aspects of banking, with questions of industrial management and the credit economy taking second place. OUTLINE I CURRENCY AND MONETARY HISTORY IN THE 19th CENTURY 1 From Silver and Bimetal Currency to Gold Standard 2 The Development of the Bank Note into a Legal Tender A Bank Notes and Issuing Banks in England until Mid-19th Century B Peel’s Bank Charter Act C The Banque de France in the 19th Century D Overcoming the Federal System of German Issuing Banks E The United States’ Arduous Journey Towards the Federal System II BANKS AND BANKING FROM THE EARLY PHASE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION TO THE MIDDLE OF THE 19th CENTURY iii ...
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...liability) ( accountability, based on criteria other than individual fault, for the consequences resulting from an unlawful/illegal act. Four ideal types • a) Individual liability for one’s own faults ▪ the basis for this type of liability lies in the conduct of the person held liable. ( this deserves the qualification ‘fault liability’. ▪ article 6:162 BW is the legal basis for the duty to pay damages where the conduct of a person is qualified as wrongful. • b) Individual liability without blameworthiness ▪ accountability is required. ( elements of fault, as wrongful conduct provides the foundation but also elements of strict liability, since there may be no grounds for apportioning blame. ▪ article 6:162 BW as well as article 6:165 BW may provide some legal basis. • c) Liability for damage caused by others (vicarious liability) ▪ this is a form of strict liability, insofar as there is strict responsibility for the fault of others. ▪ Articles 6:169, 6:170, 6:171 and 6:172 BW provide some legal bases for this form of liability. • d) Liability for damage caused by things ▪ the possessor will be held liable merely by virtue of his or her possession. ex: road traffic accidents - the owner or keeper incurs the risk for the faults of whomsoever he allows to drive the vehicle. in addition, the owner or keeper also bears the risk of any technical...
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...de Grande Instance” (a court in Paris) for the “property preservation” of the two relics in order to sabotage the auction, yet the litigation was rejected since the judge held that the complainant doesn’t have the direct claim right. [1] Besides, Chinese government and individual collectors like Cai Mingchao also made their move against this auction, but China still scarcely makes any material progress in the restitution of the looted legacies throughout. [2] Such case reveals great challenges for countries like China to get back missing or stolen artefacts due to multi-faceted legal problems, and their harvests are often not in proportion with efforts paid. On the other hand, propelled by a huge profit, illegal antique trade has been showing a rampant trend in recent years. Its annual turnover is the second highest in all illegal dealings, merely lower than drug trade. [3] Given the lax law system on the protection of cultural relics and the burgeoning market demand, explicit need is suggested to curb the current situation. Based on the above case and focusing on its universality, this article firstly aims to shed a light on the difficulties in recovering relics. More importantly, in the later part, possible pathways to settle the issue will be discussed, with particular attention to some prospective amendments to...
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...Caterpillar Inc. to be competitive internationally in France. Caterpillar is already established in France, but has had its setbacks and challenges along the way. I am going to analyze Caterpillar’s products, industry context, and performance-to date and suggest how they can expand current manufacturing and distribution operations and the institutional challenges that lie ahead. I chose Caterpillar because they are an Illinois company that employs multiple family members of mine. I chose France because my wife is a French teacher and we have visited France multiple times. INTRODUCTION According to The World Factbook, France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. It plays an influential global role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-8, the G-20, the EU and other multilateral organizations. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing DE GAULLE's 1966 decision to take French forces out of NATO. Since 1958, it has constructed a hybrid presidential-parliamentary governing system resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier, more purely parliamentary administrations. In recent decades, its reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the introduction of a common currency, the euro, in January 1999. Caterpillar was first exposed to France between 100 years ago between 1914 and 1918 during...
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...Establishing a Business in France AUSTRALIA BELGIUM CHINA FRANCE GERMANY HONG KONG SAR INDONESIA (ASSOCIATED OFFICE) ITALY JAPAN PAPUA NEW GUINEA SAUDI ARABIA SINGAPORE SPAIN SWEDEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Establishing a Business in France This guide examines the different ways of establishing a business in France. Topics covered include: • Common types of trading vehicle • Choosing the right option • Formalities for establishing a branch • Formalities for establishing a limited liability company • Employment • Property • Immigration • Taxation • Further matters to be considered This publication is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all developments in the law and practice, or to cover all aspects of those referred to. Readers should take legal advice before applying the information contained in this publication to specific issues or transactions. For more information please contact us at Ashurst LLP, Avocats au Barreau de Paris, 18, square Edouard VII, 75009 Paris T: +33 1 53 53 53 53 F: +33 1 53 53 53 54 www.ashurst.com Ashurst LLP and its affiliates operate under the name Ashurst. Ashurst LLP is a limited liability partnership registered in England and Wales under number OC330252. It is a law firm authorised and regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority of England and Wales under number 468653. The term "partner" is used to refer to a member...
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...2014 GEOGRAPHY: * Canada has a higher land area at 9,093,507sq km for land, and 891, 163 sq km for water. * France on the other hand has less land area at 551,500sq km, and water at 3,374sq km * France has more border countries – 8 (Andorra, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Monaco, Spain, and Switzerland. * Canada has just the U.S as a border country and is the world’s largest county that borders only one country. * Both countries have similar climates, although Canada’s varies from temperature in south to subarctic and arctic in north. Whilst, France has generally cool winters, and mild summers. * Both countries consist of mostly flat plains with mountains. Although positions differ; France has its flat plains in the north and west, whilst Canada has plains in the west and lowlands in the southeast. * Both countries are sources of natural resources; and haves share the similar resources of: * Iron ore * Zinc * Timber * Fish * Land use differs though, with France having a higher rate of land use and permanent crops at 33.45% and 1.86% respectively. (Canada – 4.3% & 0.49%) * Both countries have to deal with natural hazards such as flooding, avalanches, midwinter storms, drought, and fires for Frances, and continuous permafrost, cyclonic storms, and volcanism for Canada. * France and Canada also have similar current environmental issues; forest damage from acid rain, air pollution, vehicle emissions...
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...case law make precedence * Adversary system * Jury plays a more prominent role * Judicial Review | * Trial by jury * Legal representation is provided to assure equal protection under the law * Sentences are based upon guidelines | * Cases are tried before Magistrate and jurors * Tried under an indictment or summary conviction * The Crown bears the responsibility for proof beyond a reasonable doubt * Magistrates referees the proceedings | Civil Law | France | * Rely on written detailed codes of law * Judges have less power than those in Common Law * Judges only interpret the legal codes * Judges are expected to follow a series of decisions that agree on the interpretation of a code provision * Judges are restricted by the provisions of the written law | * All crimes are brought before the instructing judge prior to court hearings * The judge controls the coordination of the investigation including gathering facts, preparing it for trial and questioning witnesses * The judge rules on the case based upon the codified laws. | * Cases are brought by the public prosecutor’s office to the instructing judge prior to any court hearing * Instructing judge’s mission is to search for the “manifestation of truth” * Delits, that include theft are offences that are tried by three magistrates * Sentencing is determined by the Penal Code. | Theocratic Law | Saudi Arabia | * Religious law or a system of law heavily dependent on religious beliefs...
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...capitalist or socialist, we have to understand what is capitalist and socialist. Capitalist is a social system based on the principle of individual rights. Politically, it is a system of freedom. Legally, it is a system of objective laws, which is common law. Economically, when such a freedom is applied to the sphere of production its’ result is the free-market. However, socialist is an economic system where the means of production, such as money and other forms of capital, are owned by the state or public. Under a socialist system everyone works for wealth that is distributed to everyone. A socialist economic system operated on the premise that what is good for one is good for all. Everyone works for their own good and the good of everyone else. Legally, socialist system is based on the civil law system and Marxist-Leninist ideology. And I want to make one more clarification, as do many people, we confused socialism with communism, socialist in Western Europe doesn’t mean Communist. Social democrats committed themselves to achieving socialism by democratic means, turning their backs on violent revolution and dictatorship. Based on socialist characteristic, we concluded that Western Europe is socialist country. Here are the reasons why we say Western Europe is socialist country. Socialist: France One of largest political party in France is social-democratic. France provided some actions on public interests, such as trade unions, generous welfare benefits, some form of...
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...will learn more about the country, especially about the legal Risks. In response to this part, we will answer to many questions. * What kind of legal system does the country use? As you know, it exists 3 main different legal systems around the world, which are the Civil law, the Common law and the Islamic law. To understand more about those 3 legal systems, we will explain the main differences and the countries where those legal systems are used by a classification. The civil law: is used Mainly by the Asian countries, European countries, Central and South American’ countries with many exceptions like India in Asia, which are not using the civil law, or also Saudi Arabia. The civil laws are based on statutory law. Judges take decisions and each law is written in a book. The decisions must be taken in relationships with this book. The common law: is based on decisions taken by the previous court. In France, judges to take decisions when the situation or the case is not very explicit sometimes use the common law. This type of decision is called “ jurisprudence” in France. This legal system is mainly used by North American countries (United States and Canada), Australia, United Kingdom, and also India and South Africa. The Islamic law: is completely different with the common law and the civil law. Everything is based on the holy Quran and the religion. Islam drives the country as well as the legal system or decisions making. For instance, in Saudi Arabia, women...
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...By the late twelfth century greater crop yield, horses was widely used as cattle, they hauled loads farther and faster than oxen. Plows have been improved and applied widely. The nitrogen-fixing trees were plant as peas and some beans. Transportation was improved with the safer roads and better vehicles. Foodstuff could be moved farther and faster. Seaborne trades were expanded, facilitated sea travel development .Trade road blocked by snow, rain, mud and robbed led to travel difficulties. No one can change the weather.( page 228-229). 3-Forms of Enterprise: Agricultural specialization became common. Cultivation was growing because of suit with condition climate local. In Toulouse, Blue and yellow dyes were made. The central regions of France focused on cereal grains, Bordeaux and Burgundy regions produced wine, Northern Germany specialized in cattle was raising, Northern England favored sheep. Italian wines and olive oil were move from countryside to the city. French wines were prized throughout Europe. English wool and Flemish cloth were carried far and wide. Salt fish from the Baltic. Lumber traveled across the Mediterranean to Muslim world. Spain produced warhorse. Southern Europe supplied the northern demand for spices, oranges, raisins, figs, almonds, and other exotic foodstuffs. Beautifully colored and textured stone was moved to England for the construction of churches and monasteries....
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